List of star extremes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2MASS image of Stephenson 2 as the cluster of stars in the upper left, with Stephenson 2-18 at the center. Stephenson 2-18 is among the largest known stars.
We ask you, humbly: don't scroll away.
Hi reader, this Wednesday, for the 8th time recently, we ask you to protect Wikipedia's independence. Thanks to the 2% of readers who donate, Wikipedia and the free knowledge movement are thriving. If you too have benefitted from using Wikipedia, take a minute to donate $2.75 to keep it growing for years. If you are one of our rare donors, we warmly thank you.
Please select a payment method

A star is a spherical gaseous object comprised mainly of hydrogen and helium, assembled under its own gravity, and able to produce energy through nuclear fusion. Stars exhibit great diversity in interesting properties such as mass, volume, space velocity, stage in stellar evolution, and distances from earth. This list contains many whose properties might be considered extreme or disproportionate.

Extremes which are considered authoritative and not likely to change at any point with new information are recorded in white, while extremes that could change with new information or discoveries are recorded in grey.

Age and distance[]

Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Nearest star Sun 3rd century BC 1 AU Our local star's distance was first determined in the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos Reported for reference
Second-nearest star Proxima Centauri 1915 1.30 pc Also called Alpha Centauri C, it is the outlying star in a trinary star system. This is currently the nearest known neighbouring star to our own Sun. This star was discovered in 1915, and its parallax was determined at the time, when enough observations were established. [NB 1] [1][2] List of nearest stars
Most distant individually seen star MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1 (or Icarus (star)) 2018 z=1.49
9.0 Gly 		[3][4][5][6] List of the most distant astronomical objects
Most distant star Stars in GN-z11 2016 z=11.09

13.39 Gly

[7] List of the most distant astronomical objects
Most distant star gravitationally bound to Milky Way galaxy ULAS J0015+01 2014 900,000 light-years Located in the Milky Way's extreme outer halo, far beyond the galactic disc. [8]
Oldest star HD 140283 14.5±0.8 billion years the "Methuselah star" [9] List of oldest stars
Youngest Stars are being formed constantly in the universe so it is impossible to tell which star is the youngest. For information on the properties of newly formed stars, See Protostar, Young stellar object and Star formation.
Nearest stars by type
Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Nearest sun-like star Alpha Centauri
A & B 		1839 1.34 parsecs (4.4 ly) This was the third star whose parallax was determined. Before Alpha Centauri, the record was held by 61 Cygni, the first star whose parallax was determined. [NB 1][NB 2][NB 3]
Nearest normal star Alpha Centauri C
(Proxima Centauri) 		1915 1.30 parsecs (4.2 ly) Before Proxima, the title had been held by Alpha Centauri A & B. [NB 1][NB 3] [10][11]
Nearest red dwarf Before Proxima, the title had been held by Barnard's Star
Nearest degenerate star Sirius B 1852 8.6 light-years (2.6 pc) This is also the nearest white dwarf. [NB 4]
Nearest borderline subgiant Procyon 11.5 light-years (3.5 pc) All stars closer to the Sun are either main sequence or dwarf stars.
Nearest undisputed subgiant Delta Pavonis 19.9 light-years (6.1 pc) A subgiant, but only slightly brighter than the Sun.
Nearest "true" giant star Pollux 33.8 light-years (10.4 pc)
Nearest red giant Arcturus 36.7 light-years (11.3 pc)
Nearest spectral type A or hotter Sirius 8.6 light-years (2.6 pc)
Nearest neutron star RX J185635-3754 2000 400 light-years (120 pc) [12][13][14]
Nearest white dwarf Sirius B 1852 8.6 light-years (2.6 pc) Sirius B is also the second white dwarf discovered, after 40 Eridani B. [10][15][16]
Nearest flare star Proxima Centauri
(Alpha Centauri C) 		1.30 parsecs (4.2 ly) α Cen C is also the nearest neighbouring star. [17]
Nearest brown dwarf Luhman 16 2013 6.5 light-years (2.0 pc) This is a pair of brown dwarfs in a binary system, with no other stars. [18]

Brightness and power[]

Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Brightest star from the Earth: Apparent magnitude Sun prehistoric m=−26.74 Reported for reference
[NB 5][NB 6]
Brightest star other than the Sun Sirius
(Alpha Canis Majoris) 		prehistoric m=−1.46
See also: Historical brightest stars
 [NB 5][NB 6][NB 7][NB 1] List of brightest stars
Brightest star in a transient event Progenitor of SN 1006 1006 m=−7.5 This was a supernova, and its remnant (SNR) is catalogued as [NB 5][NB 6][NB 1] [19]
Dimmest star from the Earth UDF 2457 [NB 5][NB 6]
Most luminous star R136a1 2010 V=−8.09 [NB 8] [20] List of most luminous stars
Most luminous star in a transient event Progenitor of GRB 080916C 2008 V=−40 The star exploded in a gamma-ray burst with the total energy equal to 9,000 supernovae [NB 8] List of gamma-ray bursts
Least luminous normal star 2MASS J0523−1403 2013 V=20.6 [NB 3][NB 8] [21]
Most energetic star R136a1 2010 B=-12.5 [NB 9] [20] List of most luminous stars
Most energetic star in a transient event Progenitor of GRB 080916C 2008 [NB 9]
Least energetic normal star 2MASS J0523−1403 2013 L=0.000126LSun [NB 3][NB 9] [21]
Hottest normal star WR 102 T=210000 K [22] List of hottest stars
Coolest normal star S Cassiopeiae T=1800 K [23] List of coolest stars
Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Hottest degenerate star CSPN of NGC 4361 2019 270,000 K [24]
Hottest neutron star PSR B0943+10 3,100,000K [25]
Coolest neutron star PSR B1257+12 28,856 K
Hottest white dwarf 2008 200,000 K [26]
Hottest PG 1159 star/GW Vir star 1999 170,000 K [27]
Coolest brown dwarf WISE 1828+2650 250–400 K WISE 0855-0714 may be cooler at 225–260 K, but its status as a rogue planet or sub-brown dwarf is not well known as its mass is between 3 and 10 MJ.

Size and mass[]

Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Largest apparent size star Sun prehistoric
(3rd century BCE) 		31.6′ – 32.7′ The apparent size of the Sun was first measured by Eratosthenes in the 3rd Century BCE,[28] who was the second person to measure the distance to the Sun. However, Thales of Miletus provided a measurement for the real size of the Sun in the 6th century BCE, as 1⁄720 the great circle of the Sun (the orbit of the Earth)[29] Reported for reference
[NB 6]
Largest apparent size star other than the Sun R Doradus 1997 0.057" This replaced Betelgeuse as the largest, Betelgeuse having been the first star other than the Sun to have its apparent size measured. [NB 6][NB 1] [30]
Smallest apparent size star [NB 6]
Largest star Stephenson 2-18 2012 r=2,150 R☉ Within close proximity of the massive open cluster Stephenson 2, where 25 other red supergiants are also located. [31] List of largest stars
Smallest star EBLM J0555-57Ab 2017 r=0.084 RSun [NB 3] [32][33][34] List of smallest stars
Most massive star BAT99-98 2014 226 MSun This exceeds the predicted limit of 150 solar masses, previously believed to be the limit of stellar mass, according to the leading star formation theories. [NB 10] [35] List of most massive stars
Least massive normal star SCR 1845–6357 A 0.07 MSun [NB 3] [36] List of least massive stars
Most massive stars by type
Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Most massive brown dwarf 2017 90 MJupiter This is at the limit between brown dwarfs and red dwarfs.[37][38] [39]
Most massive degenerate star The most massive type of degenerate star is the neutron star. See Most massive neutron star for this recordholder. [NB 4]
Most massive neutron star PSR J0740+6620 2019 2.14 MSun Several candidates exist which have a higher mass, however their mass has been measured by less precise methods and as such their mass value is regarded as less certain. [40] List of most massive neutron stars
Most massive neutron star (disputed) B 2015 2.548 MSun [41]
Most massive white dwarf 1998 1.35 MSun [42][43]
Least massive stars by type
Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Least massive degenerate star PSR B0943+10 2006 0.02 MSun [25]
Least massive neutron star
Least massive white dwarf
() 		2007 0.17 MSun [44][45][46][47]
Least massive brown dwarf

Motion[]

Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Highest proper motion Barnard's Star 10.3 "/yr This is also the fourth closest star to the Solar System. [48][49]
Lowest proper motion N/A N/A ~0 "/yr Billions of stars on the other end of the galaxy
Highest radial velocity
Lowest radial velocity EY Aquarii 2013 -870 km/s Mira variable [NB 11]
Highest peculiar motion
Lowest peculiar motion
Highest rotational speed of a normal star VFTS 102 2013 600 km/s [NB 3] [50]
Lowest rotational speed
Fastest velocity of a star S5-HVS1 2019 1,755 km/s [51][52][53][54]

Star systems[]

Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Least stars in a star system There are many single star systems.
Most stars in a star system Septuple star system Both are called 7-star systems in the 1997 MSC,[55] and appear in the 2008 MSC.[56] [NB 12] [55][56]
Stars in the closest orbit around one another There are many stars that are in contact binary systems (where two or more stars are in physical contact with each other).
Stars in the most distant orbit around one another Fomalhaut A/B/C ~0.77 parsecs

(2.5 ly)

Nearest multiple star system Alpha Centauri 1839 1.30 parsecs (4.2 ly) This was one of the first three stars to have its distance measured.[57][58] [10][59]
Nearest binary star system Luhman 16 2013 1.998 parsecs (6.52 ly) Brown dwarf binary system. The nearest non-brown dwarf binary is Sirius, and the nearest composed entirely of main-sequence stars is Luyten 726-8.
Nearest trinary star system Alpha Centauri 1839 1.38 parsecs (4.5 ly) Also nearest multiple star system, and nearest star system of any type
Nearest quaternary star system Gliese 570 5.88 parsecs (19.2 ly) K4 star orbited by a pair of M stars, all orbited by a T7 brown dwarf.
Nearest quintenary star system V1054 Ophiuchi 6.46 parsecs (21.1 ly) M3 star orbited by a pair of pair of M4 stars, together orbited by an M3.5 star, all orbited by an M7 star.
Nearest sextenary star system Castor 1718 15.6 parsecs (51 ly) A1 star orbited by a red dwarf, both orbited by another A star orbited by a red dwarf, all orbited by two red dwarfs orbiting each other.
Nearest septenary star system Nu Scorpii 150 parsecs (490 ly) A B3V star orbited by an unknown star, both orbited by another unknown star, together orbited by another unknown star, all orbited by a B9III star orbiting a pair of stars which are a B9III and unknown star.
Star systems by type
Title Object Date Data Comments Notes Refs See more
Shortest period black hole binary system MAXI J1659-152 2013 2.4 hours This exceeds the preceding recordholder by about one hour ( with a 3.2 hour period) [60]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Other than the Sun
  2. ^ An "average" star is a normal star which is larger than a red dwarf, but smaller than a giant star. Depending on the definition, this can also be called "Sun-like star".
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g A normal star is a star that is past its protostar period, in its main fusion period, before becoming a degenerate star, black hole, or post-stellar nebula, and is not a failed star (brown dwarf).
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Not including stellar-mass black holes or exotic stars
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d By visual magnitude (m)
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g This is the appearance in the sky from Earth.
  7. ^ This does not include brightest stars due to outbursts
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c Luminosity here represents how bright a star is if all stars were equally far away, in visible light.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c Energetic here is the total electromagnetic energy emitted by a star in all wavelengths.
  10. ^ Not including stellar black holes
  11. ^ Stars with particularly high radial velocities are usually erroneously recorded, so all large values should be taken with a grain of salt.
  12. ^ The allowable distance between components of a star system is debated.

References[]

  1. ^ (in German) "Innes' Sterne bei α Centauri", Astronomische Nachrichten, volume 206, 1918 Bibcode:1918AN....206...97H
  2. ^ Harold L. Aden, "Alpha and Proxima Centauri", Astronomical Journal, vol. 39, issue 913, 1918 Bibcode:1928AJ.....39...20A
  3. ^ Kelly, Patrick L.; et al. (2 April 2018). "Extreme magnification of an individual star at redshift 1.5 by a galaxy-cluster lens". Nature. 2 (4): 334–342. arXiv:1706.10279. Bibcode:2018NatAs...2..334K. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0430-3.
  4. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (2 April 2018). "Rare Cosmic Alignment Reveals Most Distant Star Ever Seen". Space.com. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  5. ^ Sanders, Robert (2 April 2018). "Hubble peers through cosmic lens to capture most distant star ever seen". Berkeley News. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  6. ^ Parks, Jake (2 April 2018). "Hubble spots farthest star ever seen". Astronomy. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  7. ^ P. A. Oesch, G. Brammer, P. G. van Dokkum, G. D. Illingworth, R. J. Bouwens, I. Labbe, M. Franx, I. Momcheva, M. L. N. Ashby, G. G. Fazio, V. Gonzalez, B. Holden, D. Magee, R. E. Skelton, R. Smit, L. R. Spitler, M. Trenti, S. P. Willner (2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z = 11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2): 129. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  8. ^ "Team discovers two stars most distant ever observed in the Milky Way". phys.org. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
  9. ^ ScienceDaily, "Hubble Finds 'Birth Certificate' of Oldest Known Star", 7 March 2013
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c Richard Powell (30 July 2006), "The Universe within 12.5 Light Years: The Nearest Stars", Atlas of the Universe (accessed 2010-11-01)
  11. ^ Fraser Cain (13 November 2009), "How Far is the Nearest Star?", Universe Today (accessed 2010-11-02)
  12. ^ NASA Images, "Hubble Sees Bare Neutron Star Streaking Across Space" Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine, NASA, 9 November 2000 (accessed 2010-11-01)
  13. ^ RedOrbit, "The Motion of RX J185635-3754 - The Nearest Neutron Star to Earth", 8 February 2005 (accessed 2010-11-01)
  14. ^ Astronomy 122: Astronomy of Stars and Galaxies, "Lecture 19: Neutron Stars"[permanent dead link], Sharon Morsink, University of Alberta, term:Winter 2011, published:2010 (accessed 2010-11-01)
  15. ^ Christine McGourty (14 December 2005), "Hubble finds mass of white dwarf", BBC News (accessed 2010-11-01)
  16. ^ E. Schatzman, White Dwarfs, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1958, p. 1
  17. ^ Fraser Cain (7 October 2009), "What is the Nearest Star to the Sun?", Universe Today (accessed 2010-11-02)
  18. ^ Barbara K. Kennedy (12 March 2013), "The Closest Star System Found in a Century", SpaceDaily
  19. ^ NOAO, "Astronomers Peg Brightness of History's Brightest Star", 5 March 2003 (accessed 2010-10-25)
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b Crowther, Paul A. (2010). "The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150 M⊙ stellar mass limit". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 408: 731–751. arXiv:1007.3284. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.408..731C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17167.x.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b Dieterich, Sergio B.; Henry, Todd J.; Jao, Wei-Chun; Winters, Jennifer G.; Hosey, Altonio D.; Riedel, Adric R.; Subasavage, John P. (2014). "The Solar Neighborhood XXXII. The Hydrogen Burning Limit". The Astronomical Journal. 147 (5): 94. arXiv:1312.1736. Bibcode:2014AJ....147...94D. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/5/94.
  22. ^ Tramper, F.; Straal, S. M.; Sanyal, D.; Sana, H.; de Koter, A.; Gräfener, G.; Langer, N.; Vink, J. S.; de Mink, S. E.; Kaper, L. (2015). "Massive stars on the verge of exploding: The properties of oxygen sequence Wolf-Rayet stars" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 581 (110): A110. arXiv:1507.00839. Bibcode:2015A&A...581A.110T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425390.
  23. ^ Ramstedt, S.; Olofsson, H. (2014). "The 12CO/13CO ratio in AGB stars of different chemical type. Connection to the 12C/13C ratio and the evolution along the AGB". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 566: A145. arXiv:1405.6404. Bibcode:2014A&A...566A.145R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423721.
  24. ^ González-Santamaría, I.; Manteiga, M.; Manchado, A.; Ulla, A.; Dafonte, C. (2019-10-01). "Properties of central stars of planetary nebulae with distances in Gaia DR2". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 630: A150. arXiv:1909.04601. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936162. ISSN 0004-6361.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b Yue, Y. L.; Cui, X. H.; Xu, R. X. (2006-10-01). "Is PSR B0943+10 a low-mass quark star?". The Astrophysical Journal. 649 (2): L95–L98. arXiv:astro-ph/0603468. doi:10.1086/508421. ISSN 0004-637X.
  26. ^ Indian News, "Astronomers discover Universes hottest white dwarf", ANI, 13 December 2008 (accessed 2010-11-09)
  27. ^ 11th European Workshop on White Dwarfs, ASP Conference Series #169, "RX J2117+3412, the hottest known pulsating PG 1159 star", Vauclair, G.; Moskalik, P.; The Wet Team, 1999, ISBN 1-886733-91-0 , Bibcode:1999ASPC..169...96V , pg.96
  28. ^ "The Solution That Looks For A Problem: Mathematical Modeling And Its Applications For Teaching And Learning In Mathematics". Archived from the original on 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2010-10-25.
  29. ^ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Thales of Miletus (c. 620 BCE – c. 546 BCE)", Patricia O'Grady, 17 September 2004 (accessed 2010-10-25)
  30. ^ ESO, "The Biggest Star in the Sky", 11 March 1997 (accessed 2010-10-25)
  31. ^ Fok, Thomas K. T; Nakashima, Jun-ichi; Yung, Bosco H. K; Hsia, Chih-Hao; Deguchi, Shuji (2012). "Maser Observations of Westerlund 1 and Comprehensive Considerations on Maser Properties of Red Supergiants Associated with Massive Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal. 760 (1): 65. arXiv:1209.6427. Bibcode:2012ApJ...760...65F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/65.
  32. ^ Eric Mack (11 July 2017). "Saturn-sized star is the smallest ever discovered". cnet.
  33. ^ "Smallest-ever star discovered by astronomers". University of Cambridge. 2017.
  34. ^ Alexander von Boetticher, Amaury H.M.J. Triaud, Didier Queloz, Sam Gill, Monika Lendl, Laetitia Delrez, David R. Anderson, Andrew Collier Cameron, Francesca Faedi, Michaël Gillon, Yilen Gómez Maqueo Chew, Leslie Hebb, Coel Hellier, Emmanuël Jehin, Pierre F.L. Maxted, David V. Martin, Francesco Pepe, Don Pollacco, Damien Ségransan, Barry Smalley, Stéphane Udry, Richard West (12 June 2017). "The EBLM project; III. A Saturn-size low-mass star at the hydrogen-burning limit". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 604: L6. arXiv:1706.08781. Bibcode:2017A&A...604L...6V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731107. EBLM_III.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  35. ^ Hainich, R.; Rühling, U.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Liermann, A.; Gräfener, G.; Foellmi, C.; Schnurr, O.; Hamann, W. -R. (2014). "The Wolf–Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 565: A27. arXiv:1401.5474. Bibcode:2014A&A...565A..27H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322696.
  36. ^ "THE 100 NEAREST STAR SYSTEMS". www.astro.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2019-02-04.
  37. ^ Rebolo, R. (1996). "Brown Dwarfs in the Pleiades Cluster Confirmed by the Lithium Test". The Astrophysical Journal. 469: L53–L56. arXiv:astro-ph/9607002. Bibcode:1996ApJ...469L..53R. doi:10.1086/310263.
  38. ^ Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, 'In Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun: Ninth Cambridge Workshop', "An I. K Survey of the Pleiades", Jameson, R. F.; Hodgkin, S. T.; Pinfield, D. J., vol. 109, p. 363, eds. R. Pallavicini, A. K. Dupree, 1996, Bibcode:1996ASPC..109..363J
  39. ^ Wall, Mike; March 28, Space com Senior Writer |; ET, 2017 03:00pm. "Record-Breaker! Heftiest and Purest 'Failed Star' Identified". Space.com. Retrieved 2019-02-04.
  40. ^ Antoniadis, J.; Freire, P. C. C.; Wex, N.; Tauris, T. M.; Lynch, R. S.; Van Kerkwijk, M. H.; Kramer, M.; Bassa, C.; Dhillon, V. S.; Driebe, T.; Hessels, J. W. T.; Kaspi, V. M.; Kondratiev, V. I.; Langer, N.; Marsh, T. R.; McLaughlin, M. A.; Pennucci, T. T.; Ransom, S. M.; Stairs, I. H.; Van Leeuwen, J.; Verbiest, J. P. W.; Whelan, D. G. (2013). "A Massive Pulsar in a Compact Relativistic Binary". Science. 340 (6131): 1233232. arXiv:1304.6875. Bibcode:2013Sci...340..448A. doi:10.1126/science.1233232. PMID 23620056.
  41. ^ Jiang, Jin-Liang; Tang, Shao-Peng; Wang, Yuan-Zhu; Fan, Yi-Zhong; Wei, Da-Ming (2020-03-01). "PSR J0030+0451, GW170817, and the Nuclear Data: Joint Constraints on Equation of State and Bulk Properties of Neutron Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 892: 55. arXiv:1912.07467. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab77cf. ISSN 0004-637X.
  42. ^ Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, "The Record Breaking Magnetic White Dwarf RE J0317-853", Burleigh, M. R.; Jordan, S., Vol. 29, p.1234, January 1998, Bibcode:1998AAS...191.1511B
  43. ^ Wolfram Scienceworld, "White Dwarf", Eric W. Weisstein, 2007 (accessed 2010-30-10)
  44. ^ CfA, "Cosmic Weight Loss: The Lowest Mass White Dwarf", 17 April 2007 (accessed 2010-10-30)
  45. ^ JUMK.de, "Special Stars: SDSS J091709.55+463821.8" (accessed 2010-10-30)
  46. ^ Agüeros, Marcel A. (2009). "NO NEUTRON STAR COMPANION TO THE LOWEST MASS SDSS WHITE DWARF". The Astrophysical Journal. 700: L123–L126. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/2/L123. , Bibcode:2009ApJ...700L.123A , arXiv:0906.5109
  47. ^ Internet Encyclopedia of Science, "White Dwarf", David Darling (accessed 10-30-2010)
  48. ^ Hayden Planetarium, "Stellar Orbits" Archived 2011-03-22 at the Wayback Machine, Sébastien Lépine, Brian Abbott (accessed 2010-11-20)
  49. ^ Ohio State University, Astronomy 143: The History of the Universe (Fall 2009); "Stars and Galaxies in Motion", Barbara Sue Ryden, 15 October 2009 (accessed 2010-11-20)
  50. ^ Jiang, Dengkai; Han, Zhanwen; Yang, Liheng; Li, Lifang (2013). "The binary merger channel for the progenitor of the fastest rotating O-type star VFTS 102". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 428 (2): 1218. arXiv:1302.6296. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.428.1218J. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts105.
  51. ^ Overbye, Dennis (14 November 2019). "A Black Hole Threw a Star Out of the Milky Way Galaxy - So long, S5-HVS1, we hardly knew you". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  52. ^ Koposov, Sergey E.; et al. (11 November 2019). "Discovery of a nearby 1700 km/s star ejected from the Milky Way by Sgr A*". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. arXiv:1907.11725. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3081.
  53. ^ Starr, Michelle (31 July 2019). "Bizarre Star Found Hurtling Out of Our Galaxy Centre Is Fastest of Its Kind Ever Seen". ScienceAlert.com. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  54. ^ Irving, Michael (13 November 2019). "Fastest star ever found is being flicked out of the Milky Way". NewAtlas.com. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  55. ^ Jump up to: a b Tokovinin, A. A. (1997). "MSC - a catalogue of physical multiple stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 124: 75–84. Bibcode:1997A&AS..124...75T. doi:10.1051/aas:1997181.
  56. ^ Jump up to: a b Eggleton, P. P. (2008). "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 389: 869–879. arXiv:0806.2878v1. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x.
  57. ^ "Report of the Council of the Society to the Nineteenth Annual General Meeting", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 4 No. 20, 8 February 1839, Royal Astronomical Society, Bibcode:1836MNRAS...4....3M
  58. ^ Kentucky New Era, "A Problem That The Star Sharps Are Trying To Solve", New York World, 3 July 1895 (accessed 22 March 2010)
  59. ^ Universe Today, "Distance to Nearest Star", Fraser Cain, 30 December 2009 (accessed 2010-11-02)
  60. ^ SpaceDaily, "Black hole-star pair orbiting at dizzying speed", 22 March 2013

External links[]

Retrieved from ""