List of introduced species

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A complete list of introduced species for even quite small areas of the world would be dauntingly long. Humans have introduced more different species to new environments than any single document can hope to record. This list is generally for established species with truly wild populations— not kept domestically—that have been seen numerous times, and have breeding populations. While most introduced species can cause a negative impact to new environments they reach, some can have a positive impact, just for conservation purpose.

Australia[]

See also: List of invasive species in Australia and Invasive species in Australia

Mammals[]

  • Platypus in Kangaroo Island[1]
  • Koala in South Australia[2]
  • Water buffalo
  • Cattle
  • Sheep
  • Pig
  • Dromedary
  • Red deer from Europe
  • Fallow deer from Europe
  • Chital
  • Indian hog deer[3]
  • Javan rusa[3]
  • Sambar deer[3]
  • Donkey
  • Brumby
  • Banteng
  • Goat
  • Brown hare
  • Red fox
  • Dog
  • Cat
  • House mouse
  • Northern palm squirrel - established in Perth
  • European rabbit from Europe
  • Rats
    • Black rat
    • Brown rat

Birds[]

  • Acridotheres tristis (common myna)
  • Alauda arvensis (Eurasian skylark)
  • Anas platyrhynchos (mallard)
  • Cacatua galerita (sulphur-crested cockatoo) - Western Australia from east Australia[4]
  • Cacatua tenuirostris (long-billed corella) - to coastal areas from inland
  • Callipepla californica (California quail)[5]
  • Carduelis carduelis (European goldfinch)
  • Cereopsis novaehollandiae (Cape Barren goose) - reintroduced onto Australian islands
  • Chloris chloris (European greenfinch)
  • Cygnus olor (mute swan)[6]
  • Dacelo novaeguineae (laughing kookaburra) - artificially expanded range
  • Dromaius novaehollandiae (emu) - reintroduced onto Australian islands
  • Columba livia (feral pigeon)
  • Australian brushturkey in Kangaroo Island[1]
  • Gallus gallus (red junglefowl)[7]
  • Gallus varius (green junglefowl) on Cocos (Keeling) Islands[8]
  • Padda oryzivora (Java sparrow) - Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Christmas Island[9]
  • Lonchura punctulata (nutmeg mannikin)
  • Meleagris gallopavo (wild turkey)[10]
  • Menura novaehollandiae (superb lyrebird) - Tasmania from mainland[11]
  • Numida meleagris (helmeted guineafowl)[12]
  • Passer domesticus (house sparrow)
  • Passer montanus (Eurasian tree sparrow)
  • Pavo cristatus (Indian peafowl)[13]
  • Phasianus colchicus (common pheasant)
  • Pycnonotus jocosus (red-whiskered bulbul)[14]
  • Spilopelia chinensis (spotted dove)
  • Spilopelia senegalensis (laughing dove)[15]
  • Struthio camelus (ostrich)[16]
  • Sturnus vulgaris (common starling)
  • Gang-gang cockatoo in Kangaroo Island[1]
  • Trichoglossus moluccanus (rainbow lorikeet) – to Western Australia from east Australia
  • Turdus merula (Eurasian blackbird)
  • Turdus philomelos (song thrush)
  • Tyto novaehollandiae (Australian masked owl) - Lord Howe Island from mainland[17]
  • Zosterops natalis (Christmas white-eye) - Cocos (Keeling) Islands[18]

Fish[]

  • Acanthogobius flavimanus
  • Asian carp
  • Astronotus ocellatus (oscar)[19]
  • Brook trout[20]
  • Brown trout
  • Chameleon goby[21]
  • Common carp
  • Common roach
  • Eastern mosquitofish
  • European perch
  • Goldfish[22]
  • Green swordtail[23]
  • Jack Dempsey[24]
  • Mozambique tilapia[25]
  • Pearl cichlid
  • Pelmatolapia mariae (spotted tilapia)
  • Pond loach
  • Rainbow trout
  • Rosy barb
  • Rudd
  • Southern platyfish/Variatus platy[26]
  • Tench
  • White Cloud Mountain minnow[27]
  • Siamese fighting fish[28]

Reptiles[]

  • House gecko
  • Trachemys scripta elegans (red-eared slider)

Amphibians[]

  • Cane toad

Arthropods[]

  • Argentine ant
  • Black Portuguese millipede
  • Western honeybee
  • Red imported fire ant from South America via North America
  • Yellow crazy ant
  • Pharaoh ant[29]
  • European wasp
  • Silverleaf whitefly[30]
  • Carcinus maenas
  • Paratrechina Longicornis (Longhorn crazy ant)
  • Apis Cerana (Eastern Honey Bee)
  • Aedes albopictus (tiger mosquito)
  • Aethina tumida (small hive beetle)
  • Aphis spiraecola (green citrus aphid)[31]
  • Bactrocera cucurbitae (melon fly)
  • Bruchophagus roddi (alfalfa seed chalcid)[32]
  • Cerataphis lataniae (palm aphid)[33]
  • Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly)[34]
  • Corythucha ciliata (sycamore lace bug)[35]
  • Cryptotermes brevis (West Indian drywood termite)
  • Diuraphis noxia (Russian wheat aphid)[36]
  • Forficula auricularia (common earwig)[37]
  • Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips)
  • Hylurgus ligniperda (red-haired pine bark beetle)[38]
  • Idioscopus nitidulus (mango leafhopper)[39]
  • Maconellicoccus hirsutus (hibiscus mealybug)[40]
  • Pheidole megacephala (coastal brown ant)
  • Phylacteophaga froggatti (leafblister sawfly)[41]
  • Pineus pini (pine adelgid)[42]
  • Sitobion miscanthi (Indian grain aphid)[43]
  • Solenopsis geminata (ginger ant)[44]
  • Spodoptera litura (Oriental leafworm moth)[45]
  • Tapinoma melanocephalum (ghost ant)[46]
  • Tremex fuscicornis (tremex wasp)[47]
  • Trichomyrmex destructor (destructive trailing ant)
  • Vespula vulgaris (common wasp)
  • Wasmannia auropunctata (electric ant)
  • Xanthogaleruca luteola (elm-leaf beetle)
  • Xyleborinus saxesenii (fruit-tree pinhole borer)[48]

Molluscs[]

Echinoderms[]

Worms[]

Plants[]

Around 15% of Australia's flora is made up of introduced species.[57] The following is a non-inclusive list of some of the more significant plant species.

See also: List of invasive species in Australia § Plants

British Isles and other European islands[]

See also: Invasive species in the British Isles

Further information can be found at the,[58] which has a free tool kit of resources on non-native species, including a photo gallery, ID sheets, risk assessments, projects database, case studies and resources for local action groups.

Mammals[]

  • Grey squirrel from North America
  • Greater white-toothed shrew from mainland Europe and Africa[59]
  • Erinaceus europaeus (European hedgehog) - Uist[60]
  • Feral horse from mainland Europe[61]
  • Equus africanus (donkey) - Cyprus[62]
  • Feral cat from mainland Europe
  • Brown rat
  • Black rat
  • House mouse
  • Bank vole from the UK; introduced to Ireland
  • Edible dormouse from continental Europe
  • Ferret from continental Europe to various islands around the British isles
  • European rabbit from continental Europe
  • European hare from continental Europe
  • American mink from North America
  • Reeves's muntjac from China
  • Fallow deer from continental Europe
  • Sika deer from Asia
  • Water deer
  • Reindeer - Iceland
  • Feral goat[63]
  • Kashmir goat in Great Orme[64]
  • Bennett's wallaby from Australia
  • South American coati from South America[65]
  • Striped skunk from North America[66]

Birds[]

Main article: List of non-native birds of Great Britain
  • Haliaeetus albicilla (white-tailed eagle) - reintroduced into Scotland[67]
  • Pandion haliaetus (osprey) - reintroduced into England
  • Little owl from mainland Europe
  • Rose-ringed parakeet from Asia
  • Monk parakeet from South America
  • Tetrao urogallus (western capercaillie) - reintroduced into Scotland[68]
  • Tetrao tetrix (black grouse) - reintroduced into parts of England
  • Lagopus lagopus (willow ptarmigan) - reintroduced into southern England
  • Red-legged partridge
  • Golden pheasant from Asia
  • Common pheasant
  • Anser anser (greylag goose) - reintroduced over Britain and Ireland
  • Canada goose
  • Barnacle goose
  • Egyptian goose
  • Mandarin duck from Japan
  • Ruddy duck from North America
  • Anser canagicus (emperor goose) - small population on Walney Island[69][70][71]
  • Cairina moschata (Muscovy duck)[72]
  • Columba livia (rock dove)
  • Netta rufina (red-crested pochard)
  • Acridotheres tristis (common myna) - Balearic Islands[73]

Fish[]

  • Zander
  • Wels catfish
  • Rainbow trout
  • Walleye
  • Bitterling
  • Bluegill
  • Brook trout
  • Common carp
  • Black bullhead
  • Goldfish
  • Grass carp
  • Orfe
  • Pumpkinseed
  • Topmouth gudgeon
  • Sunbleak
  • Fathead minnow
  • Pacific humped back salmon
  • Alburnus alburnus (common bleak) Cyprus[74]
  • Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish) Cyprus, Corsica[75]
  • Leuciscus leuciscus (common dace) Ireland[76]
  • Pseudorasbora parva (stone moroko)
  • Rutilus rutilus (common roach) Ireland[77]

Amphibians[]

  • Alpine newt
  • Midwife toad
  • Yellow-bellied toad
  • Marsh frog
  • African clawed frog
  • European tree frog
  • Pelophylax esculentus (edible frog)

Reptiles[]

Crustaceans[]

  • Signal crayfish
  • Chinese mitten crab
  • Killer shrimp
  • Chelicorophium curvispinum (Caspian mud shrimp)[79]
  • Elminius modestus (Australasian barnacle)[80]
  • Hemimysis anomala (bloody-red mysid)
  • Orconectes virilis (Virile crayfish)[81]

Insects[]

  • Asian giant hornet
  • Stick insects
  • Aphis spiraecola (green citrus aphid) Mediterranean Islands[31]
  • Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly) Mediterranean Islands[82]
  • Cinara cupressi (Cypress aphid)[83]
  • Corythucha ciliata (sycamore lace bug)[35]
  • Ctenarytaina eucalypti (blue gum psyllid)[84]
  • Dreyfusia nordmannianae (silver fir adelges)[85]
  • Drosophila suzukii (spotted wing drosophila) Mediterranean Islands[86]
  • Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips)[87]
  • Gilpinia hercyniae (European spruce sawfly)[88]
  • Hypogeococcus pungens (cactus mealybug) Corsica[89]
  • Icerya purchasi (cottony cushion scale)[90]
  • Thaumastocoris peregrinus (bronze bug) Sicily[91]
  • Vespula germanica (European wasp) Malta[92]
  • Vespula vulgaris (common wasp) Iceland[93]

Butterflies and moths[]

  • Large blue butterfly from Sweden
  • Psychoides filicivora moth from the Far East
  • Azalea leaf miner moth from East Asia
  • Argyresthia cupressella moth from United States
  • Brown house moth from Asia
  • Tachystola acroxantha moth from Australia
  • Coleotechnites piceaella moth from United States
  • Cotoneaster webworm moth from United States
  • Blastobasis adustella moth
  • moth
  • moth
  • Carnation tortrix
  • Light brown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana from Australia
  • Codling moth
  • Cameraria ohridella (horse-chestnut leaf miner)
  • Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth)
  • Thaumetopoea processionea (oak processionary)
  • Paysandisia archon (castniid palm borer) Mediterranean Islands[94]

Ants[]

Coleoptera (beetles)[]

  • Harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis)
  • Dendroctonus micans (great spruce bark beetle)[101]
  • Diabrotica virgifera (Western corn rootworm)
  • Lilioceris lilii (scarlet lily beetle)

Arachnids[]

Molluscs[]

  • Arion vulgaris (Spanish slug)
  • Brachidontes pharaonis (variable mussel) Mediterranean Islands
  • Petricolaria pholadiformis (false angel wing)[103]
  • Pinctada radiata (Atlantic pearl-oyster)[104]
  • Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mud snail)

Worms[]

Other Animals[]

Plants[]

  • American willow herb
  • Autumnal crocus
  • Bermuda buttercup
  • Canadian pond weed
  • Common field speedwell
  • Evening primrose
  • Floating pennywort
  • Fox and cubs
  • Giant hogweed
  • Guernsey fleabane
  • Himalayan balsam
  • Hottentot fig
  • Japanese knotweed
  • Jewelweed
  • Kudzu
  • Least duckweed
  • New Zealand willowherb
  • Oxford ragwort
  • Pigmy weed
  • Purple dewplant
  • Purple pitcher
  • Rhododendron
  • Water fern

Hawaiian Islands[]

See also: Invasive species in Hawaii, List of animal species introduced to the Hawaiian Islands, and List of bird species introduced to the Hawaiian Islands

Mammals[]

  • Wild pig
  • Feral goat
  • Chital deer
  • Mule deer
  • Cattle
  • Sheep
  • Ovis orientalis (mouflon)[108]
  • Feral cat
  • Dog
  • Small Asian mongoose
  • Brown rat
  • Black rat
  • Pacific rat
  • House mouse
  • Brush-tailed rock-wallaby - small population on Oahu

Birds[]

Primary source for this list is Robert L. Pyle and Peter Pyle, The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands[109] unless otherwise stated

  • Barn owl
  • Branta sandvicensis (nene) - reintroduced onto some islands
  • Anas platyrhynchos (mallard) – vagrant but also introduced
  • Anas wyvilliana (Hawaiian duck) - reintroduced onto some islands
  • Black swan
  • Mute swan
  • Cattle egret
  • Wild turkey
  • California quail
  • Gambel's quail
  • Chukar
  • Black francolin
  • Grey francolin
  • Erckel's francolin
  • Japanese quail
  • Red junglefowl
  • Kalij pheasant
  • Common pheasant
  • Green pheasant[110] - previous considered to be a subspecies of common pheasant
  • Common peafowl
  • Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse
  • Feral pigeon
  • Spotted dove
  • Zebra dove
  • Mourning dove
  • Rose-ringed parakeet
  • Mitred parakeet
  • Red-masked parakeet
  • Red-crowned amazon
  • Mariana swiftlet
  • Eurasian skylark
  • Red-vented bulbul
  • Red-whiskered bulbul
  • Japanese bush warbler
  • White-rumped shama
  • Greater necklaced laughingthrush
  • Chinese hwamei
  • Red-billed leiothrix
  • Japanese white-eye
  • Northern mockingbird
  • Common myna
  • Yellow-faced grassquit
  • Saffron finch
  • Red-crested cardinal
  • Yellow-billed cardinal
  • Northern cardinal
  • Western meadowlark
  • House finch
  • Telespiza cantans (Laysan finch) - artificially expanded range
  • Yellow-fronted canary
  • Atlantic canary
  • House sparrow
  • Red-cheeked cordon-bleu
  • Lavender waxbill
  • Orange-cheeked waxbill
  • Black-rumped waxbill
  • Common waxbill
  • Red avadavat
  • African silverbill
  • Scaly-breasted munia
  • Chestnut munia
  • Java sparrow

Reptiles[]

  • Boiga irregularis (brown tree snake)
  • Anolis sagrei (brown anole)
  • Anolis carolinensis (Carolina anole)[111]
  • Chamaeleo calyptratus (veiled chameleon)
  • Gehyra mutilata (four-clawed gecko)[112]
  • Hemidactylus frenatus (common House Gecko)[113]
  • Hemidactylus garnotii (Indo-Pacific gecko)[112]
  • Hemiphyllodactylus typus (Indopacific tree gecko)[112]
  • Iguana iguana (green Iguana)
  • Lampropholis delicata (delicate skink)[114]
  • Lepidodactylus lugubris (mourning gecko)[115]
  • Phelsuma grandis (Madagascar giant day gecko)
  • Phelsuma guimbeaui (Mauritius lowland forest day gecko)[116]
  • Phelsuma laticauda (gold dust day gecko)[117]
  • Trioceros jacksonii (Jackson's chameleon)
  • Palea steindachneri (wattle-necked softshell turtle)[118][119]
  • Pelodiscus sinensis (Chinese softshell turtle)[120][121]
  • Trachemys scripta (red-eared slider)[122]


Amphibians[]

Primary source for this list is Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database[123] unless otherwise stated.

Fish[]

Primary source for this list is Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database[123] unless otherwise stated.

  • Amatitlania nigrofasciata (convict cichlid)
  • Amphilophus citrinellus (Midas cichlid)
  • Amphilophus labiatus (red devil cichlid)
  • Astronotus ocellatus (oscar)
  • Carassius auratus (goldfish)
  • Cephalopholis argus (roi)
  • Channa maculata (blotched snakehead)
  • Cichla ocellaris (butterfly peacock bass)
  • Cichlasoma spilurum (blue-eyed cichlid)
  • Clarias fuscus (whitespotted clarias)
  • Corydoras aeneus (bronze corydoras)
  • Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp)
  • Cyprinus carpio (common carp)
  • Dorosoma petenense (threadfin shad)
  • Fundulus grandis (Gulf killifish)
  • Gambusia affinis (mosquitofish)
  • Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish)
  • Hemichromis elongatus (banded jewelfish)
  • Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus (bluestripe herring)
  • Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp)
  • Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish)
  • Lepomis cyanellus (green sunfish)
  • Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill)
  • Limia vittata (Cuban limia)
  • Lutjanus fulvus (blacktail snapper)
  • Lutjanus kasmira (bluestripe snapper)
  • Micropterus dolomieu (smallmouth bass)
  • Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass)
  • Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (pond loach)
  • Monopterus albus (Asian swamp eel)
  • Morone saxatilis (striped bass)
  • Mugilogobius cavifrons (mangrove goby)
  • Omobranchus ferox (gossamer blenny)
  • Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)
  • Oreochromis macrochir (longfin tilapia)
  • Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia)
  • Osteomugil engeli (kanda)
  • Parablennius thysanius (tasseled blenny)
  • Parachromis managuensis (jaguar cichlid)
  • Pelvicachromis pulcher (krib)
  • Poecilia latipinna (sailfin molly)
  • Poecilia reticulata (guppy)
  • Pseudotropheus johannii (bluegray mbuna)
  • Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus (long-fin armored catfish)
  • Rocio octofasciata (Jack Dempsey)
  • Salmo trutta (sea trout)
  • Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout)
  • Sardinella marquesensis (marquesan sardinella)
  • Sarotherodon melanotheron (blackchin tilapia)
  • Thorichthys meeki (firemouth cichlid)
  • Tilapia zillii (redbelly tilapia)
  • Upeneus vittatus (bandedtail goatfish)
  • Xenentodon cancila (freshwater garfish)
  • Xiphophorus hellerii (green swordtail)
  • Xiphophorus maculatus (southern platyfish)

Arthropods[]

Plants[]

  • Canoe plants

Other species[]

  • Corbicula fluminea - Asian clam[123]
  • Cornu aspersum (common garden snail)[156]
  • Euglandina rosea (rosy predator snail)
  • Limax maximus (leopard slug)[157]
  • Magallana gigas (Pacific oyster)[158]
  • Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel)[159]
  • Pomacea bridgesii - spike-topped apple snail[123]
  • Pomacea canaliculata - channeled applesnail[123]
  • Lophopodella carteri - freshwater bryozoan[123]
  • Plumatella repens - a bryozoan[123]
  • Carijoa riisei (snowflake coral)
  • Phyllorhiza punctata (Australian spotted jellyfish)

New Zealand[]

See also: Invasive species in New Zealand

Mammals[]

  • Common brushtail possum from Australia
  • Cat from Europe
  • Deer:[160]
    • Red deer from Europe
    • Elk
    • Sika deer from Asia
    • Rusa deer from Asia
    • White-tailed deer from North America
    • Fallow deer
    • Sambar deer
  • Donkeys: the Ponui donkey from Europe
  • Cattle from Europe
  • Goat from Europe
  • Sheep
  • European hare from Europe
  • Horse from Europe
  • European hedgehog from Europe
  • Himalayan tahr from Himalaya
  • Chamois from Europe
  • Pig
  • Rabbit from Europe
  • Rats:
    • Brown and black rats from Europe
    • Pacific rat (kiore) from Pacific islands
  • House mouse
  • Least weasel from Europe
  • Stoat from Europe
  • Ferret from Europe
  • Wallabies:
    • Parma wallaby - population on Kawau Island
    • Red-necked wallaby
    • Swamp wallaby - population on Kawau Island
    • Tammar wallaby

Birds[]

  • Acanthis flammea (common redpoll)[161]
  • Acridotheres tristis (common myna) from India
  • Alauda arvensis (Eurasian skylark)[162]
  • Alectoris chukar (chuckor)[163]
  • Anas platyrhynchos (mallard)
  • Anser anser (greylag goose)[164]
  • Athene noctua (little owl)
  • Branta canadensis (Canada goose)
  • Cacatua galerita (sulphur-crested cockatoo)[165]
  • Eolophus roseicapilla (galah)[166]
  • Callipepla californica (Californian quail)[164]
  • Carduelis carduelis (European goldfinch)
  • Chloris chloris (European greenfinch)
  • Colinus virginianus (bobwhite quail).[167]
  • Columba livia (rock dove)
  • Corvus frugilegus (rook)
  • Coturnix ypsilophora (brown quail)
  • Cygnus olor (mute swan)
  • Dacelo novaeguineae (laughing kookaburra)
  • Emberiza cirlus (cirl bunting)
  • Emberiza citrinella (yellowhammer)
  • Fringilla coelebs (chaffinch)
  • Gymnorhina tibicen (magpie) from Australia
  • Meleagris gallopavo (wild turkey)
  • Passer domesticus (house sparrow) from UK
  • Pavo cristatus (Indian peafowl)[168]
  • Phasianus colchicus (common pheasant) from Asia
  • Platycercus elegans (crimson rosella)
  • Platycercus eximius (eastern rosella)
  • Prunella modularis (dunnock, hedge sparrow or hedge accentor) from Europe
  • Spilopelia chinensis (spotted dove)
  • Sturnus vulgaris (starling) from Europe
  • Turdus merula (common blackbird) from Europe
  • Turdus philomelos (song thrush) from Europe

Reptiles[]

  • Lampropholis delicata (delicate skink)

Amphibians[]

  • Green and golden bell frog[123]
  • Southern bell frog[169]

Fish[]

  • Brown trout
  • Salmon
  • Catfish
  • Gambusia affinis (western mosquitofish)[170]
  • Scardinius erythrophthalmus (common rudd)

Insects[]

  • Monarch butterfly from US
  • Common housefly from Europe
  • Honey bee from Europe
  • Polistes chinensis (Asian paper wasp)
  • Polistes humilis (common paper wasp)
  • Vespula germanica (European wasp)
  • Vespula vulgaris (common wasp)

Arachnids[]

  • Varroa destructor (Varroa mite)[171]
  • Redback spider (from Australia)

Other Animals[]

Plants[]

Up to 26,000 plants have been introduced into New Zealand. This list is a few of the more common and more invasive species.

  • Gorse from Scotland
  • Common broom – Cytisus scoparius
  • Blackberry
  • Lupin
  • Ragwort
  • Scotch thistle
  • Californian thistle – Cirsium arvense
  • Mistflower – Ageratina riparia
  • Kahili ginger – Hedychium gardnerianum
  • Japanese honeysuckle
  • Old man's beard - Clematis vitalba

United States and Canada[]

See also: List of invasive species in North America

Mammals[]

  • Equus africanus (feral donkey) from Europe[172]
  • Equus ferus (feral horse) from Europe (known as mustangs)[173]
  • Feral Camel from Egypt, Turkey and Tunisia[174]
  • Ammotragus lervia (Barbary sheep) from Africa[175]
  • Antilope cervicapra (blackbuck) in Texas[176][177][178][179]
  • Bison bison (American bison) in California[180]
  • Bos taurus (feral cattle) from Europe[181]
  • Boselaphus tragocamelus (nilgai) in Texas[182][183][176]
  • Capra aegagrus (feral goat, bezoar ibex) from Europe[184]
  • Hemitragus jemlahicus (Himalayan tahr) from Asia (in New Mexico)
  • Ovis aries (feral sheep) from Europe[185]
  • Ovis orientalis (mouflon) from Europe[108]
  • Oryx gazella (gemsbok) in New Mexico[186]
  • Sus scrofa (wild boar) from Europe (the common species)
  • Phacochoerus (warthog) from Africa to Texas[187]
  • Deer
    • Axis axis (chital) from Asia
    • Cervus canadensis (American elk) in Florida[188]
    • Alces alces (moose) in Newfoundland[189]
    • Cervus elaphus (red deer) from Europe
    • Cervus nippon (sika deer) from Asia
    • Dama dama (fallow deer) From Europe
    • Rusa unicolor (sambar deer) from Asia
  • Canis latrans (coyote) into Florida and Georgia through introduction and natural expansion[190]
  • Canis lupus familiaris (feral dog) from Europe
  • Felis silvestris (feral cat) from Europe
  • Nasua narica (white-nosed coati) from South America (in Florida)[191]
  • Procyon lotor (raccoon) onto Prince Edward Island[192]
  • Lemur catta (ring-tailed lemur) from Madagascar (in St. Catherines Island, Georgia)[69]
  • Chlorocebus pygerythrus (vervet monkey) from Africa (in Florida)
  • Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaque) from Asia (in Florida and South Carolina)
  • Saimiri sciureus (common squirrel monkey) from South America (in Florida)
  • Cricetomys gambianus (Gambian pouched rat) from Africa[193]
  • Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (capybara) from South America (in Florida)[194]
  • Mus musculus (house mouse) from Europe
  • Myocastor coypus (nutria) from South America
  • Rattus norvegicus (brown rat) from Asia
  • Rattus tanezumi (Asian house rat) from Asia [70]
  • Rattus rattus (black rat) from Europe
  • Sciurus aberti (Abert's squirrel) into non-native areas of Arizona[195]
  • Sciurus aureogaster (Mexican red-bellied squirrel) from Mexico (in Florida)[196]
  • Sciurus niger (fox squirrel) into western US[197]
  • Spermophilus parryii (Arctic ground squirrel) to Unalaska Island, Kavalga Island, and Umnak Island in the Aleutian Archipelago from mainland Alaska[176][198]
  • Lepus europaeus (European hare) From Europe
  • Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit) from southwest Europe and northwest Africa
  • Didelphis virginiana (Virginia opossum) from Eastern USA (in California)
  • Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo) in Florida - there has been a natural extension of the armadillo's range into the US since 1870, reaching Florida by 1970, however the Florida population originates from established introductions dating to the 1920s.[176][199][200]

Birds[]

  • Pitangus sulphuratus (great kiskadee) - Bermuda[201]
  • Alauda arvensis (Eurasian skylark)[162]
  • Red-whiskered bulbul from Asia (in California and Florida)[202][203]
  • Pycnonotus cafer (red-vented bulbul)[204]
  • Estrilda melpoda (orange-cheeked waxbill)[205]
  • Scaly-breasted munia from Asia[206]
  • Pin-tailed whydah from Africa[207][208]
  • House crow[209]
  • Carduelis carduelis (European goldfinch)[210]
  • Chukar from Asia[211]
  • Eurasian tree sparrow from Europe
  • House finch (in the rest of mainland North America and Hawaii)
  • European starling from Europe
  • Shiny cowbird from South America[212][213]
  • Common hill myna[214]
  • Common myna[73]
  • Gray partridge from Europe
  • Himalayan snowcock from Asia, in Nevada[215]
  • House sparrow from Europe
  • Spot-breasted oriole[216]
  • Budgerigar from Australia (in Florida)
  • Rosy-faced lovebird from Africa[217]
  • Blue-crowned parakeet from South America (in California)[218]
  • Mitred conure from South America (in California)[219]
  • Nanday parakeet from South America[220]
  • Yellow-chevroned parakeet[221]
  • Red-masked parakeet[222]
  • Red-crowned amazon[223][224]
  • Lilac-crowned amazon in California[225]
  • Red-lored amazon in California[226]
  • Yellow-headed amazon[227]
  • Turquoise-fronted amazon[228]
  • Monk parakeet from South America
  • Rose-ringed parakeet from Africa/Asia[229]
  • White-winged parakeet from South America[230]
  • Chestnut-fronted macaw from South America (in Florida[231])
  • Blue-and-yellow macaw in Florida from South America[232]
  • Common cardinal in California from elsewhere in North America[233]
  • Northern red bishop from Africa (in California)[234]
  • Muscovy duck from Central America and South America
  • Anas platyrhynchos (mallard) - artificially expanded range
  • Mandarin duck from Asia[235]
  • Bar-headed goose from Asia[236]
  • Branta canadensis (Canada goose) - reintroduced into many areas lost in North America
  • Cygnus buccinator (trumpeter swan) - artificially expanded range
  • Mute swan from Europe
  • Ortalis vetula (plain chachalaca) - to Georgia from Texas
  • Bonasa umbellus (ruffed grouse) - artificially expanded range[237]
  • Francolinus francolinus (black francolin)[238]
  • Ring-necked pheasant from Asia and Europe
  • Common peafowl from Asia (in California)[239][240]
  • Chicken from Asia
  • Oreortyx pictus (mountain quail) - artificially expanded range[241]
  • Wild turkey from Eastern USA (in California)[242]
  • Callipepla squamata (scaled quail) - artificially expanded range
  • Callipepla californica (California quail) - artificially expanded range
  • Callipepla gambelii (Gambel's quail) - artificially expanded range[243]
  • Colinus virginianus (northern bobwhite) - artificially expanded range[244]
  • Pelecanus occidentalis (brown pelican) - reintroduced into Louisiana[245]
  • Rock pigeon from Europe
  • Spotted dove from Asia (in California)
  • Barbary dove/African collared dove from Africa[246]
  • Eurasian collared-dove from Europe
  • Grey-headed swamphen[247]
  • Sacred ibis from Africa[248]
  • Gymnogyps californianus (California condor) - reintroduced to California and Arizona
  • Falco peregrinus (peregrine falcon) - reintroduced into many areas lost in North America

Reptiles[]

Amphibians[]

Primary source for this list is Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database[123] unless otherwise stated.

  • Pacific tree frog in Alaska[295]
  • Greenhouse frog
  • Cuban tree frog
  • Eastern tiger salamander into California, Nevada and Arizona from native areas of the US
  • Common mudpuppy (in Maine and other Northeastern states)
  • American bullfrog (in California, Arizona, Utah, non-native parts of Colorado and Nebraska, Oregon, Washington, Hawaii, and Nantucket island)
  • Cane toad (in Florida only)
  • Northern red-legged frog (in Alaska only)[296]
  • African clawed frog (in California and Arizona only)
  • Eleutherodactylus coqui (common coquí)

Fish[]

Primary source for this list is Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database[123] unless otherwise stated.

  • Acanthogobius flavimanus (Oriental goby) from Japan (in California and Florida)
  • Alosa pseudoharengus (Alewife) (in Great Lakes)
  • Amatitlania nigrofasciata (convict cichlid) from Central America
  • Ameiurus nebulosus (brown bullhead) into western North America from eastern North America
  • Amphilophus citrinellus (Midas cichlid) - Florida
  • Astronotus ocellatus (oscar) from South America
  • Belonesox belizanus (pike topminnow) - Florida
  • Carassius auratus (goldfish) from Asia
  • Channa argus (northern snakehead)
  • Channa marulius (bullseye snakehead) - Florida
  • Chitala ornata (clown featherback) - Florida
  • Cichla ocellaris (butterfly peacock bass) from South America (in Florida)
  • Cichlasoma bimaculatum (black acara) - Florida
  • Clarias batrachus (walking catfish) from Asia (in Florida)
  • Coptodon zillii (redbelly tilapia)
  • Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp) from Asia
  • Cyprinella lutrensis (red shiner) from Mississippi River basin into non-native areas
  • Cyprinus carpio (common carp) from Europe
  • Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish) - from eastern US to non-native areas
  • Gramma loreto (royal gramma) - Florida
  • Gymnocephalus cernua (Eurasian ruffe) from Eurasia
  • Hemichromis letourneuxi (African jewelfish) - Florida
  • Zebrafish - from Asia[297]
  • Heros severus (banded cichlid) - Florida
  • Heterotilapia buttikoferi (zebra tilapia) - Florida
  • Hoplosternum littorale (tamuatá) - Florida
  • Hypomesus nipponensis (wakasagi) - California
  • Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp) from Asia
  • Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (bighead carp) from China
  • Hypostomus plecostomus (suckermouth catfish) - Texas: misidentification,[298] it concerns Pterygoplichthys species
  • Hypsoblennius invemar (tessellated blenny)
  • Ictalurus furcatus (blue catfish) - from Mississippi River basin into non-native areas
  • Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish) - from central North America into non-native areas
  • Ictiobus cyprinellus (bigmouth buffalo) - from the Eastern United States to California[299]
  • Leuciscus idus (ide)
  • Lepomis cyanellus (green sunfish) - from central North America into non-native areas
  • Macrognathus siamensis (peacock eel) - Florida
  • Mayaheros urophthalmus (Mayan cichlid) from Asia (in Florida)
  • Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass) - from central North America into non-native areas
  • Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (pond loach) from Asia
  • Monopterus albus (Asian swamp eel) from Asia
  • Morone americana (white perch) - from eastern US into non-native areas
  • Morone chrysops (white bass) from Oklahoma (in California)
  • Mylopharyngodon piceus (black carp) from Asia
  • Neogobius melanostomus (round goby) from Eurasia
  • Oreochromis aureus (blue tilapia) from Africa
  • Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia)
  • Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia)
  • Oreochromis urolepis (Wami tilapia) - California
  • Parachromis managuensis (jaguar cichlid) - Florida
  • Pelmatolapia mariae (spotted tilapia) - Florida
  • Petromyzon marinus (sea lamprey) (introduced into the Great Lakes through the Welland canal c. 1921)
  • Poecilia mexicana (shortfin molly)
  • Poecilia reticulata (guppy) from South America
  • Poecilia sphenops (short-finned molly)- Montana and Nevada
  • Proterorhinus semilunaris (Western tubenose goby) from Europe
  • Pterois miles (common lionfish)
  • Pterois volitans (red lionfish) (in Caribbean seas and shorelines on the east coast of the U.S.A only)
  • Pterygoplichthys anisitsi (Paraná sailfin catfish) - Florida
  • Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Vermiculated sailfin catfish) - Florida, North Carolina
  • Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus (Orinoco sailfin catfish)- Florida
  • Pterygoplichthys pardalis (leopard pleco) - North Carolina
  • Rhinogobius brunneus (Amur goby) - Washington
  • Rhodeus amarus (European bitterling) - New York
  • Rivulus hartii (giant rivulus) - California
  • Rocio octofasciata (Jack Dempsey) - South Dakota
  • Sander lucioperca (zander) - North Dakota
  • Sarotherodon melanotheron (blackchin tilapia) - Florida
  • Scardinius erythrophthalmus (common rudd) from Europe
  • Tinca tinca (tench) from Eurasia
  • Trichromis salvini (Salvin's cichlid) - Florida
  • Trichopsis vittata (croaking gourami) - Florida
  • Tridentiger barbatus (Shokihaze goby) - California
  • Tridentiger bifasciatus (Shimofuri goby) - California
  • Tridentiger trigonocephalus (chameleon goby) - California
  • Xiphophorus hellerii (green swordtail)
  • Xiphophorus maculatus (southern platyfish)
  • Xiphophorus variatus (variatus platy)

Crustaceans[]

Primary source for this list is Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database[123] unless otherwise stated.

  • European green crab from Atlantic coasts of Europe and Northern Africa
  • Chinese mitten crab from the coastal rivers and estuaries of the Yellow Sea
  • Japanese shore crab from Japan
  • Orconectes virilis (virile crayfish) native to North America, but now widespread outside its normal habitat
  • Pacifastacus leniusculus (signal crayfish) into California from elsewhere in North America
  • Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crawfish) now widespread in North America, from its native range in the Gulf of Mexico basin
  • Spiny waterflea from northern Europe and western Russia
  • Fishhook waterflea from the Ponto-Caspian region
  • Daphnia lumholtzi
  • Penaeus monodon
  • Macrobrachium rosenbergii
  • Hemimysis anomala
  • Echinogammarus ischnus
  • Bosmina coregoni
  • Eubosmina maritima
  • Argulus japonicus
  • Megacyclops viridis
  • Neoergasilus japonicus
  • Canthocamptus hibernicus
  • Nitokra incerta
  • Schizopera borutzkyi
  • Thermocyclops crassus
  • Amphibalanus amphitrite[300]
  • Amphibalanus improvisus (bay barnacle)[301]
  • Limnoria quadripunctata (gribble)[302]

Mollusks[]

Marine[123]

  • Arcuatula senhousia (Asian date mussel)[303]
  • Crepidula fornicata (American limpet, common slipper shell) into the coasts of British Columbia and Washington state from the Western Atlantic Ocean[304][305]
  • Littorina littorea (common periwinkle) from Europe[306]
  • Myosotella myosotis (mouse ear snail)[307]
  • Perna viridis (Asian green mussel) - Florida
  • Potamocorbula amurensis (overbite clam)[308]
  • Rapana venosa (veined rapa whelk) from the Sea of Japan
  • Venerupis philippinarum (Manila clam)[309]

Freshwater[123]

  • Bellamya chinensis (Chinese mystery snail) from Asia
  • Bithynia tentaculata (mud bithynia) from Europe
  • Cipangopaludina japonica (Japanese mysterysnail)
  • Corbicula fluminea (Asian clam) from Asia
  • Dreissena bugensis (quagga mussel) from Caspian and Black Seas
  • Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel) from the Caspian and Black Seas
  • Marisa cornuarietis (Colombian ramshorn apple snail)
  • Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania) from northern Africa to southern Asia
  • Pisidium amnicum (greater European peaclam)
  • Pisidium henslowanum (Henslow peaclam)
  • Pisidium moitessierianum (pygmy peaclam)
  • Pisidium supinum (humpbacked peaclam)
  • Pomacea canaliculata (channeled applesnail)
  • Pomacea haustrum (titan applesnail) - Florida
  • Pomacea maculata (island applesnail)
  • Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mud snail) from New Zealand
  • Radix auricularia (big-ear radix)
  • Sphaerium corneum (European fingernailclam) from Europe
  • Valvata piscinalis (European stream valvata) - Great Lakes

Terrestrial

  • Cepaea hortensis (white-lipped snail) from Europe
  • Cepaea nemoralis (grove snail) from Europe
  • Cornu aspersum (garden snail) from Europe
  • Deroceras invadens (tramp slug)[52]
  • Deroceras reticulatum (grey field slug)[310]
  • Limax maximus (leopard slug) from Europe
  • Lissachatina fulica (giant African snail)[311]
  • Theba pisana (white garden snail) from Europe
  • Zachrysia provisoria (Cuban brown snail)
  • Xerolenta obvia (Heath Snail)

Worms[]

  • Medicinal leech
  • Ficopomatus enigmaticus - Australian tubeworm[312]
  • Dendrodrilus rubidus - trout worm[313]
  • Platydemus manokwari
  • Anguillicoloides crassus (swim bladder worm)[314]
  • Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Asian tapeworm)[106]
  • Globodera rostochiensis (golden nematode)
  • Lumbricus rubellus (leaf worm)[315]
  • Lumbricus terrestris (common earthworm)[316]

Insects[]

[317]

Beetles and relatives[]

[318]

  • Mottled water hyacinth weevil from South America
  • Rhinocyllus conicus (thistle-head weevil)
  • Gonipterus scutellatus
  • Diaprepes abbreviatus
  • Asian long-horned beetle
  • European chafer
  • Brown spruce longhorn beetle from Europe
  • Harlequin ladybug
  • Emerald ash borer from Asia
  • European elm bark beetle
  • Elm leaf beetle
  • Japanese beetle
  • Paropsisterna m-fuscum
  • Xyleborus glabratus
  • Xyleborus dispar (pear blight beetle)[319]
  • Xyleborus similis[320]
  • Eucalyptus Longhorned Borer[321]
  • Aethina tumida (small hive beetle)
  • Diabrotica virgifera (Western corn rootworm)
  • Euwallacea fornicatus (Polyphagous and Kuroshio shot hole borers)[291]
  • Epitrix tuberis (tuber flea beetle)[322]
  • Lilioceris lilii (scarlet lily beetle)
  • Metamasius callizona (bromeliad beetle)[323]
  • Scolytus schevyrewi (banded elm bark beetle)
  • Xyleborinus saxesenii (fruit-tree pinhole borer)[48]
  • Xylosandrus compactus (black twig borer)
  • Xylosandrus germanus (black timber bark beetle)[154]

Crickets[]

Flies and allies[]

[318]

Termites[]

Sawflies[]

  • Larch sawfly
  • European pine sawfly
  • European spruce sawfly
  • Diprion similis (introduced pine sawfly)

Aphids, whiteflies, and scale insects[]

Ants[]

Bees[]

[357]

  • Western honeybee from Europe
  • Africanized bee from Africa and South America
  • Green orchid bee from Central America to Florida

Wasps[]

  • Vespula germanica
  • Polistes dominula
  • Sirex woodwasp
  • Selitrichodes globulus[358]

Moths and butterflies[]

[318]

  • Acrolepiopsis assectella (leek moth)[359]
  • Archips fuscocupreanus (exotic leafroller moth)[360]
  • Cactoblastis cactorum (cactus moth)
  • Coleophora laricella (larch casebearer)
  • Crocidosema plebejana (cotton tipworm)[361]
  • Duponchelia fovealis
  • Epiphyas postvittana (light brown apple moth)[362]
  • Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) from Europe
  • Operophtera brumata (winter moth)
  • Opogona sacchari (banana moth)[143]
  • Phyllocnistis citrella (citrus leafminer)
  • Pieris rapae (cabbage white or small white) butterfly from Europe
  • Rhyacionia buoliana (European pine shoot moth)
  • Thymelicus lineola (European or Essex skipper) butterfly from Europe

Other insects[]

Arachnids[]

Jellyfishes[]

  • Craspedacusta sowerbii from China[371]
  • Blackfordia virginica[123]
  • Australian spotted jellyfish from Australia[372]

Other animals[]

Plants[]

This is a non-exhaustive list of some of the more significant plant species

  • Ailanthus altissima – tree-of-heaven from Eurasia[377]
  • Acacia nilotica - Gum Arabic tree[378]
  • Acacia auriculiformis - Northern black wattle[379]
  • Acacia crassicarpa - Northern wattle[380]
  • Acacia saligna - Port Jackson wattle[381]
  • Acacia melanoxylon - Australian blackwood[382]
  • Schefflera actinophylla - Umbrella tree[383]
  • Falcataria moluccana -Batai wood[384]
  • Samanea saman - Rain tree[385]
  • Prunus cerasus – dwarf cherry from Eurasia[386]
  • Ficus benjamina – weeping fig from Asia[387]
  • Ficus benghalensis – banyan from Asia[388]
  • Ficus religiosa – sacred fig from Asia[389]
  • Acer platanoides – Norway maple from Europe
  • Taraxacum officinale – dandelion from Europe
  • Nymphaea odorata – American waterlily in California from native parts of North America[390]
  • Eurasian watermilfoil from Europe, Asia and northern Africa
  • Ice plant from South Africa
  • Eucalypts from Australia
  • Hesperis matronalis – dame's rocket from Eurasia
  • Vicia cracca – cow vetch from Eurasia
  • Vicia villosa – hairy vetch from Eurasia
  • Lonicera japonica – Japanese honeysuckle
  • Lonicera maackii – amur honeysuckle
  • Rosa multiflora – multiflora rose
  • Lythrum salicaria – purple loosestrife
  • Pueraria montana – kudzu (a.k.a. Pueraria lobata) from Japan
  • Bambusa vulgaris - common bamboo from China[391]
  • Phyllostachys aurea - Golden bamboo[392]
  • Phyllostachys aureosulcata - Yellow groove bamboo[393]
  • Allium sativum – garlic[394]
  • Daucus carota - wild carrot[395]
  • Radish[396]
  • Allium neapolitanum - false garlic[397]
  • Celastrus orbiculatus – Oriental bittersweet
  • Elaeagnus umbellata – autumn olive
  • Alliaria petiolata – garlic mustard
  • Hydrilla verticillata – hydrilla from India and Sri Lanka
  • Trapa natans – water caltrop from Eurasia
  • Eichhornia crassipes – water hyacinth from South America
  • Pistia stratiotes – water lettuce from South America
  • ipomoea aquatica – water spinach from India and southeast Asia
  • Arundo donax – giant reed from the Mediterranean
  • Conium maculatum – poison hemlock from Europe
  • Salvinia molesta – giant salvinia from Brazil
  • Hedera helix – english ivy from Europe
  • Robinia pseudoacacia - Black locust (in non-native parts of the United States)[398]
  • Gleditsia triacanthos - Honey locust (in non-native parts of the United States)[399]
  • Fucus serratus – rockweed from Europe
  • Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides – green sea fingers
  • Centaurea diffusa – diffuse knapweed
  • Cytisus scoparius – Scotch broom from Europe
  • Sorghum halepense – Johnson grass from Europe
  • Sargassum horneri[citation needed]
  • Kali tragus – a tumbleweed from Eurasia
  • Cynanchum louiseae (black swallow-wort)
  • Reynoutria japonica (syn. Fallopia japonica) (Japanese Knotweed)

Oomycetes[]

  • Phytophthora ramorum - the cause of sudden oak death[400]

Central America, Caribbean islands and Mexico[]

Mammals[]

  • Donkey
  • Horse
  • Fallow deer - Guiana Island and Barbuda
  • Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer) - onto several islands
  • Cattle - at least Hispaniola
  • Goat
  • Barbary sheep - Mexico
  • Nilgai - Mexico[182] by natural colonisation from the introduced Texan population[401]
  • Pig[402][403][176][404]
  • Monkeys:
    • Mona monkey from Africa (in Grenada)[405]
    • Green monkey (previously identified as the vervet monkey)[406] (From Africa, In Barbados
    • Stump-tailed macaque - small population on the islands in Laguna Catemaco
    • Rhesus macaque - there were established populations in Puerto Rico up until 2010.[407][408] There has since been an unpublicised eradication program by the Puerto Rican government,[409][410] which may have been successful,[411] which would limit the population to research establishments.[412]
    • Patas monkey from Africa (in Puerto Rico)[413]
  • Small Asian mongoose from Asia (in Caribbean islands)
  • Dog
  • Cat
  • European rabbit - population on Clarion Island not yet eradicated
  • European hare - on Barbados
  • Lowland paca - on Cuba[414]
  • Red-rumped agouti - on Dominica, Grenada, and Virgin Islands[415]
  • Brown rat
  • Black rat
  • House mouse
  • Procyon lotor (raccoon) onto Bahamas, Guadeloupe, and Martinique[192]

Birds[]

  • Cathartes aura (turkey vulture) Puerto Rico[416]
  • Chicken
  • Numida meleagris (helmeted guineafowl)[417]
  • Alectoris chukar (chukar partridge)[418]
  • Colinus virginianus (northern bobwhite) artificially expanded range[244]
  • Colinus cristatus (crested bobwhite) artificially expanded range[419]
  • Alectoris barbara (Barbary partridge)[420]
  • Eurasian collared dove
  • Feral pigeon
  • European starling
  • Pin-tailed whydah into Puerto Rico[207][421]
  • Javan myna into Puerto Rico[422]
  • Common hill myna into Puerto Rico[423]
  • Java sparrow[424]
  • Common waxbill[425]
  • Village weaver[426]
  • Passer domesticus (house sparrow)
  • Euplectes afer (yellow-crowned bishop)
  • Estrilda melpoda (orange-cheeked waxbill)[427]
  • Lonchura cucullata (bronze mannikin)[428]
  • Lonchura punctulata (scaly-breasted munia)
  • Sicalis flaveola (saffron finch)[429]
  • Sicalis luteola (grassland yellow finch) Lesser Antilles[430]
  • Tiaris canorus (Cuban grassquit) Bahamas[431]
  • Icterus icterus (Venezuelan troupial)[432]
  • Quiscalus lugubris (Carib grackle)[433]
  • Molothrus bonariensis (shiny cowbird)[434]
  • Cockatiel[435]
  • Sulphur-crested cockatoo[165]
  • Scarlet macaw into Puerto Rico from native parts of the Americas[436]
  • Red-and-green macaw into Puerto Rico from native parts of the Americas[437]
  • Blue-and-yellow macaw into Puerto Rico from native parts of the Americas[438]
  • Orange-winged amazon[439][440]
  • Budgerigar[441]
  • Monk parakeet[442]
  • White-winged parakeet into Puerto Rico[230][440]
  • Nanday parakeet into Puerto Rico[220][440]
  • Green-rumped parrotlet[443][440]
  • Eupsittula pertinax (brown-throated parakeet) Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands[444]
  • Amazona ventralis (Hispaniolan amazon) Puerto Rico and US Virgin Is.[445]

Reptiles[]

  • Spectacled caiman - Cuba and Puerto Rico[446][447]
  • Burmese python - Puerto Rico[448]
  • Boa constrictor - Puerto Rico
  • Green Anaconda - Trinidad and Tobago
  • Anolis sagrei (brown anole)
  • Anolis wattsi (Watts' anole)
  • Trachemys scripta elegans (red-eared slider)

Amphibians[]

  • Common coquí - U.S. Virgin Islands, Dominican Republic[123]
  • Greenhouse frog - Jamaica, Bahamas[123]
  • Cuban tree frog[123]
  • Scinax ruber - Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles[123]
  • Cane toad
  • American bullfrog

Fish[]

  • Mozambique tilapia[25]
  • Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish)
  • Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass)[449]
  • Xiphophorus hellerii (green swordtail)[450]

Insects[]

Arachnids[]

Worms[]

  • Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Asian tapeworm)[106]
  • Platydemus manokwari (New Guinea flatworm)

Crustaceans[]

Mollusks[]

  • Deroceras invadens (tramp slug)[52]
  • Deroceras laeve (marsh slug)[53]
  • Euglandina rosea (rosy wolfsnail)[454]
  • Lissachatina fulica (giant African snail)[455]
  • Marisa cornuarietis (Colombian ramshorn apple snail)
  • Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania)[456]
  • Pomacea canaliculata (channeled applesnail)[457]
  • Zachrysia provisoria (Cuban brown snail)

South America[]

Mammals[]

  • Beaver from North America to Tierra del Fuego
  • Muskrat
  • Brown rat
  • Black rat
  • House mouse
  • European hare from Europe to Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Brazil
  • European rabbit
  • Small Asian mongoose from Asia to Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname
  • American mink
  • Dog
  • Cat
  • Chital from Asia to Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Chile
  • Elk from North America
  • Red deer from Europe
  • Blackbuck from Asia to Argentina and Uruguay
  • Himalayan tahr from New Zealand (originally from Asia)
  • Fallow deer
  • Water buffalo - at least Brazil
  • Cattle
  • Wild boar from Europe
  • Goat
  • Feral horse from Europe[61]
  • Hippopotamus from Africa to Colombia, Originally kept by Pablo Escobar

Birds[]

  • Anas platyrhynchos (mallard)[458]
  • Anser anser (greylag goose)[459]
  • Brotogeris versicolurus (white-winged parakeet) – Peru[460]
  • Callipepla californica (California quail)[5]
  • Carduelis carduelis (European goldfinch)[210]
  • Chloris chloris (European greenfinch)[461]
  • Columba livia (rock dove)
  • Estrilda astrild (common waxbill)[462]
  • Passer domesticus (house sparrow)
  • Ploceus cucullatus (village weaver)[463]
  • Rhea pennata (Darwin's rhea) - introduced to Tierra del Fuego from mainland[464]
  • Shiny cowbird (shiny cowbird) – Chile[434]
  • Thraupis episcopus (blue-gray tanager) - Lima

Amphibians[]

  • American bullfrog

Fish[]

  • Arapaima gigas from the Amazon rivers[465]
  • Cherry barb from Sri Lanka
  • Mozambique tilapia[25]
  • Pterois volitans (Red lionfish)[466]
  • Salmo trutta (Brown trout)[467]
  • Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout)
  • Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia)
  • Cyprinus carpio (Common carp)[468]
  • Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth bass)[449]
  • Trichogaster pectoralis (Snakeskin gourami)[469]

Insects[]

Arachnids[]

Crustaceans[]

Mollusks[]

  • Achatina fulica (Giant African snail)
  • Deroceras invadens (tramp slug)[52]
  • Deroceras laeve (marsh slug)[53]
  • Cornu aspersum (Garden snail)
  • Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania)[456]

Continental Europe[]

Mammals[]

  • Barbary macaque - Gibraltar (from North Africa)
  • Common raccoon - (from North America)
  • North African hedgehog - (from Africa)[481]
  • Raccoon dog - throughout Central and Eastern Europe into E Scandinavia (from Asia)
  • European brown bear - through most of its range in mainland Europe (reintroduced)
  • American mink - Spain, N. France, Belgium, The Netherlands, Scandinavia, Lithuania, Belarus, etc. (from North America)
  • Egyptian mongoose - Portugal, southern Spain, island of Mljet (from North Africa)
  • Small Asian mongoose - Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Adriatic islands[481]
  • Common genet - from Africa to Europe
  • Cat
  • Deer:
    • Sika deer - France, Germany, Ireland, Denmark, Poland, Austria (from Asia)
    • Axis deer - Italy, Slovenia, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, Russia east of Black Sea (from South Asia)
    • White-tailed deer - S Finland (from North America)
    • Chinese water deer - France (from China)[482]
    • Elk - at least one example into Italy[483]
  • Barbary sheep - Spain (from Africa)
  • Ovis orientalis (mouflon) - neolithic expansion of range through semi-domestication
  • Goat
  • Greenland muskox - Norway, Sweden (from Greenland)
  • European bison - mainland Europe (reintroduced)
  • European beaver - Finland (reintroduced)
  • North American beaver - Finland, Russia
  • Grey squirrel - Italy, Scotland, England, Ireland (from North America)
  • Finlayson's squirrel[484]
  • Pallas's squirrel[485]
  • Siberian chipmunk - France, Germany, Austria, Netherlands, Finland, England (from further east in Eurasia)
  • Muskrat - E Scandinavia, W France, north to Denmark, east to Ukraine, south to N Greece
  • Brown rat - throughout (from Asia)
  • Black rat - throughout (from South-East Asia or China, via India and Middle East)
  • House mouse - throughout (from N Iran border)
  • Coypu - (from South America)
  • Cottontail rabbit - Spain, France, Italy (from North America)
  • Lepus europaeus (European hare) - Norway, Sweden[486]
  • Bennett's wallaby - from Australia

Birds[]

  • Griffon vulture - in most of its range in Europe (reintroduced)
  • Bubo bubo (Eurasian eagle-owl) - reintroduced into Sweden
  • Sacred ibis - France (from Africa)
  • Phoenicopterus chilensis (Chilean flamingo)[487]
  • Black swan - Poland, Netherlands (from Australia)
  • Canada goose - N Europe (France to Scandinavia) (from North America)
  • Swan goose - (from Asia)
  • Bar-headed goose - UK, Netherlands
  • Egyptian goose - UK, Netherlands (from Africa)
  • Mandarin duck from Asia[488]
  • Ruddy duck - spreading from UK (from North America)
  • Columba livia (rock dove) - into northern Europe
  • Alectoris chukar (chukar partridge)[211]
  • Alectoris rufa (red-legged partridge) - into northern Europe[489]
  • Alectoris barbara (Barbary partridge)[490]
  • Perdix perdix (grey partridge) - reintroduced to many parts of Europe[491]
  • Common pheasant - throughout (from Asia)
  • Northern bobwhite - C France (from North America)
  • Reeves's pheasant - France, Czech Republic (from China)
  • Wild turkey - Germany (from North America)
  • Rose-ringed parakeet - Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, W Germany
  • Monk parakeet - Italy, Slovakia (from South America)
  • Common mynah - Russia (from India)
  • Acridotheres cristatellus (crested myna)[492]
  • Leiothrix lutea (red-billed leiothrix)
  • Ploceus cucullatus (village weaver)[426]
  • Ploceus melanocephalus (black-headed weaver)[493]
  • Euplectes afer (yellow-crowned bishop)[494]
  • Estrilda troglodytes (black-rumped waxbill)[495]
  • Euodice cantans (African silverbill)[496]
  • Common waxbill - Portugal (from Africa)
  • Red avadavat - Spain, Po Delta (from India)
  • Greater rhea - Germany (from South America)
  • Corvus splendens (House crow)

Reptiles[]

  • Pond slider - (from North America)
  • Knight anole - (from Cuba)[497]
  • Chamaeleo chamaeleon (common chameleon)[498]
  • Chamaeleo africanus (African chameleon)[499] n
  • California kingsnake - Spain[500]
  • Spur-thighed tortoise - Italy, Spain, Malta, Sardinia, Sicily, and (from Africa)[501]
  • Chinese softshell turtle - Spain (from China)[501]

Amphibians[]

  • Bullfrog - southern Europe (from North America)
  • African clawed frog - (from Africa)
  • Axolotl - in Germany [73]
  • Newt Paramesotriton labiatus - (from Asia)[501]

Fish[]

  • Alburnus alburnus (common bleak)[74]
  • Ameiurus melas (black bullhead) - (from North America)
  • Ameiurus nebulosus (brown bullhead) - (from North America)
  • Australoheros facetus (Chameleon cichlid)[502]
  • Carassius auratus (goldfish)[503]
  • Carassius gibelio (Prussian carp)[504]
  • Cyprinus carpio (common carp)[505]
  • Esox lucius (northern pike)[506]
  • Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog)
  • Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish) - (from North America)
  • Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp) - (from East Asia)
  • Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (bighead carp) - (from East Asia)
  • Lepomis gibbosus (pumpkinseed) - (from North America)
  • Liza haematocheilus (haarder) - (from East Asia)
  • Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth Bass)
  • Neogobius fluviatilis (monkey goby)
  • Neogobius melanostomus (round goby)
  • Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)[507]
  • Perccottus glenii (Chinese sleeper) - (from China)
  • Pseudorasbora parva (stone moroko) - (from China)
  • Rutilus rutilus (common roach)[77]
  • Sander lucioperca (Sander lucioperca)[508]
  • Tridentiger trigonocephalus (chameleon goby) - (from East Asia)

Crustaceans[]

Insects[]

Molluscs[]

  • Arcuatula senhousia (Asian date mussel)
  • Arion vulgaris (Spanish slug)
  • Brachidontes pharaonis (variable mussel)
  • Corbicula fluminalis[530]
  • Corbicula fluminea (Freshwater bivalve mollusk)[531][532]
  • Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster)
  • Crepidula fornicata (Common slipper shell)
  • Deroceras invadens (tramp slug)[52]
  • Dreissena polymorpha (Zebra mussel)
  • Dreissena rostriformis bugensis (Quagga mussel)[533]
  • Ensis directus (American jack-knife clam)
  • Petricolaria pholadiformis (false angel wing)[103]
  • Pinctada radiata (Atlantic pearl-oyster)[104]
  • Rapana venosa (Veined rapa whelk)[534]
  • Sinanodonta woodiana (Chinese pond mussel)[532]

Other Animals[]

  • Anguillicoloides crassus (swim bladder worm)[314]
  • Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Asian tapeworm)[106]
  • Bugula neritina (brown bryozoan)[535]
  • Cordylophora caspia (euryhaline hydroid)[107]
  • Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Australian tubeworm)[536]
  • Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode)[537]
  • Lumbricus terrestris (common earthworm)[316]
  • Marenzelleria neglecta (red gilled mud worm)[538]
  • Microcosmus squamiger[539]
  • Mnemiopsis leidyi (warty comb jelly)
  • Polyandrocarpa zorritensis[540]
  • Rhopilema nomadica (nomad jellyfish)
  • Schizoporella errata (branching bryozoan)[541]
  • Styela clava (Stalked sea squirt)[542]
  • Tricellaria inopinata[543]

Asia excluding Japan[]

See also: List of invasive species in Asia

Mammals[]

  • Macaca fascicularis (crab-eating macaque) into Hong Kong
  • Canis lupus familiaris (dog)
  • Felis silvestris (cat) from Africa
  • Neovison vison (American mink) from North America
  • Procyon lotor (common raccoon) from North America
  • Myocastor coypus (nutria) from South America
  • Ondatra zibethicus (muskrat) from North America
  • Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit) from Europe
  • Rattus norvegicus (brown rat) onto islands from mainland Asia
  • Rattus rattus (black rat)[544]
  • Ceratotherium simum (southern white rhinoceros) from Africa to China[545]
  • Equus africanus (donkey) - Sri Lanka
  • Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata (reticulated giraffe) - Arabia (see Sir Bani Yas)
  • Ovibos moschatus (muskox) - Russia
  • Ovis aries (sheep) into Tibet[546]

Birds[]

  • Acridotheres cristatellus (crested myna) artificially expanded range[547]
  • Acridotheres tristis (common myna) into non-native areas
  • Amandava amandava (red avadavat) artificially expanded range[548]
  • Cacatua galerita (sulphur-crested cockatoo) artificially expanded range into eastern Indonesia[4]
  • Cacatua sulphurea (yellow-crested cockatoo) Hong Kong
  • Corvus splendens (house crow) into non-native areas
  • Eclectus roratus (eclectus parrot) artificially expanded range into eastern Indonesia[549]
  • Euodice cantans (African silverbill)[496]
  • Francolinus pintadeanus (Chinese francolin) Philippines from mainland[550]
  • Garrulax canorus (Chinese hwamei) into non-native areas[551]
  • Geopelia striata (zebra dove) artificially expanded range[552]
  • Geronticus eremita (northern bald ibis) reintroduced into Turkey
  • Lonchura atricapilla (chestnut munia) Maluku Islands[553]
  • Lonchura leucogastroides (Javan munia) Singapore and S Malay Peninsula
  • Padda oryzivora (Java sparrow) artificially expanded range[9]
  • Passer montanus (Eurasian tree sparrow) artificially expanded range[554]
  • Perdix dauurica (Daurian partridge) Philippines from mainland[555]
  • Psittacula krameri (rose-ringed parakeet) into Israel[556]
  • Spilopelia chinensis (spotted dove) eastern Indonesia[557]
  • Tanygnathus lucionensis (blue-naped parrot) Borneo[558]
  • Trichoglossus haematodus (coconut lorikeet) Hong Kong[559][560]

Reptiles[]

Amphibians[]

  • Cane toad[566]
  • American bullfrog

Fish[]

  • Arapaima gigas from South America[567]
  • Abbottina rivularis (Chinese false gudgeon) into non-native areas[568]
  • Amatitlania nigrofasciata (convict cichlid)[569]
  • Clarias gariepinus (African sharptooth catfish)[570]
  • Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) from South America[571]
  • Coptodon zillii (redbelly tilapia)[572]
  • Gambusia affinis (mosquitofish)[573]
  • Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish)[75]
  • Hemibarbus maculatus (spotted steed) into non-native areas[574]
  • Hemiculter leucisculus (sharpbelly) into Central Asia
  • Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish)[575]
  • Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill)[576]
  • Mayaheros urophthalmus (Mayan cichlid)[577]
  • Micropterus dolomieu (smallmouth bass)[578]
  • Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass)[449]
  • Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia)[25]
  • Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia)[579]
  • Poecilia reticulata (guppy)[580]
  • Poecilia sphenops (molly)[581]
  • Pseudorasbora parva (stone moroko) into non-native areas[582]
  • Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (suckermouth armored catfish)[583]
  • Rhodeus ocellatus (rosy bitterling) into non-native areas[584]
  • Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout)[584]
  • Xiphophorus hellerii (green swordtail)[585]

Insects[]

Other arthropods[]

Molluscs[]

  • Ambigolimax valentianus (threeband gardenslug)[605]
  • Brachidontes pharaonis (variable mussel) into Mediterranean Sea
  • Cornu aspersum (garden snail)
  • Euglandina rosea (rosy wolfsnail)[606]
  • Limnoperna fortunei (golden mussel) into non-native areas[607]
  • Lissachatina fulica (giant African snail)
  • Mytilopsis sallei (black-striped mussel)
  • Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel)
  • Pinctada radiata (Atlantic pearl-oyster) into Mediterranean Sea[104]
  • Pomacea canaliculata (channeled applesnail)
  • Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mud snail)
  • Rapana venosa (veined rapa whelk) into Mediterranean Sea
  • Rumina decollata (decollate snail)[608]
  • Venerupis philippinarum (Manila clam) into Mediterranean Sea[609]

Other Animals[]

  • Molgula manhattensis (sea grapes)[610]
  • Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pine wood nematode)[611]
  • Globodera rostochiensis (golden nematode)[612]
  • Platydemus manokwari (New Guinea flatworm)
  • Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Australian tubeworm)[536]
  • Hydroides elegans[613]
  • Bugula neritina (brown bryozoan)[535]

Japan[]

See also: Invasive species in Japan

Mammals[]

  • Macaca cyclopis (Formosan rock macaque) in Japan (from mainland Asia)[614]
  • Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaque) in Japan (from mainland Asia)[615]
  • Canis lupus familiaris (dog)[616]
  • Felis silvestris (cat) from Africa
  • Neovison vison (American mink) from North America
  • Martes melampus (Japanese marten)[617]
  • Mustela itatsi (Japanese weasel)[618]
  • Mustela sibirica (Siberian weasel)[619]
  • Nyctereutes procyonoides (raccoon dog)[620]
  • Procyon lotor (common raccoon) from North America
  • Urva auropunctata (small Asian mongoose) in Japan (from mainland Asia)[621]
  • Paguma larvata (masked palm civet) in Japan (from Taiwan)[622]
  • Erinaceus amurensis (Amur hedgehog) to Japan from mainland Asia[623][624]
  • Pipistrellus abramus (Japanese house bat) from native parts of Japan to Hokkaido[625]
  • Crocidura dsinezumi (Dsinezumi shrew)[626]
  • Eutamias sibiricus (Siberian chipmunk)[627]
  • Mus musculus (house mouse)[628]
  • Rattus exulans (Polynesian rat)[629]
  • Rattus norvegicus (brown rat)[630]
  • Rattus rattus (black rat)[544]
  • Sciurus vulgaris (red squirrel)[631]
  • Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas's squirrel) into Japan[632]
  • Callosciurus finlaysonii (Finlayson's squirrel) into Japan[633]
  • Myocastor coypus (nutria) from South America[634]
  • Ondatra zibethicus (muskrat) from North America[635]
  • Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit) from Europe (see also Ōkunoshima, also known as Japanese rabbit island)
  • Bos taurus (cattle)[636]
  • Capra aegagrus (feral goat)[637]
  • Muntiacus reevesi (Reeves's muntjac)[638]
  • Sus scrofa (wild boar)[639]

Birds[]

  • Acridotheres cristatellus (crested myna)[640]
  • Acridotheres tristis (common myna)[641]
  • Amandava amandava (red avadavat)[642]
  • Bambusicola thoracicus (Chinese bamboo partridge) Japan from China
  • Branta canadensis (Canada goose)[643]
  • Colinus virginianus (northern bobwhite)[644][645]
  • Columba livia (rock dove) into Japan[646]
  • Cygnus atratus (black swan)[647]
  • Cygnus olor (mute swan) into Japan from mainland Asia[648]
  • Garrulax canorus (Chinese hwamei)[649]
  • Garrulax cineraceus (moustached laughing thrush)[650]
  • Garrulax sannio (white-browed laughing thrush)[651]
  • Gracupica contra (Asian pied starling) in Japan from mainland Asia[652]
  • Himantopus mexicanus (black-necked stilt) into Japan. Possible subspecies of the native Himantopus himantopus
  • Leiothrix lutea (red-billed leiothrix) into Japan[653]
  • Padda oryzivora (Java sparrow)[654]
  • Lonchura atricapilla (chestnut mannikin)[655]
  • Lonchura malacca (tricolored mannikin)[656]
  • Lonchura striata (white-rumped munia)[657]
  • Melopsittacus undulatus (budgerigar)[658]
  • Paroaria coronata (red-crested cardinal)[659]
  • Pavo cristatus (Indian peafowl) in Japan[660]
  • Phasianus colchicus (common pheasant) into Japan[661]
  • Pica pica (Eurasian magpie) Japan from mainland
  • Psittacula alexandri (red-breasted parakeet) in Japan[662]
  • Psittacula eupatria (Alexandrine parakeet) in Japan[663]
  • Psittacula krameri (ring-necked parakeet)[664]
  • Pycnonotus jocosus (red-whiskered bulbul) in Japan[665]
  • Pycnonotus sinensis (light-vented bulbul)[666]
  • Vidua macroura (pin-tailed whydah)[667]

Reptiles[]

  • Chinese box turtle in Japan[668]
  • Chinese pond turtle in Japan[669]
  • Common snapping turtle[561][670]
  • Pond slider[562][563]
  • Yellow pond turtle into Japan from Taiwan
  • Pelodiscus sinensis (Chinese softshell turtle)[671]
  • Carolina anole[672][673]
  • Gekko hokouensis (Hokou gecko)[674]
  • Hemidactylus frenatus (common house gecko)[675]
  • Hemiphyllodactylus typus (Indopacific tree gecko)[676]
  • Japalura swinhonis (Swinhoe's tree lizard)[677]
  • Lepidodactylus lugubris (mourning gecko)[678]
  • Brahminy blind snake[565]
  • Orthriophis taeniurus (beauty rat snake)[679]
  • Protobothrops elegans (elegant pitviper)[680]
  • Protobothrops mucrosquamatus (brown spotted pit viper)[681]

Amphibians[]

  • Cane toad[566]
  • American bullfrog
  • Common tree frog into Japan from Philippines[682]
  • African clawed frog[683]
  • Chinese giant salamander into Japan from China[684]

Fish[]

  • Acheilognathus cyanostigma (striped bitterling)[685]
  • Acheilognathus macropterus[686]
  • Acheilognathus rhombeus (kanehira)[687]
  • Acheilognathus typus (zenitanago)[688]
  • Amatitlania nigrofasciata (convict cichlid)[569]
  • Channa argus (northern snakehead) into Japan[689]
  • Channa asiatica (small snakehead)[690]
  • Clarias batrachus (walking catfish) into at least Okinawa Island from mainland Asia[691][692]
  • Clarias fuscus (whitespotted clarias)[693]
  • Channa maculata (blotched snakehead)[694]
  • Coptodon zillii (redbelly tilapia)[572]
  • Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp)[695]
  • Cyprinus carpio (common carp)[696]
  • Danio albolineatus (pearl danio)[697]
  • Danio rerio (zebrafish)[698]
  • Gambusia affinis (mosquitofish)[573]
  • Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish)[75]
  • Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver bighead)[699]
  • Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (striped bighead)[700]
  • Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish)[575]
  • Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill)[701]
  • Macropodus ocellatus (paradise fish)[702]
  • Micropterus dolomieu (smallmouth bass)[703]
  • Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass)[704]
  • Monopterus albus (Asian swamp eel)[705]
  • Mylopharyngodon piceus (black carp)[706]
  • Odontesthes bonariensis (Argentinian silverside)[707]
  • Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)[708]
  • Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia)[25]
  • Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia)[579]
  • Otopharynx lithobates[709]
  • Parambassis ranga (Indian glassy fish)[710]
  • Paramisgurnus dabryanus (kara-dojou)[711]
  • Poecilia reticulata (guppy)[580]
  • Poecilia sphenops (molly)[581]
  • Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (suckermouth armored catfish)[583]
  • Rhodeus ocellatus (rosy bitterling)[712]
  • Salmo trutta (brown trout)[713]
  • Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout)[714]
  • Salvelinus namaycush (lake trout)[715]
  • Silurus asotus (Amur catfish)[716]
  • Tridentiger brevispinis (numachichibu)[717]
  • Xiphophorus hellerii (green swordtail)[585]

Insects[]

Other Arthropods[]

Molluscs[]

  • Ambigolimax valentianus (threeband gardenslug)[605]
  • Corbicula fluminea (Asian clam)[753]
  • Crepidula fornicata (common slipper shell)
  • Crepidula onyx (onyx slippersnail)[754]
  • Euglandina rosea (rosy wolfsnail)[606]
  • Limnoperna fortunei (golden mussel)[755]
  • Lissachatina fulica (giant African snail)[756]
  • Mytilopsis sallei (black-striped mussel)
  • Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel)
  • Nassarius sinarus (Nassarius snail)[757]
  • Perna viridis (Asian green mussel)[758]
  • Pomacea canaliculata (channeled applesnail)[759]
  • Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mud snail)
  • Rumina decollata (decollate snail)[608]
  • Xenostrobus securis (small brown mussel)[760]

Other Animals[]

  • Molgula manhattensis (sea grapes)[610]
  • Polyandrocarpa zorritensis[540]
  • Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pine wood nematode)[611]
  • Globodera rostochiensis (golden nematode)[612]
  • Platydemus manokwari (New Guinea flatworm)
  • Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Australian tubeworm)[761]
  • Hydroides elegans[613]
  • Bugula neritina (brown bryozoan)[535]

Africa[]

Main article: List of invasive species in Africa

Mammals[]

  • African elephant in Swaziland (reintroduced)[762]
  • Wild boar (native to certain parts of North Africa; introduced populations rare and concentrated in the southern part of the continent)
  • Black wildebeest (in Namibia)[763]
  • Impala (in Gabon)[764]
  • Sable antelope (in Swaziland)[765]
  • Nyala (in Botswana and Namibia)[766]
  • Feral goat
  • Ammotragus lervia (Barbary sheep) onto Canary Islands from mainland Africa[767]
  • Ovis orientalis (mouflon) onto Canary Islands[108]
  • European rabbit (introduced mainly to islands; native to a small area in northwestern Africa)
  • European hare - on Réunion
  • Indian hare[768]
  • Coypu - Kenya
  • Fallow deer
  • Himalayan tahr (largely eradicated)
  • Rusa deer
  • Red deer - South Africa
  • Feral horse - see Namib Desert Horse
  • Feral donkey
  • Feral cat
  • Feral dog
  • House mouse
  • Brown rat
  • Black rat
  • Grey squirrel (restricted to the extreme southwestern corner of the continent)
  • Crab-eating macaque - Mauritius
  • Small Asian mongoose - Mauritius
  • Small Indian civet - Madagascar
  • Asian house shrew
  • Tailless tenrec - Comoros, Mauritius, Réunion, and Seychelles
  • Common brown lemur from Madagascar (in the island of Mayotte)[769]

Birds[]

  • Acridotheres tristis (common mynah)
  • Agapornis fischeri (Fischer's lovebird) - coastal Tanzania and Kenya from inland[770]
  • Agapornis personatus (yellow-collared lovebird) - Kenya from Tanzania[771]
  • Alectoris barbara (Barbary partridge) - onto Canary Islands from mainland[420]
  • Alectoris rufa (red-legged partridge)[489]
  • Amandava amandava (red avadavat)[548]
  • Anas platyrhynchos (mallard)
  • Bubulcus ibis (cattle egret) – Seychelles
  • Carduelis carduelis (European goldfinch) – Cape Verde[210]
  • Columba livia (rock pigeon)
  • Corvus splendens (house crow)
  • Coturnix coturnix (common quail) - Réunion[772]
  • Crithagra mozambica (yellow-fronted canary) - numerous islands from mainland[773]
  • Cygnus olor (mute swan) - South Africa[6]
  • Estrilda astrild (common waxbill) - numerous islands from mainland[462]
  • Foudia madagascariensis (red fody) – Indian Ocean islands from mainland[774]
  • Francolinus pintadeanus (Chinese francolin) - Mauritius[550]
  • Francolinus pondicerianus (grey francolin)[775]
  • Fringilla coelebs (chaffinch) - restricted to a few suburbs of Cape Town, a city in the southwest of South Africa
  • Gallus gallus (red junglefowl)[776]
  • Geopelia striata (zebra dove)[552]
  • Padda oryzivora (Java sparrow)[777] (Java sparrow)[9]
  • Lonchura punctulata (scaly-breasted munia)[778]
  • Oxyura jamaicensis (ruddy duck)
  • Passer domesticus (house sparrow)
  • Ploceus cucullatus (village weaver) - Mauritius[463]
  • Psittacula krameri (rose-ringed parakeet)[556]
  • Pycnonotus jocosus (red-whiskered bulbul)[14]
  • Quelea quelea (red-billed quelea) - on to Réunion[779]
  • Serinus canicollis (Cape canary) - Réunion[780]
  • Spilopelia chinensis (spotted dove)
  • Streptopelia roseogrisea (African collared dove) - onto Canary Islands from mainland[781]
  • Sturnus vulgaris (common starling)
  • Tyto alba (western barn owl)[782]

Reptiles[]

  • Wattle-necked softshell turtle[118]
  • Emys orbicularis (European pond turtle)[783]
  • Gehyra mutilata (stump-tailed gecko)[784]
  • Hemidactylus frenatus (common house gecko)[785]
  • Lepidodactylus lugubris (mourning gecko)[786]
  • Tarentola mauritanica (Moorish wall gecko)[787]
  • Trachemys scripta ssp. elegans (red-eared slider)[785]
  • Alligator snapping turtle - South Africa[788]

Amphibians[]

  • Amietophrynus gutturalis (guttural toad)[789]

Fish[]

  • Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp)[790]
  • Cyprinus carpio (common carp)[791][792]
  • Gambusia affinis (western mosquitofish)[793]
  • Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish)[75]
  • Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp)[794]
  • Lates niloticus (Nile perch)
  • Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill)[795]
  • Micropterus dolomieu (smallmouth bass)[796]
  • Micropterus floridanus (Florida bass)[797]
  • Micropterus punctulatus (spotted bass)[798]
  • Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass)[799]
  • Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia)[800]
  • Perca fluviatilis (European perch)[801]
  • Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (vermiculated sailfin catfish)[802]
  • Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon)[803]
  • Tinca tinca (tench)[804]

Crustaceans[]

  • Carcinus maenas (European shore crab)
  • Cherax quadricarinatus (redclaw crayfish)
  • Limnoria quadripunctata (gribble)[302]
  • Percnon gibbesi (Sally Lightfoot crab)
  • Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crawfish)[145]
  • Procambarus fallax (Marmorkrebs)

Insects[]

Molluscs[]

  • Aplexa marmorata (marbled tadpole snail)[825]
  • Bradybaena similaris (Asian trampsnail)[826]
  • Cochlicella barbara (potbellied helicellid)[826]
  • Cornu aspersum (garden snail)
  • Deroceras invadens (tramp slug)
  • Deroceras laeve (marsh slug)[826]
  • Euglandina rosea (rosy wolfsnail)[454]
  • Limax flavus (yellow slug)[826]
  • Milax gagates (greenhouse slug)[826]
  • Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel)[827]
  • Pinctada radiata (Gulf pearl oyster)[104]
  • Pseudosuccinea columella (mimic lymnaea)[828]
  • Semimytilus algosus (Pacific mussel)[829]
  • Tarebia granifera (quilted melania)[830]
  • Theba pisana (white garden snail)
  • Zonitoides arboreus (quick gloss)[826]

Worms[]

  • Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Australian tubeworm)
  • Boccardia proboscidea (shell worm)[831]

Other Animals[]

  • Ciona intestinalis (sea vase)[832]

Plants[]

Oceania and remote islands[]

Mammals[]

  • Bos taurus (cattle)
  • Bubalus bubalis (water buffalo)
  • Canis lupus (dog)
  • Capra aegagrus (feral goat)
  • Equus africanus (donkey)
  • Felis silvestris (feral cat)
  • Urva auropunctata (small Asian mongoose) – Fiji[833]
  • Macaca fascicularis (crab-eating macaque)
  • Mus musculus (house mouse)
  • Mustela putorius (ferret) – Azores[834]
  • Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit)
  • Ovis aries (sheep)
  • Rattus norvegicus (brown rat)
  • Rattus rattus (black rat)
  • Rusa marianna (Philippine deer)
  • Sciurus carolinensis (eastern gray squirrel) - Pitcairn Islands[835]
  • Suncus murinus (Asian house shrew)
  • Sus scrofa (wild boar)

Birds[]

  • Acridotheres fuscus (jungle myna)[836]
  • Acridotheres tristis (common myna)[837]
  • Alectoris chukar (chukar partridge) - Saint Helena[211]
  • Amandava amandava (red avadavat)[548]
  • Anas acuta (northern pintail) - Île Amsterdam[838]
  • Anas platyrhynchos (mallard) - arrived naturally at Macquarie Island from introduced populations in New Zealand and Australia[839]
  • Bubulcus ibis (cattle egret) - Chagos Archipelago[840]
  • Cacatua galerita (sulphur-crested cockatoo) - Palau[4]
  • Callipepla californica (California quail) - Norfolk Island[841]
  • Chloris chloris (European greenfinch) - Azores[461]
  • Circus approximans (swamp harrier) - Tahiti[842]
  • Columba livia (rock dove)
  • Corvus moneduloides (New Caledonian crow) - Maré Island[843]
  • Crithagra flaviventris (yellow canary) - Saint Helena, Ascension Island[844]
  • Dicrurus macrocercus (black drongo) - Mariana Islands[845]
  • Diuca diuca (common diuca finch) - Easter Island[846]
  • Eclectus roratus (eclectus parrot) - Palau[549]
  • Estrilda astrild (common waxbill)[462]
  • Excalfactoria chinensis (king quail) - Guam[847]
  • Foudia madagascariensis (red fody) - Chagos Archipelago, Saint Helena[774]
  • Francolinus francolinus (black francolin) - Guam[238]
  • Gallinula chloropus (common moorhen) - Saint Helena[848]
  • Gallus gallus (red junglefowl)[776]
  • Geopelia striata (zebra dove) - Saint Helena[552]
  • Gymnorhina tibicen (Australian magpie) - Fiji[849]
  • Lonchura atricapilla (chestnut munia) - Palau[553]
  • Lonchura castaneothorax (chestnut-breasted mannikin)[850]
  • Lonchura punctulata (scaly-breasted munia)[778]
  • Neochmia temporalis (red-browed finch) - French Polynesia[851]
  • Nesoenas picturatus (Malagasy turtle dove) - Chagos Archipelago[852]
  • Nothoprocta perdicaria (Chilean tinamou) - Easter Island
  • Padda oryzivora (Java sparrow)[9]
  • Passer domesticus (house sparrow)[853]
  • Passer montanus (Eurasian tree sparrow)[554]
  • Phalcoboenus chimango (chimango caracara) - Easter Island[854]
  • Phasianus colchicus (common pheasant) - Saint Helena[855]
  • Platycercus elegans (crimson rosella) - Norfolk Island
  • Pternistis afer (red-necked spurfowl) - Ascension Island[856]
  • Pycnonotus cafer (red-vented bulbul)
  • Ramphocelus dimidiatus (crimson-backed tanager) – Tahiti
  • Spilopelia chinensis (spotted dove) - New Caledonia, Fiji[557]
  • Streptopelia dusumieri (Philippine collared dove) - Mariana Islands
  • Sturnus vulgaris (common starling)
  • Vini kuhlii (Kuhl's lorikeet) - Kiribati[857]
  • Zosterops lateralis (silvereye) - Tahiti[858]

Reptiles[]

  • Boiga irregularis (brown tree snake)
  • Hemidactylus frenatus (common house gecko)[113]
  • Lacerta dugesii (Madeiran wall lizard) - Azores[859]
  • Iguana iguana (green iguana) – Fiji
  • Trachemys scripta (red-eared slider)

Amphibians[]

  • Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Asian common toad) - New Guinea
  • Eleutherodactylus planirostris (greenhouse frog) - Guam
  • Rhinella marina (cane toad)
  • Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) - Ascension Island[860]

Insects[]

  • Adoretus sinicus (Chinese rose beetle)[124]
  • Aedes albopictus (tiger mosquito)[470]
  • Aleurotrachelus atratus (palm-infesting whitefly) – Samoa[125]
  • Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant)
  • Aphis spiraecola (green citrus aphid)[31]
  • Aulacaspis yasumatsui (cycad aulacaspis scale)[808]
  • Bactrocera cucurbitae (melon fly)[861]
  • Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly)
  • Blattella germanica (German cockroach)[862]
  • Cactoblastis cactorum (cactus moth)[127]
  • Cerataphis lataniae (palm aphid) – Guam[33]
  • Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly)[82]
  • Coptotermes formosanus (Formosan subterranean termite) - Marshall Islands[723]
  • Crocidosema plebejana (cotton tipworm)[361]
  • Cryptotermes brevis (West Indian drywood termite)
  • Ctenarytaina eucalypti (blue gum psyllid) – Azores[84]
  • Culex quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito)[132]
  • Euwallacea destruens[863]
  • Euwallacea fornicatus (tea shot hole borer)[135]
  • Euwallacea piceus[864]
  • Homalodisca vitripennis (glassy-winged sharpshooter) - French Polynesia[865]
  • Hylurgus ligniperda (red-haired pine bark beetle) - Saint Helena[38]
  • Icerya purchasi (cottony cushion scale)
  • Kallitaxila crini (green tropiduchid) – Guam[866]
  • Linepithema humile (Argentine ant)
  • Maconellicoccus hirsutus (hibiscus mealybug)
  • Macrosiphum euphorbiae (potato aphid)
  • Monomorium pharaonis (pharaoh ant)
  • Omorgus suberosus (hide beetle)[867]
  • Orthotomicus erosus (Mediterranean pine beetle) – Fiji[818]
  • Paratrechina longicornis (longhorn crazy ant)[144]
  • Pheidole megacephala (big-headed ant)[99]
  • Phenacoccus solenopsis (cotton mealybug) - New Caledonia[337]
  • Polistes chinensis (Japanese paper wasp) - Norfolk Island
  • Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug)[147]
  • Quadrastichus erythrinae (Erythrina gall wasp)[597]
  • Simosyrphus grandicornis (common hover fly)
  • Solenopsis geminata (tropical fire ant)[868]
  • Sophonia orientalis (two-spotted leafhopper) - French Polynesia[152]
  • Tapinoma melanocephalum (ghost ant)[46]
  • Tapinoma minutum (dwarf pedicel ant) – Cook Islands[869]
  • Trichomyrmex destructor (destructive trailing ant)
  • Vespula germanica (European wasp) - Ascension Island[92]
  • Vespula vulgaris (common wasp) - Saint Helena[93]
  • Wasmannia auropunctata (electric ant)
  • Xyleborinus saxesenii (fruit-tree pinhole borer) – New Guinea[48]
  • Xyleborus perforans (island pinhole borer)[823]
  • Xyleborus similis[320]
  • Xyleborus volvulus[602]
  • Xylosandrus compactus (black twig borer)
  • Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Asian ambrosia beetle)[153]
  • Xylosandrus morigerus (brown twig beetle)[155]

Molluscs[]

Worms[]

  • Globodera rostochiensis (golden nematode) - Norfolk Island[537]
  • Platydemus manokwari (New Guinea flatworm)

See also[]

References[]

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  121. ^ "Chinese softshell (Pelodiscus sinensis) - Species Profile". nas.er.usgs.gov.
  122. ^ "Trachemys scripta elegans (red-eared slider)". www.cabi.org.
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  125. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Aleurotrachelus atratus (palm-infesting whitefly)". www.cabi.org.
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  128. ^ "Callinectes sapidus (blue crab)". www.cabi.org.
  129. ^ Jump up to: a b "Chilo suppressalis (striped rice stem borer)". www.cabi.org.
  130. ^ "Chthamalus proteus". www.cabi.org.
  131. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Cryptotermes brevis (powderpost termite)". www.cabi.org.
  132. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Culex quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito)". www.cabi.org.
  133. ^ Jump up to: a b "Elatobium abietinum (green spruce aphid)". www.cabi.org.
  134. ^ "Epiphyas postvittana (light brown apple moth)". www.cabi.org.
  135. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Euwallacea fornicatus (tea shot-hole borer)". www.cabi.org.
  136. ^ "Exomala orientalis (oriental beetle)". www.cabi.org.
  137. ^ "Glycaspis brimblecombei (red gum lerp psyllid)". www.cabi.org.
  138. ^ "Homarus americanus (American lobster)". www.cabi.org.
  139. ^ "Litopenaeus vannamei (whiteleg shrimp)". www.cabi.org.
  140. ^ "Mythimna unipuncta (rice armyworm)". www.cabi.org.
  141. ^ Jump up to: a b "Neolecanium cornuparvum (magnolia scale)". www.cabi.org.
  142. ^ "Nesticella mogera (cave-dwelling spider)". www.cabi.org.
  143. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Opogona sacchari (banana moth)". www.cabi.org.
  144. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Paratrechina longicornis (crazy ant)". www.cabi.org.
  145. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crayfish)". www.cabi.org.
  146. ^ "Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (mulberry scale)". www.cabi.org.
  147. ^ Jump up to: a b "Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug)". www.cabi.org.
  148. ^ "Sepedomerus macropus (liverfluke snail predator fly)". www.cabi.org.
  149. ^ "Sepedon aenescens (snail-killing fly)". www.cabi.org.
  150. ^ "Solenopsis papuana (Papuan thief ant)". www.cabi.org.
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  152. ^ Jump up to: a b "Sophonia orientalis (two-spotted leafhopper)". www.cabi.org.
  153. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Asian ambrosia beetle)". www.cabi.org.
  154. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Xylosandrus germanus (black timber bark beetle)". www.cabi.org.
  155. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Xylosandrus morigerus (brown twig beetle)". www.cabi.org.
  156. ^ Jump up to: a b "Cornu aspersum (common garden snail)". www.cabi.org.
  157. ^ Jump up to: a b "Limax maximus (leopard slug)". www.cabi.org.
  158. ^ Jump up to: a b "Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster)". www.cabi.org.
  159. ^ "Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel)". www.cabi.org.
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  193. ^ "GISD".
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  237. ^ "Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus)".
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  302. ^ Jump up to: a b "Limnoria quadripunctata (gribble)". www.cabi.org.
  303. ^ "Musculista senhousia | The Exotics Guide". www.exoticsguide.org.
  304. ^ "MarLIN - The Marine Life Information Network - Slipper limpet (Crepidula fornicata)". www.marlin.ac.uk.
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  307. ^ "Myosotella myosotis | The Exotics Guide". www.exoticsguide.org.
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  325. ^ "Tipula paludosa (European crane fly)". www.cabi.org.
  326. ^ "Anastrepha suspensa (Caribbean fruit fly)". www.cabi.org.
  327. ^ "Rhagoletis pomonella (apple maggot)". www.cabi.org.
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  329. ^ Jump up to: a b "Aleurocanthus woglumi (citrus blackfly)". www.cabi.org.
  330. ^ "Ficus Whitefly". Center for Invasive Species Research.
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  334. ^ "Red Gum Lerp Psyllid". Center for Invasive Species Research.
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  360. ^ "Archips fuscocupreanus". www.cabi.org.
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  425. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  426. ^ Jump up to: a b "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  427. ^ Payne, Robert B. (4 March 2020). "Orange-cheeked Waxbill (Estrilda melpoda)". Birds of the World.
  428. ^ Payne, Robert B. (4 March 2020). "Bronze Mannikin (Spermestes cucullata)". Birds of the World.
  429. ^ Rising, James D.; Jaramillo, Alvaro (4 March 2020). "Saffron Finch (Sicalis flaveola)". Birds of the World.
  430. ^ Rising, James D.; Jaramillo, Alvaro; De Juana, Eduardo (4 March 2020). "Grassland Yellow-finch (Sicalis luteola)". Birds of the World.
  431. ^ Rising, James D. (4 March 2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Cuban Grassquit (Phonipara canora)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.cubgra.01.
  432. ^ Fraga, Rosendo (4 March 2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Venezuelan Troupial (Icterus icterus)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.ventro1.01.
  433. ^ Fraga, Rosendo (4 March 2020). "Carib Grackle (Quiscalus lugubris)". Birds of the World.
  434. ^ Jump up to: a b "Molothrus bonariensis (Shiny cowbird)".
  435. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  436. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  437. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  438. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  439. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  440. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Raffaele, Herbert A.; Wiley, James; Garrido, Orlando H.; Keith, Allan; Raffaele, Janis I. (23 April 2010). Birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press.
  441. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  442. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  443. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  444. ^ Collar, Nigel; Boesman, Peter F. D. (4 March 2020). "Brown-throated Parakeet (Eupsittula pertinax)". Birds of the World.
  445. ^ Collar, Nigel; Boesman, Peter F. D.; Sharpe, Christopher J. (4 March 2020). "Hispaniolan Amazon (Amazona ventralis)". Birds of the World.
  446. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  447. ^ "Common Caiman (Caiman crocodilus) - Species Profile".
  448. ^ "GISD".
  449. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass)". www.cabi.org.
  450. ^ "Xiphophorus maculatus (southern platyfish)". www.cabi.org.
  451. ^ "GISD".
  452. ^ [58]
  453. ^ "Toxoptera citricida (Black citrus aphid)".
  454. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Euglandina rosea (Rosy predator snail)".
  455. ^ Jump up to: a b "GISD".
  456. ^ Jump up to: a b "Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania)". www.cabi.org.
  457. ^ Jump up to: a b "Pomacea canaliculata (golden apple snail)". www.cabi.org.
  458. ^ "Falklands' endemic bird species".
  459. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  460. ^ "White-winged Parakeet (Brotogeris versicolurus)".
  461. ^ Jump up to: a b "European Greenfinch (Chloris chloris)". www.hbw.com.
  462. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Common Waxbill (Estrilda astrild)".
  463. ^ Jump up to: a b "Village Weaver (Ploceus cucullatus)".
  464. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  465. ^ "Distribution of arapaima (Arapaima gigas) (Pisces: Arapaimatidae) in Bolivia: Implications in the control and management of a non-native population".[dead link]
  466. ^ Coronado-Carrascal, Víctor; Acero p, Arturo; García-Urueña, Rocío. "Reef fish community in presence of the lionfish (Pterois volitans) in Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean". Revista MVZ Córdoba. 20: 4989–5003.
  467. ^ "Salmo trutta (sea trout)". www.cabi.org.
  468. ^ "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Introductions of Aquatic Species".
  469. ^ Avendaño, Carlos Mario Marín; Ramírez, Néstor Jaime Aguirre (2017). "Spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblage associated with aquatic macrophyte patches in the littoral zone of the Ayapel Swamp Complex, Colombia". Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia. 29. doi:10.1590/s2179-975x6016.
  470. ^ Jump up to: a b "Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito)". www.cabi.org.
  471. ^ "Anastrepha fraterculus (South American fruit fly)".
  472. ^ "Bemisia tabaci (tobacco whitefly)". www.cabi.org.
  473. ^ Jump up to: a b "Linepithema humile (Argentine ant)". www.cabi.org.
  474. ^ [59]
  475. ^ "Raoiella indica (red palm mite)". www.cabi.org.
  476. ^ "Cherax cainii (smooth marron)". www.cabi.org.
  477. ^ "Cherax quadricarinatus (redclaw crayfish)". www.cabi.org.
  478. ^ [60]
  479. ^ "Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Giant freshwater prawn)".
  480. ^ "Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn)". www.cabi.org.
  481. ^ Jump up to: a b "European Exotic and Introduced Mammals". World of European Exotic and Introduced Species.
  482. ^ "Chinese water deer photo - Hydropotes inermis - G35772 | ARKive". Archived from the original on 2014-03-05.
  483. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  484. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2017-01-12.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  485. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2017-01-12.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  486. ^ "Lepus europaeus (European hare)". www.cabi.org.
  487. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-02-16. Retrieved 2017-10-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  488. ^ [61]
  489. ^ Jump up to: a b "Red-legged Partridge (Alectoris rufa)". www.hbw.com.
  490. ^ "Barbary Partridge (Alectoris barbara)".
  491. ^ "Grey Partridge (Perdix perdix)".
  492. ^ "Mainá-de-crista (Acridotheres cristatellus)".
  493. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  494. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  495. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  496. ^ Jump up to: a b "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  497. ^ "GISD".
  498. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  499. ^ "Sahel chameleon - Chamaeleo africanus - ARKive". Archived from the original on 2009-02-12.
  500. ^ "Lampropeltis californiae".
  501. ^ Jump up to: a b c "European Reptiles and Amphibians - non native and Introduced Species".
  502. ^ Baduy, Flávia; Guerreiro, Pedro M.; Canário, Adelino V.; Saraiva, João L. (2017). "Social organization and endocrine profiles of Australoheros facetus, an exotic freshwater fish in southern Portugal". Acta Ethologica. 20 (3): 263–277. doi:10.1007/s10211-017-0271-6. S2CID 28422338.
  503. ^ "Carassius auratus auratus (goldfish)". www.cabi.org.
  504. ^ "Carassius gibelio (Prussian carp)". www.cabi.org.
  505. ^ "Cyprinus carpio (common carp)". www.cabi.org.
  506. ^ "Esox lucius (Pike)".
  507. ^ "Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)". www.cabi.org.
  508. ^ "Sander lucioperca (pike-perch)". www.cabi.org.
  509. ^ "Bay barnacle (Balanus improvisus)" (PDF). Främmande arter i svenska hav. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  510. ^ "Limnomysis benedeni". www.cabi.org.
  511. ^ "Limnoria lignorum (gribble)". www.cabi.org.
  512. ^ Holdich, D. and Black, J. 2007, The spiny-cheek crayfish, Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Cambaridae), digs into the UK[permanent dead link]
  513. ^ Aquatic Invasions 2(1):1–16.
  514. ^ "Palaemon elegans (rock shrimp)". www.cabi.org.
  515. ^ Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet: Paralithodes camtschaticus, North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
  516. ^ "Pontogammarus robustoides". www.cabi.org.
  517. ^ Procambarus clarkii alien range, Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
  518. ^ "Adelges piceae (balsam woolly adelgid)". www.cabi.org.
  519. ^ "Aleurodicus dispersus (whitefly)". www.cabi.org.
  520. ^ "Aromia bungii (red necked longicorn)". www.cabi.org.
  521. ^ "Cacyreus marshalli (pelargonium butterfly)". www.cabi.org.
  522. ^ Jump up to: a b "Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth)". www.cabi.org.
  523. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-20. Retrieved 2017-09-23.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  524. ^ Harmonia axyridis alien range. Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
  525. ^ Invasive Alien Species in Northern Ireland: Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Archived 2011-05-19 at the Wayback Machine. National Museums Northern Ireland. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
  526. ^ [62]
  527. ^ "Phoracantha semipunctata (eucalyptus longhorned borer)". www.cabi.org.
  528. ^ "Rhagoletis cingulata (cherry fruit fly)". www.cabi.org.
  529. ^ "GISD". www.iucngisd.org.
  530. ^ "Corbicula fluminalis". www.cabi.org.
  531. ^ Morais, P.; et al. (2009). "The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the Guadiana River Basin (southwestern Iberian Peninsula): Setting the record straight" (PDF). Aquatic Invasions. 4 (4): 681–684. doi:10.3391/ai.2009.4.4.14.
  532. ^ Jump up to: a b Popa, O.; Popa, L. O. (2006). "Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834), Corbicula fluminea (O. F. Müller, 1774), Dreissena bugensis (Andrusov, 1897) (Mollusca: Bivalvia): Alien invasive species in Romanian fauna" (PDF). Travaux du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa". 49: 7–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-20. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
  533. ^ "Dreissena rostriformis bugensis (quagga mussel)". www.cabi.org.
  534. ^ "100 of the worst invasive species in Europe".
  535. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Bugula neritina (brown bryozoan)". www.cabi.org.
  536. ^ Jump up to: a b "Ficopomatus enigmaticus (tubeworm)". www.cabi.org.
  537. ^ Jump up to: a b "Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode)". www.cabi.org.
  538. ^ "Marenzelleria neglecta (red gilled mud worm)". www.cabi.org.
  539. ^ "Microcosmus squamiger". www.cabi.org.
  540. ^ Jump up to: a b "Polyandrocarpa zorritensis". www.cabi.org.
  541. ^ "Schizoporella errata (branching bryozoan)". www.cabi.org.
  542. ^ Styela clava alien range. Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
  543. ^ "Tricellaria inopinata". www.cabi.org.
  544. ^ Jump up to: a b "Black rat，Roof rat, oriental house rat / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  545. ^ Scally, Patrick (April 2, 2013). "Rhinos reintroduced to Yunnan". GoKunming.
  546. ^ "Ovis aries (sheep)". www.cabi.org.
  547. ^ "Crested Myna (Acridotheres cristatellus)". www.hbw.com.
  548. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Red Avadavat (Amandava amandava)". www.hbw.com.
  549. ^ Jump up to: a b "Eclectus Parrot (Eclectus roratus)". www.hbw.com.
  550. ^ Jump up to: a b "Chinese Francolin (Francolinus pintadeanus)". www.hbw.com.
  551. ^ "Garrulax canorus (Chinese hwamei)". www.cabi.org.
  552. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Zebra Dove (Geopelia striata)". www.hbw.com.
  553. ^ Jump up to: a b "Chestnut Munia (Lonchura atricapilla)". www.hbw.com.
  554. ^ Jump up to: a b International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (October 1, 2016). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Eurasian Tree Sparrow". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  555. ^ "Daurian Partridge (Perdix dauurica)". www.hbw.com.
  556. ^ Jump up to: a b "Psittacula krameri (rose-ringed parakeet)". www.cabi.org.
  557. ^ Jump up to: a b "Eastern Spotted Dove (Spilopelia chinensis)". www.hbw.com.
  558. ^ "Blue-naped Parrot (Tanygnathus lucionensis)". www.hbw.com.
  559. ^ International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 9, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Coconut Lorikeet". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  560. ^ "Coconut Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus) - BirdLife species factsheet". datazone.birdlife.org.
  561. ^ Jump up to: a b Dijk (N/A), Peter Paul van (August 2, 2010). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Snapping Turtle". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  562. ^ Jump up to: a b "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Yellow-bellied Slider Turtle". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. August 1, 2010.
  563. ^ Jump up to: a b "Trachemys scripta elegans / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  564. ^ "GISD". www.iucngisd.org.
  565. ^ Jump up to: a b "Brahminy blind snake / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  566. ^ Jump up to: a b "GISD". www.iucngisd.org.
  567. ^ . October 16, 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20081016092349/http://www.arkive.org/arapaima/arapaima-gigas/. Archived from the original on 2008-10-16. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  568. ^ "Abbottina rivularis (Chinese false gudgeon)". www.cabi.org.
  569. ^ Jump up to: a b "Convict cichlid / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  570. ^ "Clarias gariepinus". www.cabi.org.
  571. ^ "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Introductions of Aquatic Species". www.fao.org.
  572. ^ Jump up to: a b "Redbelly tilapia / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  573. ^ Jump up to: a b "Mosquitofish, Topminnor / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  574. ^ "Hemibarbus maculatus (spotted steed)". www.cabi.org.
  575. ^ Jump up to: a b "Ictalurus punctatus / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  576. ^ "Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill)". www.cabi.org.
  577. ^ "Cichlasoma urophthalmum (Mayan cichlid)". www.cabi.org.
  578. ^ "Micropterus dolomieu (smallmouth bass)". www.cabi.org.
  579. ^ Jump up to: a b "Oreochromis niloticus / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  580. ^ Jump up to: a b "Poecilia reticulata / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  581. ^ Jump up to: a b "Molly / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  582. ^ "Pseudorasbora parva (topmouth gudgeon)". www.cabi.org.
  583. ^ Jump up to: a b "Suckermouth armored catfishes, Vermiculated sailfin catfish / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  584. ^ Jump up to: a b "Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus (rosy bitterling)". www.cabi.org.
  585. ^ Jump up to: a b "Green swordtail / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  586. ^ Novoselsky, Tanya; Chen, Ping-ping; Nieser, Nico (2018). "A review of the giant water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: Belostomatidae) of Israel". doi:10.5281/zenodo.2529002. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  587. ^ Jump up to: a b "Bemisia argentifolii / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  588. ^ "Chrysomya bezziana (Old World screw-worm)". www.cabi.org.
  589. ^ "Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Douglas-fir beetle)". www.cabi.org.
  590. ^ Jump up to: a b "Western flower thrips / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  591. ^ Jump up to: a b "Hypera postica / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  592. ^ Jump up to: a b "Linepithema humile / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  593. ^ Jump up to: a b "Liriomyza sativae / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  594. ^ Jump up to: a b "Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  595. ^ "Oracella acuta (loblolly pine mealybug)". www.cabi.org.
  596. ^ Jump up to: a b "Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug)". www.cabi.org.
  597. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Quadrastichus erythrinae (Erythrina gall wasp)". www.cabi.org.
  598. ^ Jump up to: a b "Solenopsis geminata / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  599. ^ "Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant)". www.cabi.org.
  600. ^ Jump up to: a b "Trialeurodes vaporariorum / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  601. ^ "Vespa velutina (Asian hornet)". www.cabi.org.
  602. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Xyleborus volvulus". www.cabi.org.
  603. ^ Jump up to: a b "Latrodectus geometricus / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  604. ^ Jump up to: a b "striped barnacle / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  605. ^ Jump up to: a b "Threeband gardenslug, greenhouse slug / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  606. ^ Jump up to: a b "Cannibal snail, Rosy wolf snail / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  607. ^ "Limnoperna fortunei (golden mussel)". www.cabi.org.
  608. ^ Jump up to: a b "Decollate snail / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  609. ^ "Ruditapes philippinarum (Japanese carpet shell)". www.cabi.org.
  610. ^ Jump up to: a b "/ Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  611. ^ Jump up to: a b "Bursaphelenchus xylophilus / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  612. ^ Jump up to: a b "Potato-cyst nematode / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  613. ^ Jump up to: a b "/ Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  614. ^ "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Formosan Rock Macaque". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. June 30, 2008.
  615. ^ "Macaca mulatta / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  616. ^ "Feral dog, Domestic dog / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  617. ^ "Yellow marten, Japanese marten / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  618. ^ "Japanese weasel / Invasive Species of Japan".
  619. ^ "Siberian weasel / Invasive Species of Japan".
  620. ^ "Raccoon Dog / Invasive Species of Japan".
  621. ^ "GISD". www.iucngisd.org.
  622. ^ "Masked Musang， Masked Palm Civet / Invasive Species of Japan".
  623. ^ "特定外来生物の解説：ハリネズミ属の全種 [外来生物法]". www.env.go.jp.
  624. ^ "Erinaceus SPP. / Invasive Species of Japan".
  625. ^ "Japanese pipistrelle / Invasive Species of Japan".
  626. ^ "Dsinezumi shrew, Japanese white-toothed shrew / Invasive Species of Japan".
  627. ^ "Siberian chipmunk / Invasive Species of Japan".
  628. ^ "Mus musculus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  629. ^ "Rattus exulans / Invasive Species of Japan".
  630. ^ "Norway rat, brown rat / Invasive Species of Japan".
  631. ^ "Eurasian red squirrel / Invasive Species of Japan".
  632. ^ "Callosciurus erythraeus subspp. / Invasive Species of Japan".
  633. ^ "Callosciurus finlaysonii (Finlayson's squirrel)". www.cabi.org.
  634. ^ "Myocastor coypus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  635. ^ "Muskrat / Invasive Species of Japan".
  636. ^ "Cattle / Invasive Species of Japan".
  637. ^ "Feral goat / Invasive Species of Japan".
  638. ^ "Reeves's (Or Chinese) Muntjac / Invasive Species of Japan".
  639. ^ "Wild boar, Eurasia Wild Pig / Invasive Species of Japan".
  640. ^ "Crested myna, Chinese crested myna, Chinese jungle myna, Tufted myna, Chinese starling / Invasive Species of Japan".
  641. ^ "Acridotheres tristis / Invasive Species of Japan".
  642. ^ "Red avadavat, Red munia, Avadavat, Strawberry finch, Red waxbill, Scarlet amandava, Amandava / Invasive Species of Japan".
  643. ^ "Branta canadensis moffitti / Invasive Species of Japan".
  644. ^ "Colinus virginianus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  645. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  646. ^ "Rock dove, Feral pigeon / Invasive Species of Japan".
  647. ^ "Cygnus atratus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  648. ^ "Cygnus olor / Invasive Species of Japan".
  649. ^ "Melodius laughing thrush, Hawamei, Chinese thrush / Invasive Species of Japan".
  650. ^ "Garrulax cineraceus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  651. ^ "White-browed laughing thrush / Invasive Species of Japan".
  652. ^ "Pied starling, Asian pied starling / Invasive Species of Japan".
  653. ^ "Leiothrix lutea / Invasive Species of Japan".
  654. ^ "Java sparrow / Invasive Species of Japan".
  655. ^ "Chestnut mannikin / Invasive Species of Japan".
  656. ^ "Tricolored mannikin, Three-coloured mannikin / Invasive Species of Japan".
  657. ^ "White-rumped munia, Striated munia, Striated mannikin, Hodgson's munia, White-backed munia, Sharp-tailed munia, Sharp-tailed mannikin, Bengalese finch / Invasive Species of Japan".
  658. ^ "Budgerigar / Invasive Species of Japan".
  659. ^ "Red-crested cardinal, Brazilian cardinal / Invasive Species of Japan".
  660. ^ "Common peafowl, Peafowl, Indian peafowl, Blue peafowl / Invasive Species of Japan".
  661. ^ "Ring-necked Pheasant / Invasive Species of Japan".
  662. ^ "Red-breasted parakeet, Indian moustached parakeet, Moustached parakeet / Invasive Species of Japan".
  663. ^ "Alexandrine parakeet / Invasive Species of Japan".
  664. ^ "Ring-necked parakeet / Invasive Species of Japan".
  665. ^ "Red-wiskered bulbul, Red-eared bulbul / Invasive Species of Japan".
  666. ^ "Light-vented bulbul / Invasive Species of Japan".
  667. ^ "Pin-tailed whydah / Invasive Species of Japan".
  668. ^ "Yellow-margined box turtle / Invasive Species of Japan".
  669. ^ "Reeves' pond turtle / Invasive Species of Japan".
  670. ^ "Chelydra serpentina subspp. / Invasive Species of Japan".
  671. ^ "Chinese softshell turtle / Invasive Species of Japan".
  672. ^ "Green anole / Invasive Species of Japan".
  673. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  674. ^ "Hokou gecko / Invasive Species of Japan".
  675. ^ "House gecko / Invasive Species of Japan".
  676. ^ "Tree gecko / Invasive Species of Japan".
  677. ^ "Japalura swinhonis / Invasive Species of Japan".
  678. ^ "Mourning gecko / Invasive Species of Japan".
  679. ^ "Beauty snake / Invasive Species of Japan".
  680. ^ "Sakisima habu / Invasive Species of Japan".
  681. ^ "Taiwan habu / Invasive Species of Japan".
  682. ^ "Polypedates leucomystax / Invasive Species of Japan".
  683. ^ "African Clawed Toad, Common Clawed Frog, Common Platanna / Invasive Species of Japan".
  684. ^ "Chinese Giant Salamander / Invasive Species of Japan".
  685. ^ "Striped bitterling / Invasive Species of Japan".
  686. ^ "Acheilognathus macropterus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  687. ^ "Kanehira / Invasive Species of Japan".
  688. ^ "Zenitanago / Invasive Species of Japan".
  689. ^ "Snakehead / Invasive Species of Japan".
  690. ^ "Channa asiatica / Invasive Species of Japan".
  691. ^ "Walking catfish / Invasive Species of Japan".
  692. ^ "Clarias batrachus (walking catfish)". www.cabi.org.
  693. ^ "Whitespotted clarias, Hong Kong catfish / Invasive Species of Japan".
  694. ^ "Blotched snakehead / Invasive Species of Japan".
  695. ^ "Ctenopharyngodon idella / Invasive Species of Japan".
  696. ^ "Common carp, Asian carp / Invasive Species of Japan".
  697. ^ "Pearl danio / Invasive Species of Japan".
  698. ^ "Zebrafish, Zebra danio / Invasive Species of Japan".
  699. ^ "Silver bighead, Silver carp / Invasive Species of Japan".
  700. ^ "Striped bighead / Invasive Species of Japan".
  701. ^ "Bluegill / Invasive Species of Japan".
  702. ^ "Paradise fish / Invasive Species of Japan".
  703. ^ "Smallmouth bass / Invasive Species of Japan".
  704. ^ "Largemouth bass / Invasive Species of Japan".
  705. ^ "Swamp eel / Invasive Species of Japan".
  706. ^ "Mylopharyngodon piceus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  707. ^ "Argentinian silverside / Invasive Species of Japan".
  708. ^ "Rainbow trout, Steelhead / Invasive Species of Japan".
  709. ^ "/ Invasive Species of Japan".
  710. ^ "Indian glassy fish / Invasive Species of Japan".
  711. ^ "Paramisgurnus dabryanus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  712. ^ "Rosy bitterling / Invasive Species of Japan".
  713. ^ "Brown trout / Invasive Species of Japan".
  714. ^ "Brook trout / Invasive Species of Japan".
  715. ^ "Lake trout / Invasive Species of Japan".
  716. ^ "Silurus asotus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  717. ^ "Numachichibu / Invasive Species of Japan".
  718. ^ "Agriosphodrus dohrni / Invasive Species of Japan".
  719. ^ "Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant)". www.cabi.org.
  720. ^ "Aromia bungii / Invasive Species of Japan".
  721. ^ "German cockroach / Invasive Species of Japan".
  722. ^ "Caverelius saccharivorus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  723. ^ Jump up to: a b "Coptotermes formosanus (Formosan subterranean termite)".
  724. ^ "Cylas formicarius / Invasive Species of Japan".
  725. ^ "Delta pyriforme / Invasive Species of Japan".
  726. ^ "Dryocosmus kuriphilus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  727. ^ "Epilachna varivestis / Invasive Species of Japan".
  728. ^ "Erionota torus (Banana skipper)".
  729. ^ "Euscepes postfasciatus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  730. ^ "Hestina assimilis / Invasive Species of Japan".
  731. ^ "Liriomyza trifolii / Invasive Species of Japan".
  732. ^ "Monomorium pharaonis (Pharaoh ant)".
  733. ^ "Nealsomyia rufella / Invasive Species of Japan".
  734. ^ "/ Invasive Species of Japan".
  735. ^ "Paraglenea fortunei / Invasive Species of Japan".
  736. ^ "Parasa lepida / Invasive Species of Japan".
  737. ^ "Protaetia orientalis sakaii / Invasive Species of Japan".
  738. ^ "Rhabdoscelus obscurus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  739. ^ "Rhynchophorus ferrugineus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  740. ^ "Sericinus montela subspp. / Invasive Species of Japan".
  741. ^ "Melon thrips / Invasive Species of Japan".
  742. ^ "Unaspis yanonensis / Invasive Species of Japan".
  743. ^ "Vespa velutina / Invasive Species of Japan".
  744. ^ "Xylocopa tranquebarorum / Invasive Species of Japan".
  745. ^ "Tomato russet mite / Invasive Species of Japan".
  746. ^ "/ Invasive Species of Japan".
  747. ^ "Mediterranean green crab / Invasive Species of Japan".
  748. ^ "Pacifastacus leniusculus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  749. ^ "Procambarus clarkii / Invasive Species of Japan".
  750. ^ "Tuberculate pear crab / Invasive Species of Japan".
  751. ^ "Titan Acorn barnacle / Invasive Species of Japan".
  752. ^ "Crangonyx floridanus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  753. ^ "Asian clam, Prosperity clam / Invasive Species of Japan".
  754. ^ "Onyx slippersnail / Invasive Species of Japan".
  755. ^ "Limnoperna fortunei / Invasive Species of Japan".
  756. ^ "Giant African snail / Invasive Species of Japan".
  757. ^ "Nassarius snail / Invasive Species of Japan".
  758. ^ "Green mussel, green-lipped mussel / Invasive Species of Japan".
  759. ^ "Apple snail / Invasive Species of Japan".
  760. ^ "SMLL brown mussel / Invasive Species of Japan".
  761. ^ "/ Invasive Species of Japan".
  762. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  763. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  764. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  765. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  766. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  767. ^ "Ammotragus lervia (aoudad)". www.cabi.org.
  768. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  769. ^ Russell Mittermeier; et al. (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar (2nd ed.). pp. 272–274. ISBN 978-1-881173-88-5.
  770. ^ "Fischer's Lovebird (Agapornis fischeri)".
  771. ^ "Yellow-collared Lovebird (Agapornis personatus)".
  772. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  773. ^ "Yellow-fronted Canary (Crithagra mozambica)".
  774. ^ Jump up to: a b "Red Fody (Foudia madagascariensis)".
  775. ^ "Grey Francolin (Francolinus pondicerianus)".
  776. ^ Jump up to: a b "Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus)".
  777. ^ "Java sparrow / Invasive Species of Japan".
  778. ^ Jump up to: a b "Scaly-breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata)".
  779. ^ "Quelea quelea (weaver bird)". www.cabi.org.
  780. ^ "Cape Canary (Serinus canicollis)".
  781. ^ [63]
  782. ^ "Tyto alba (Barn owl)". www.cabi.org.
  783. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - European pond turtle | Emys orbicularis".
  784. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Stump-tailed gecko | Gehyra mutilata".
  785. ^ Jump up to: a b South Africa: Reptiles. Global Invasive Species Database. ISSG.
  786. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Mourning gecko | Lepidodactylus lugubris".
  787. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Moorish wall gecko | Tarentola mauritanica".
  788. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Alligator snapping turtle | Macrochelys temminckii". Archived from the original on 2019-08-26. Retrieved 2019-08-26.
  789. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Guttural toad | Amietophrynus gutturalis".
  790. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Grass carp | Ctenopharyngodon idella".
  791. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Common carp | Cyprinus carpio".
  792. ^ [64]
  793. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Mosquitofish | Gambusia affinis".
  794. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Silver carp | Hypophthalmichthys molitrix".
  795. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Bluegill sunfish | Lepomis macrochirus".
  796. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Smallmouth bass | Micropterus dolomieu".
  797. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Florida bass | Micropterus floridanus".
  798. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Spotted bass | Micropterus punctulatus".
  799. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Largemouth bass | Micropterus salmoides".
  800. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Nile tilapia | Oreochromis niloticus".
  801. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Perch | Perca fluviatilis".
  802. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Vermiculated sailfin catfish | Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus".
  803. ^ [65]
  804. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Tench | Tinca tinca".
  805. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Asian tiger mosquito | Aedes albopictus".
  806. ^ "Aleurothrixus floccosus (Woolly whitefly)".
  807. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Crazy ant | Anoplolepis gracilipes".
  808. ^ Jump up to: a b "Aulacaspis yasumatsui (cycad aulacaspis scale)". www.cabi.org.
  809. ^ "Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly)". www.cabi.org.
  810. ^ "Bactrocera zonata (Peach fruit fly)".
  811. ^ "Ceratitis rosa (Natal fruit fly)". www.cabi.org.
  812. ^ "Chionaspis pinifoliae (Pine leaf scale)".
  813. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Cypress aphid | Cinara cupressi".
  814. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Banana root borer | Cosmopolites sordidus".
  815. ^ "Eulachnus rileyi (Pine needle aphid)".
  816. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Harlequin lady beetle | Harmonia axyridis".
  817. ^ "Liriomyza trifolii (American serpentine leafminer)". www.cabi.org.
  818. ^ Jump up to: a b "Orthotomicus erosus (Mediterranean pine beetle)". www.cabi.org.
  819. ^ "Polistes dominula (European paper wasp)". www.cabi.org.
  820. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Citrophilus mealybug | Pseudococcus calceolariae".
  821. ^ "Trialeurodes ricini (Castor bean whitefly)".
  822. ^ "Monomorium destructor (Singapore ant)".
  823. ^ Jump up to: a b "Xyleborus perforans (island pinhole borer)". www.cabi.org.
  824. ^ "Xylosandrus compactus (shot-hole borer)". www.cabi.org.
  825. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Marbled tadpole snail | Aplexa marmorata".
  826. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Herbert, David G (2010). The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa (PDF). Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. ISBN 978-1-919976-56-3.
  827. ^ South Africa: Molluscs., Global Invasive Species Database. ISSG.
  828. ^ [66]
  829. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Pacific mussel | Semimytilus algosus".
  830. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Quilted malania | Tarebia granifera".
  831. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Shell worm | Boccardia proboscidea".
  832. ^ Ciona intestinalis (tunicate)., Global Invasive Species Database. ISSG.
  833. ^ "Herpestes auropunctatus (small Indian mongoose)". www.cabi.org.
  834. ^ "Mustela furo (ferret)". www.cabi.org.
  835. ^ "Sciurus carolinensis (grey squirrel)". www.cabi.org.
  836. ^ "Jungle Myna (Acridotheres fuscus)".
  837. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  838. ^ [67]
  839. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-03-04. Retrieved 2017-10-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  840. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  841. ^ [68]
  842. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  843. ^ "New Caledonian Crow (Corvus moneduloides)".
  844. ^ "Yellow Canary (Crithagra flaviventris)".
  845. ^ "Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus)".
  846. ^ "Common Diuca-finch (Diuca diuca)".
  847. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  848. ^ "Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus)". www.hbw.com.
  849. ^ "Australian Magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen)". www.hbw.com.
  850. ^ "Chestnut-breasted Mannikin (Lonchura castaneothorax)". www.hbw.com.
  851. ^ "Red-browed Finch (Neochmia temporalis)". www.hbw.com.
  852. ^ "Madagascar Turtle-dove (Nesoenas picturatus)". www.hbw.com.
  853. ^ International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (October 1, 2016). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: House Sparrow". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  854. ^ "Chimango Caracara (Phalcoboenus chimango)". www.hbw.com.
  855. ^ International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (October 1, 2016). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Common Pheasant". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  856. ^ "Red-necked Francolin (Pternistis afer)". www.hbw.com.
  857. ^ "Rimatara Lorikeet (Vini kuhlii)". www.hbw.com.
  858. ^ "Silvereye (Zosterops lateralis)". www.hbw.com.
  859. ^ "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Teira dugesii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. December 14, 2008.
  860. ^ "Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog)". www.cabi.org.
  861. ^ "Bactrocera cucurbitae (melon fly)". www.cabi.org.
  862. ^ "Blattella germanica (German cockroach)". www.cabi.org.
  863. ^ "Euwallacea destruens". www.cabi.org.
  864. ^ "Euwallacea piceus". www.cabi.org.
  865. ^ "Homalodisca vitripennis (glassy winged sharpshooter)". www.cabi.org.
  866. ^ "Kallitaxila crini (green tropiduchid)". www.cabi.org.
  867. ^ "Omorgus suberosus (hide beetle)". www.cabi.org.
  868. ^ "Solenopsis geminata (tropical fire ant)". www.cabi.org.
  869. ^ "Tapinoma minutum (dwarf pedicel ant)". www.cabi.org.
  870. ^ "Gonaxis kibweziensis". www.cabi.org.
  871. ^ "Mytilopsis sallei (Caribbean false mussel)". www.cabi.org.
  872. ^ "Oxychilus alliarius (garlic snail)". www.cabi.org.
  873. ^ "Perna viridis (Asian green mussel)". www.cabi.org.
  874. ^ "Veronicella cubensis (Cuban slug)". www.cabi.org.
  • DAISIE (eds.). 2009. Handbook of Alien Species in Europe. Springer, Dordrecht. 399 p. ISBN 978-1-4020-8279-5
  • Macdonald, D. and P. Barrett (1993) Collins Field Guide: Mammals of Britain & Europe. HarperCollins, London.
  • Svensson, L., P.J. Grant, K. Mullarney and D. Zetterström (1999) Collins Bird Guide. HarperCollins, London. (ISBN 0-00-219728-6)

External links[]

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