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List of largest known stars

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Not to be confused with List of most massive stars.

Relative sizes of the planets in the Solar System and several well-known stars:
  1. Mercury < Mars < Venus < Earth
  2. Earth < Neptune < Uranus < Saturn < Jupiter
  3. Jupiter < Wolf 359 < Sun < Sirius A
  4. Sirius A < Pollux < Arcturus < Aldebaran
  5. Aldebaran < Rigel A < Antares A < Betelgeuse
  6. Betelgeuse < Mu Cephei < VV Cephei A < VY Canis Majoris

Below are lists of the largest stars currently known, ordered by radius and separated into categories by galaxy. The unit of measurement used is the radius of the Sun (approximately 695,700 km; 432,300 mi).[1]

The angular diameters of stars can be measured directly using stellar interferometry. Other methods can use lunar occultations or from eclipsing binaries, which can be used to test indirect methods of finding stellar radii. Only a few useful supergiant stars can be occulted by the Moon, including Antares A (Alpha Scorpii A). Examples of eclipsing binaries are Epsilon Aurigae (Almaaz), VV Cephei, and V766 Centauri (HR 5171). Angular diameter measurements can be inconsistent because the boundary of the very tenuous atmosphere (opacity) differs depending on the wavelength of light in which the star is observed.

Uncertainties remain with the membership and order of the lists, especially when deriving various parameters used in calculations, such as stellar luminosity and effective temperature. Often stellar radii can only be expressed as an average or be within a large range of values. Values for stellar radii vary significantly in different sources and for different observation methods.

All the sizes stated in these lists have inaccuracies and may be disputed. The lists are still a work in progress and parameters are prone to change.

Caveats

Various issues exist in determining accurate radii of the largest stars, which in many cases do display significant errors. The following lists are generally based on various considerations or assumptions; these include:

  • Stellar radii or diameters are usually derived only approximately using Stefan–Boltzmann law for the deduced stellar luminosity and effective surface temperature.
  • Stellar distances, and their errors, for most stars, remain uncertain or poorly determined.
  • Many supergiant stars have extended atmospheres, and many are within opaque dust shells, making their true effective temperatures and surfaces highly uncertain.[citation needed]
  • Many extended supergiant atmospheres also significantly change in size over time, regularly or irregularly pulsating over several months or years as variable stars. This makes adopted luminosities poorly known and may significantly change the quoted radii.
  • Other direct methods for determining stellar radii rely on lunar occultations or from eclipses in binary systems. This is only possible for a very small number of stars.
  • Most distance estimates for red supergiants come from stellar cluster or association membership, because it is difficult to calculate accurate distances for red supergiants that are not part of any cluster or association.
  • In these lists are some examples of extremely distant extragalactic stars, which may have slightly different properties and natures than the currently largest known stars in the Milky Way. For example, some red supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds are suspected to have slightly different limiting temperatures and luminosities. Such stars may exceed accepted limits by undergoing large eruptions or changing their spectral types over just a few months (or potentially years).[2][3]

Lists

The following lists show the largest known stars based on the host galaxy.

Milky Way

List of the largest known stars in the Milky Way[a]
Star name Solar radii
(Sun = 1) 		Method[b] Notes
Orbit of Saturn 2,047–2,049.9[4][c] Reported for reference
UY Scuti 1,708±192[5] AD The radius of UY Sct is more extreme than what current stellar evolution models predict. One paper mentions this extremity, and the reason for it is not yet clear.[6]
The above radii are larger than what stellar evolution theory predicts, and are thus potentially unreliable
Theoretical limit of star size (Milky Way) ~1,500[7] This value comes from the rough average radii of the three largest stars studied in the paper. It is consistent with the largest possible stellar radii predicted from the current evolutionary theory, and it is believed that stars above this radius would be too unstable and simply do not form.[7]
Reported for reference
VY Canis Majoris 1,420±120[8] AD
KY Cygni 1,420±284–(2,850±570)[7] L/Teff
AH Scorpii 1,411±124[5] AD


Westerlund 1 W237 (Westerlund 1 BKS B) 1,241±70[9] L/Teff
BC Cygni 1,230.27[10]–1,140±228[7] L/Teff A more detailed but older study gives values of 1,081 R☉ (856–1,375) for the year 2000, and 1,303 R☉ (1,021–1,553) for the year 1900.[11]
IRC -10414 ~1,200[12] L/Teff
PZ Cassiopeiae 1,190±238(–1,940±388)[7] L/Teff
NML Cygni 1,183[13] L/Teff
GCIRS 7 1,170±60[14]–1,368[15] AD
Westerlund 1 W26 (Westerlund 1 BKS AS) 1,165±58–1,221±120[9] L/Teff
Orbit of Jupiter 1,114.5–1,115.8[4][c] Reported for reference
V766 Centauri Aa 1,110±50[16] ? V766 Centauri Aa is a rare variable yellow supergiant.
RT Carinae 1,090±218[7] L/Teff
1,070±214[7] – 1,145.31[17] L/Teff & ?
V602 Carinae 1,050±165[18] AD


CK Carinae 1,013.42 – 1,060±212[7] L/Teff
KW Sagittarii 1,009±142[5] AD
911+57
−50[19] 		AD
891[13] L/Teff
874[13] L/Teff
LL Pegasi 869[13] L/Teff
859[13] L/Teff
Westerlund 1 W20 (Westerlund 1 BKS D) 858±48[9] L/Teff
VX Sagittarii 853[13]-1,335±215[20] L/Teff
BI Cygni 851.14[10]–1,240±248[7] L/Teff
μ Cephei (Herschel's Garnet Star) 830[13]-972±228[21] AD
830[13] L/Teff
CW Leonis 826[13] L/Teff
LP Andromedae 815[13] L/Teff
801±217[22] AD
V354 Cephei 1,520±304[7] ? & L/Teff
BO Carinae 790±158[7] L/Teff
S Persei 780±156(–1,230±246)[7] L/Teff
780±156[7] – 971.405[17] L/Teff
RS Persei 770±30[23] AD
770±154[7] L/Teff
A 766.486[17] ?
Betelgeuse (α Orionis) 764+116
−62[24] 		? Tenth brightest star in the night sky.[25]
750±150[7] L/Teff
742±193[22] AD
Westerlund 1 W75 (Westerlund 1 BKS E) 722±36[9] L/Teff
716±185[22] AD
715.539[17] ?
V528 Carinae 700±140[7] L/Teff
The following well-known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison.
Antares A (α Scorpii) 680[26] AD Fourteenth brightest star in the night sky.[25]
Mira A (ο Ceti) 541[13] L/Teff
Unurgunite (σ Canis Majoris) 420±84[7] L/Teff
Orbit of Mars 322–323.1[4][c] Reported for reference
Pistol Star (V4647 Sagittarii) 306[27] ?
Rasalgethi A (α Herculis) 284±60 (264–303)[28] L/Teff
Wezen (δ Canis Majoris) 215±66[29] AD Thirty-sixth brightest star in the night sky.[25]
Orbit of Earth (~1 AU) 214[4][c] Reported for reference
Enif (ε Pegasi) 210.37 – 210.69[30] ?
Suhail (λ Velorum) 210[31] ?
Deneb (α Cygni) 203±17[32] ? Eighteenth brightest star in the night sky.[25]
Orbit of Venus 158.6[4][c] Reported for reference
Orbit of Mercury 82.9–84.6[4][c] Reported for reference
Vega (α Lyrae) 2.726±0.006 × 2.418±0.012[33] Fifth brightest star in the night sky.[25]
Reported for reference
Sun 1 The largest object in the Solar System.
Reported for reference

Magellanic Clouds

List of the largest known stars in the Magellanic Clouds
Star name Solar radii
(Sun = 1) 		Galaxy Method[d] Notes
WOH G64 1,540[34] Large Magellanic Cloud L/Teff Surrounded by a large dust cloud.

Other galaxies (within the Local Group)

List of the largest known stars in other galaxies (within the Local Group)
Star name Solar radii
(Sun = 1) 		Galaxy Method[e] Notes
Sextans A 10 995±130[35] Sextans A L/Teff
Sextans A 5 870±145[35] Sextans A L/Teff
Sextans A 7 710±100[35] Sextans A L/Teff
IC 10 3 685±90[35] IC 10 L/Teff
WLM 14 610±80[35] WLM L/Teff
Sextans B 1 565±70[35] Sextans B L/Teff
IC 1613 2 560±70[35] IC 1613 L/Teff
WLM 12 430±70[35] WLM L/Teff
IC 10 5 420±50[35] IC 10 L/Teff
Sextans B 2 405±90[35] Sextans B L/Teff
WLM 13 380±50[35] WLM L/Teff
Sextans A 6 350±40[35] Sextans A L/Teff
Pegasus 1 340±50[35] Pegasus Dwarf L/Teff
Sextans A 4 335±40[35] Sextans A L/Teff
WLM 11 310±50[35] WLM L/Teff
IC 1613 1 300±40[35] IC 1613 L/Teff
IC 10 2 280±30[35] IC 10 L/Teff
Pegasus 2 260±40[35] Pegasus Dwarf L/Teff
Sextans A 8 260±60[35] Sextans A L/Teff
Sextans A 9 230±50[35] Sextans A L/Teff
IC 10 4 200±25[35] IC 10 L/Teff
IC 10 1 165±60[35] IC 10 L/Teff
IC 10 6 160±25[35] IC 10 L/Teff
Phoenix 3 90±15[35] Phoenix Dwarf L/Teff

Outside the Local Group

List of the largest known stars in galaxies outside the Local Group
Star name Solar radii
(Sun = 1) 		Galaxy Group Method[f] Notes
NGC 2363-V1 194–356[36] NGC 2363 M81 Group ?

Notes

  1. ^ Currently only contains radii that are stated in the cited papers
  2. ^ Methods for calculating the radius:
    • AD: radius calculated from angular diameter and distance
    • L/Teff: radius calculated from bolometric luminosity and effective temperature
  3. ^ a b c d e f At the J2000 epoch
  4. ^ Methods for calculating the radius:
  5. ^ Methods for calculating the radius:
  6. ^ Methods for calculating the radius:

References

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See also

External links

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