List of nearest galaxies
This is a list of known galaxies within 3.8 megaparsecs (12 million light-years) of the Solar System, in ascending order of heliocentric distance, or the distance to the Sun. This encompasses all of the about 50 major Local Group galaxies, and some that are members of neighboring galaxy groups, the M81 Group and the Centaurus A/M83 Group, and some that are currently not in any defined galaxy group.
The list aims to reflect current knowledge: not all galaxies within the 3.8 Mpc radius have been discovered. Nearby dwarf galaxies are still being discovered, and galaxies located behind the central plane of the Milky Way are extremely difficult to discern. It is possible for any galaxy to mask another located beyond it. Intergalactic distance measurements are subject to large uncertainties. Figures listed are composites of many measurements, some of which may have had their individual error bars tightened to the point of no longer overlapping with each other.[1]
List[]
# | Picture | Galaxy | Type | Distance from Earth | Magnitude | Group Membership |
Notes | Diameter (ly) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Millions of light-years | Mpc | M | m | |||||||
- | ![]() |
Milky Way | SBbc | 0.0265 (to the galactic center)[2] |
0.008[2] | −20.8[1] | n/a | Local Group | Home galaxy of Earth. Barred spiral galaxy. | 100,000–180,000 ly |
1 | Canis Major Dwarf | Irr (status as galaxy disputed) | 0.025[3] | 0.008 | −14.5 | 23.3 | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way (accretion by Milky Way) | ||
2 | 0.0701 | 0.0215[4] | −0.8[4] | 15.87[4][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 120 ly[4] | |||
3 | 0.0747 | 0.0229[5] | −1.3[5] | 15.5[5][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way that is being tidally disrupted[5] | 220 ly | |||
4 | Segue 1 | dSph or Glob Clus | 0.075 | 0.023[6] | −3.0[6] | 13.8[6] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | ||
5 | ![]() |
Sagittarius Dwarf Sphr SagDEG | dSph/E7 | 0.081 | 0.024[7] | −12.67[7] | 4.5[8] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way (partial accretion by Milky Way) | 10,000 ly |
6 | 0.0901 | 0.0276[9] | −4.71[9] | 12.49[9][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way, possibly associated with the Magellanic Clouds[9] | 348 ly[9] | |||
7 | 0.0906 | 0.0278[10] | −2.4[10] | 14.82[10][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 200 ly[10] | |||
8 | Ursa Major II Dwarf | dSph | 0.098 | 0.030 | −4.2 | 14.3 | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way (accretion by Milky Way) | ~1,800 ly | |
9 | Triangulum II | 0.098 | 0.030[11] | −1.8[11] | 15.6[11][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way (accretion by Milky Way) | |||
10 | Reticulum II | 0.102 | 0.0314[5] | −3.1[5] | 14.4[5][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 378 ly | ||
11 | Segue 2 | dSph | 0.114 | 0.035[12] | −2.5[12] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way, one of the smallest known galaxies | 220 ly | ||
12 | 0.122 | 0.0374[10] | −4.5[10] | 13.36[10][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 590 ly[10] | |||
13 | Willman 1 | dSph or Star Clus | 0.120 | 0.038[13] | −2.7[13] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |||
14 | Boötes II | dSph | 0.136 | 0.042[13] | −2.7[13] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |||
15 | Coma Berenices Dwarf | dSph | 0.137 | 0.042[14] | −3.6[14] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |||
16 | 0.15 | 0.045[15] | −3.2[15] | 15.1[15][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way possibly associated with the Large Magellanic Cloud[15] | 300 ly[15] | |||
17 | Boötes III | dSph | 0.150 | 0.046[16] | −5.8[17] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |||
18 | 0.16 | 0.048[11] | −3.5[11] | 14.9[11][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | ||||
19 | ![]() |
Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) | SB(s)m | 0.163 | 0.050[7] | −17.93[7] | 0.9[8] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 14,000 ly |
20 | 0.179 | 0.055[18] | −3.9[18] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 607 ly[18] | ||||
21 | 0.186 | 0.057[19] | −3.8[19] | 15.0[19][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 1080 ly[19] | |||
22 | ![]() |
Boötes I | dSph | 0.197[8] | 0.060 | −5.8[20] | 13.1 | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |
23 | ![]() |
Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC, NGC 292) | SB(s)m pec | 0.206 | 0.063[7] | −16.35[7] | 2.7[8] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 7,000 ly |
24 | ![]() |
Ursa Minor Dwarf | dE4 | 0.206 | 0.063[7] | −7.13[7] | 11.9[8] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |
25 | 0.238 | 0.0731[21] | −5.7[21] | 13.62[21][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way that was possibly once a satellite of Sgr dSph[21] | 232 ly[21] | |||
26 | 0.25 | 0.078[11] | −2.6[11] | 1.69[11][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 287 ly[22] | |||
27 | ![]() |
Draco Dwarf (DDO 208) | dE0 pec | 0.258 | 0.079[7] | −8.74[7] | 10.9[8] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way with a large amount of dark matter | ~2,700 × 1,900 ly |
28 | 0.258 | 0.079[23] | -3.4[23] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 196 ly | ||||
29 | Pisces I | dIrr/dSph[24] | 0.26 | 0.8[25] | −10.35[24] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |||
30 | Sextans Dwarf Sph | dSph | 0.281 | 0.086[7] | −7.98[7] | 12[8] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 8,400 ly | |
31 | ![]() |
Sculptor Dwarf (E351-G30) | dE3 | 0.287 | 0.088[7] | −9.77[7] | 10.1[8] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |
32 | Virgo I | 0.30 | 0.091[11] | −0.3[11] | 19.5[11][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |||
33 | 0.30 | 0.092[26] | −3.3[26] | 16.51[26][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 420 ly[26] | |||
34 | Ursa Major I Dwarf (UMa I dSph) | dSph | 0.315 | 0.0968[13] | −6.75[27] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | ~2,000 ly | ||
35 | 0.326 | 0.100[18] | −2.7[18] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 290 ly[18] | ||||
36 | ![]() |
Carina Dwarf (E206-G220) | dE3 | 0.330 | 0.10[7] | −8.97[27] | 11.3[8] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 1,600 ly |
37 | 0.3519 | 0.1079[28] | −4.36[28] | 15.8[28][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 1,040 ly[28] | |||
38 | 0.372 | 0.114[29] | −3.1[29] | 20.3[29][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 190 ly[29] | |||
39 | Crater II | 0.383 | 0.1175[11] | −8.2[11] | 12.2[11][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |||
40 | 0.391 | 0.120[19] | −3.4[19] | 17.0[19][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 404 ly | |||
41 | Antlia 2 | 0.422 | 0.1294 | −8.5 | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way, most diffuse galaxy ever found | ||||
42 | ![]() |
Hercules Dwarf | dSph | 0.430 | 0.133[30] | −5.3[30] | 14.7[6] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |
43 | Fornax Dwarf (E356-G04) | dSph/E2 | 0.46 | 0.14[1] | −11.5[7] | 9.28[1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | ||
44 | Canes Venatici II Dwarf | dSph | 0.49 | 0.15[6] | −4.8[6] | 15.1[6] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | ||
45 | dSph | 0.49 | 0.151[31] | −5.1[31] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 500 ly[31] | |||
46 | ![]() |
Leo IV Dwarf | dSph | 0.502 | 0.154[32] | −5.5[32] | 15.9[6] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |
47 | Leo V Dwarf | dSph | 0.570 | 0.175[33] | −5.2[33] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |||
48 | Pisces II | dG[34] | 0.596 | 0.183[34] | −4.1[34] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |||
49 | 0.597 | 0.183[35] | −4.2[35] | 17.11[35][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 760 ly[35] | |||
50 | 0.682 | 0.209[36] | −4.53[36] | 17.07[36][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way[36] | 3,000 ly[36] | |||
51 | 0.30 | 0.214[26] | −4.3[26] | 17.35[26][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 1,180 ly[26] | |||
52 | ![]() |
Leo II Dwarf (Leo B, DDO 93) | dE0 pec | 0.701[37] | 0.215 | −9.23[7] | 12.45[1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 4,100 ly (tidal) |
53 | 0.701 | 0.215[38] | −3.4[38] | 18.26[38][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 350 ly[38] | |||
54 | Canes Venatici I Dwarf | dSph | 0.711 | 0.218[39] | −7.9[40] | 13.9[40] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | ||
55 | ![]() |
Leo I Dwarf (DDO 74, UGC 5470) | dE3 | 0.820[37] | 0.25 | −10.97[7] | 11.18[1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |
56 | 0.819 | 0.251[41] | −2.45[41] | 19.55[41][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 580 ly[41] | |||
57 | Eridanus II | 1.19[42] | 0.366[42] | −7.1[42] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | 1,810 ly[42] | |||
58 | Leo T Dwarf | dIrr/dSph | 1.370 | 0.42[43] | 16[8] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way? | 2,300 ly | ||
59 | ![]() |
Phoenix Dwarf Galaxy (P 6830) | IAm | 1.44 | 0.44 | −10.22[7] | 13.07[1] | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |
60 | ![]() |
Barnard's Galaxy (NGC 6822) | IB(s)m IV-V | 1.630[37] | 0.50 | −15.22[7] | 9.32[1] | Local Group | It contains several large H II regions | 7,000 ly |
61 | Pisces V (Andromeda XVI) | dSph[44] | 1.80 | 0.55[44][NB 2] | −7.6[44] | 16.1[44] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 985 ly[44] | |
62 | ![]() |
NGC 185 | dE3 pec | 2.05[45] | 0.63 | −14.76[7] | 9.99[1] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda; possibly closest Seyfert galaxy to Earth | |
63 | ![]() |
IC 10 (UGC 192) | dIrr IV/BCD[8] | 2.2 | 0.67 | −15.57[7] | 12.2[1] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | |
64 | ![]() |
Andromeda II | dE0 | 2.23 | 0.68[44][NB 2] | −12.6[44] | 11.7[44] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 6,820 ly[44] |
65 | (Andromeda XXX) | dSph[46] | 2.22 | 0.681[47] | −8.0[48] | 16.0[48] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 1,800 ly | |
66 | ![]() |
Leo A (Leo III, DDO 69) | IBm V | 2.250[37] | 0.80[49] | −11.68[49] | 12.92 | Local Group | Satellite of Milky Way | |
67 | ![]() |
IC 1613 (UGC 668) | IAB(s)m V | 2.350[37] | 0.72 | −14.51[7] | 9.92[1] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | |
68 | dSph[46] | 2.37 | 0.727[47] | −7.8[48] | 16.6[48] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 1,900 ly | ||
69 | dSph[46] | 2.40 | 0.736[47] | −9.0[48] | 15.3[48] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 3,560 ly | ||
70 | Andromeda XI | dSph[46] | 2.410 | 0.74[50] | −7.3[51] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | |||
71 | dSph[46] | 2.42 | 0.741[46] | −6.4[48] | 18.0[48] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 590 ly[48] | ||
72 | dSph[46] | 2.48 | 0.748[46] | −9.8[48] | 14.6[48] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 7,770 ly[48] | ||
73 | ![]() |
Andromeda III | dE2 | 2.451 | 0.75[44][NB 2] | −10.1[44] | 14.4[44] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 2750 ly[44] |
74 | ![]() |
Cassiopeia Dwarf (Cas dSph, Andromeda VII) | dSph | 2.451 | 0.75[52][NB 2] | −11.67[7] | 13.65[1] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda[7] | |
75 | ![]() |
Cetus Dwarf | dSph/E4 | 2.460[45] | 0.75 | −10.18[7] | 14.4[1] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda[7] | |
76 | dSph[46] | 2.46 | 0.754[47] | −5.8[48] | 18.5[48] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 980 ly | ||
77 | Pisces III (Andromeda XIII) | dSph[46] | 2.48 | 0.760[47] | −6.5[48] | 17.8[48] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 850 ly | |
78 | ![]() |
M32 (NGC 221) | E2 | 2.489;[37] | 0.76 | −15.96[7] | 8.73[1] | Local Group | Close Satellite of Andromeda | 6,500 ly |
79 | Andromeda XV | dSph[44] | 2.490 | 0.76[44][NB 2] | −8.4[44] | 16.0[44] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda[7] | 1840 ly[44] | |
80 | Andromeda IX | dE | 2.500[45] | 0.77 | −7.5[7] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda[7] | |||
81 | ![]() |
Pisces Dwarf | dIrr/dSph | 2.510[45] | 0.77 | −7.96[7] | 16.18[1] | Local Group | Satellite of Triangulum[citation needed] | |
82 | Andromeda V | dSph[46] | 2.52[45] | 0.77 | −8.41[7] | 16.67[1] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda[7] | ||
83 | (Andromeda XXXII) | 2.52 | 0.772[53] | −12.3[53] | 12.15[53][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 9,500 ly[53] | ||
84 | (Andromeda XXXI) | dSph | 2.52 | 0.773[54] | −11.4[54] | 13.04[54][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda[54] | 4,750 ly[54] | |
85 | ![]() |
NGC 147 (DDO 3) | dE5 pec | 2.53[45] | 0.78 | −14.9[7] | 10.36[1] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | |
86 | ![]() |
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) | SA(s)b | 2.538[45] | 0.78 | −21.58[7] | 4.17[1] | Local Group | Largest Galaxy in the Local Group, with at least 19 satellite galaxies. Barred spiral galaxy. | 220,000 ly |
87 | ![]() |
Pegasus Dwarf Sph (And VI) | dSph[46] | 2.55[45] | 0.78 | −10.80[7] | 14.05[1] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda[7] | |
88 | (Andromeda XXXIII) | 2.56 | 0.785[55] | −10.3[55] | 14.19[55][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 2,600 ly[55] | ||
89 | Pisces IV (Andromeda XIV) | 2.59 | 0.793[47] | −8.5[48] | 15.8[48] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | ~1,700 ly | ||
90 | ![]() |
Andromeda I | dE3 pec | 2.6 | 0.80[44][NB 2] | −12.0[44] | 12.7[44] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 5,840 ly[44] |
91 | dSph[46] | 2.65 | 0.811[56] | −8.7[56] | 15.85[56][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 1,800 ly[56] | ||
92 | ![]() |
M110 (NGC 205) | E6p | 2.67[45] | 0.83 | −16.15[7] | 8.72[1] | Local Group | Close Satellite of Andromeda | |
93 | Andromeda VIII | dSph[57] | 2.7 | 0.828 | −15.6 | 9.1 | Local Group | Tidally distorted dwarf close to Andromeda discovered 2003[57] | ||
94 | 2.70 | 0.829[56] | −8.5[56] | 16.09[56][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 2,050 ly[56] | |||
95 | ![]() |
Triangulum Galaxy (M33) | SA(s)cd | 2.73[45] | 0.83 | −18.87[7] | 6.19[1] | Local Group | Most distant (difficult) naked eye object. Closest unbarred spiral galaxy to us. | 60,000 ly |
96 | Andromeda XXI[58] | dSph[46] | 2.8 | 0.86 | −9.9 | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | |||
97 | ![]() |
Tucana Dwarf | dE5 | 2.87 | 0.88[7] | −9.16 | 15.7[1] | Local Group[7] | Isolated group member — a 'primordial' galaxy[59] | |
98 | ![]() |
Andromeda X | dSph[8] | 2.90 | 0.889 | −8.1[60] | 16.1[8] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda discovered 2006 | |
99 | dSph[46] | 2.93 | 0.898[46] | −8.4[48] | 16.3[48] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 4,440 ly[48] | ||
100 | ![]() |
Pegasus Dwarf Irregular (DDO 216) | dIrr/dSph[8] | 3.00[45] | 0.92 | −11.47[7] | 13.21[8] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | |
101 | Andromeda XII | dSph[46] | 3.03 | 0.928[47] | −7.0[48] | 17.7[48] | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | 2,740 ly | |
102 | ![]() |
Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte (WLM, DDO 221) | IB(s)m[8] | 3.04 | 0.933[49] | −14.06[49] | 11.03[8] | Local Group | Isolated member at the edge of the local group | 11,500 ly |
103 | Andromeda XIX[61] | dSph[46] | 3.04 | 0.933 | −9.3 | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda, spread over 1.7 kpc | 2,200 ly | ||
104 | ![]() |
Aquarius Dwarf Galaxy (DDO 210) | Im V | 3.2[45] | 0.98[49] | −11.09[49] | 14.0[8] | Local Group | Isolated group member | |
105 | Andromeda XXII[58] | dSph[46] | 3.22 | 0.987 | 18.0 | Local Group | Satellite of Andromeda | |||
106 | ![]() |
Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy (SagDIG) | IB(s)m V[8] | 3.39 | 1.04[7] | −11.49 | 15.5 | Local Group[1] | Isolated group member | 3,000 ly |
107 | ![]() |
Andromeda XVIII[61] | dSph[46] | 3.960 | 1.214[46] | −9.2[48] | 16.2[48] | Local Group | 1,700[48] | ≈ 1,200 ly |
108 | ![]() |
UGC 4879 (VV124)[62] | IAm | 4.18 | 1.283 | −11.5[49] | 13.2 | Local Group | Isolated group member | 3,000 ly |
109 | ![]() |
Antlia Dwarf | dE3.5[8] | 4.28 | 1.31[49] | −9.63[49] | 16.19[1] | Local Group[NB 3] | May have interacted with NGC 3109[63] | 3,000 ly |
110 | ![]() |
Sextans A (92205, DDO 75) | IBm[8] | 4.31[64] | 1.32 | −13.95[7] | 11.86[8] | Local Group[NB 3] | Contains cluster of young hot blue stars | 5,000 ly |
111 | ![]() |
NGC 3109 | SB(s)m | 4.338 | 1.35[63] | −15.68[1] | 10.39[1] | Local Group[NB 3] | Possibly spiral galaxy | 25,000 ly |
112 | 4.40 | 1.35[65] | −9.7[65] | 15.95[65][NB 1] | Local Group | Satellite of NGC 3109[65] | 1,780 ly[65] | |||
113 | ![]() |
Sextans B (UGC 5373) | IM IV-V[8] | 4.44 | 1.37[49] | −14.08[49] | 11.85[8] | Local Group[NB 3] | One of the smallest galaxiess with planetary nebulae | 6,000 ly |
114 | ![]() |
KKh 060 | Irr | 4.89 | 1.5[1] | 18B[8] | ||||
115 | () | S.. | 4.89 | 1.5[1] | 15.7[8] | between LG and M94 | Pair? | |||
116 | ![]() |
Leo P | Irr | 5.3 | 1.62[1] | 18B[8] | Local Group[NB 3] | |||
117 | dIrr | 5.5 | 1.69[49] | −12.60[49] | 18B[8] | Far below the SG plane | Hidden by the Milky Way | |||
118 | ![]() |
IC 5152 | IA(s)m[8] | 5.87 | 1.74[49] | −15.56[49] | 11.06[8] | Local Group ? | Possible outlying member of Local Group | 4,000 ly |
119 | ![]() |
NGC 300 | SA(s)d[8] | 6.07 | 1.86[66] | −17.92[1] | 8.95[8] | between LG and Sculptor Group | Closest spiral galaxy to Local Group forms pair with NGC 55 |
94,000 ly |
120 | ![]() |
KKR 25 | Irr | 6.1 | 1.90[1] | −9.94[49] | 17.0[8] | between LG and M81 | ||
121 | ![]() |
E3[8] | 6.13 | 1.905[49] | −11.60[49] | 14.85[8] | NGC 55 & 300 | ≈ 2,500 ly | ||
122 | ![]() |
dS0/Im[8] | 6.36[66] | 1.96[49] | −10.95[49] | 15.6[8] | NGC 55 & 300 | |||
123 | ![]() |
NGC 55 | SB(s)m[8] | 6.5 | 2.00[49] | −18.47[49] | 8.84[1] | between LG and Sculptor Group | Forms pair with NGC 300 | 70,000 ly |
124 | KKs 3 | dSph[67] | 6.91 | 2.12[67] | −12.3[67] | 14.47[67] | 4,900 ly[67] | |||
125 | ![]() |
KKR 03 () | dIrr | 6.98 | 2.14[49] | −9.8 | 17.90[8] | Inner edge of M94 Group | 980 ly | |
126 | () | IB(s)m pec:[8] | 7.24 | 2.22[49] | −12.92[49] | 13.86[1] | NGC 55 & 300 | |||
127 | ![]() |
UGC 9128 (DDO 187) | ImIV-V | 7.3 | 2.24[49] | −12.47[49] | 14.38[8] | Inner edge of M94 Group | ||
128 | ![]() |
IB(s)m | 7.40 | 2.27[1] | −14.85[49] | 13.63[8] | On the way to Circinus galaxy | |||
129 | ![]() |
GR 8 (DDO 155) | ImV[8] | 7.9 | 2.4[49] | −12.14[49] | 14.65[8] | Inner edge of M94 Group | "footprint galaxy" | |
130 | ![]() |
IC 4662 (ESO 102-14) | IBm | 7.96 | 2.44[49] | −15.56[49] | 11.74[8] | On the way to Circinus galaxy | 7,000 ly | |
131 | ![]() |
Irr | 7.99 | 2.45[1] | −10.78[1] | 16.7[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group | |||
133 | ![]() |
() | IAm | 8.35[68] | 2.69[49] | −13.09[49] | 14.40[8] | M94 Group | ||
134 | ![]() |
Irr | 8.51 | 2.60[49] | −10.30[49] | 16.8[8] | Isolated (M94/Cent A) | |||
135 | ![]() |
() | Im | 8.61 | 2.64[1]–3.9[8] | −13.52[49] | 13.4[8] | M94 Group | ||
136 | ![]() |
() | Im | 8.94 | 2.74[49] | −14.32[49] | 12.84[8] | M94 Group | ||
137 | ![]() |
UGC 9240 (DDO 190) | IAm | 9.10 | 2.80[49] | −14.19[49] | 13.25[8] | M94 Group | 15,000 ly | |
138 | ![]() |
Dwingeloo 1 | SB(s)cd | 9.13 | 2.8[1] | −18.78 | 19.8[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group | 35,000 ly | |
138 | ![]() |
Irr (BCD) | 9.19[69] | 2.82[69][NB 2] | 13.50[69] | Satellite of NGC 4214[69] | ||||
139 | ![]() |
NGC 4214 (UGC 7278) | IAB(s)m | 9.58 | 2.94[1] | 10.24[8] | M94 Group | Starburst galaxy | ||
140 | ![]() |
() | Im | 9.62 | 2.95[70] | 15.40[8] | M94 Group | |||
140 | ![]() |
UGCA 133 (DDO 44) | Im | 9.65 | 2.96[71] | −12.9[71] | 15.54[8] | M81 group | Likely satellite of NGC 2403 | |
141 | ![]() |
NGC 4163 (NGC 4167) | dIrr | 9.65 | 2.96[72] | 14.5[8] | M94 Group | 4,000 ly | ||
142 | ![]() |
UGCA 86 | SAB(s)m[73] | 9.72 | 2.98[74] | 13.5[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group[73] | Satellite of IC 342[74] | 20,000 ly | |
180 | ![]() |
NGC 1560 | SA(s)d HII | 9.75 | 2.99[1] | −16.87[7] | 12.16[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group | Satellite of IC 342[74] | |
143 | MADCASH-2 (MADCASH J121007+352635-dw) | dSph | 9.78 | 3.00[75] | −9.15[75] | 18.24[NB 1] | M94 Group | Likely satellite of NGC 4214 | ||
143 | Dwingeloo 2 | Im? | 9.78 | 3.0[1] | −14.55[1] | 20.5[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group | 20,000 ly | ||
144 | () | dE/N | 9.78 | 3.0[1] | −13.35[7] | 16.2[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group | |||
145 | Irr | 9.78 | 3.0[1] | −13.03 | 17.8[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group | ||||
146 | MB 3 | dSph | 9.78 | 3.0[1] | −13.65[7] | 19.8[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group | 10,000 ly | ||
147 | () | SAB(s)d? | 9.78 | 3.0[1] | −14.81[7] | 20.5[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group | 5,000 ly | ||
148 | ![]() |
Maffei 1 | S0- pec | 9.78 | 3.0[1] | −18.97[7] | 11.4[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group | 55,000 ly | |
149 | ![]() |
Maffei 2 | SAB(rs)bc | 9.8 | 3.005[1] | −20.15[7] | 14.77[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group | 60,000 ly | |
151 | ![]() |
() | Im | 9.82 | 3.01[1] | 14.7[8] | M94 Group | |||
152 | ![]() |
Donatiello I | dSph | 9.88 | 3.04[72] | [8] | Possible satellite of NGC 404 | |||
152 | ![]() |
NGC 2403 | SAB(s)cd HII | 9.92 | 3.04[75] | −19.29 | 8.93[8] | Inner edge of M81 group | 50,000 ly | |
153 | ![]() |
NGC 404 | SA(s)0-:[8] | 10.00 | 3.08[49] | −16.61[49] | 11.21[8] | 'Mirach's Ghost' | ||
154 | ![]() |
[76] | SAd: | 10.1 | 3.09 | 11.7 | Centaurus A/M83 Group | |||
155 | ![]() |
ImIV-V | 10.11 | 3.1[1] | 16.0[8] | M94 Group | ||||
KKH 22 | dSph | 10.17 | 3.12[74] | –12.19[74] | 15.28[74] | IC 342/Maffei Group | Satellite of IC 342[74] | |||
156 | ![]() |
NGC 3741 | ImIII/BCD | 10.21[68] | 3.13 | 14.3[8] | M94 Group | |||
157 | Irr | 10.31 | 3.16[1] | −14.30 | 17.2[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group | Satellite of IC 342[74] | |||
158 | Im | 10.31 | 3.16[77] | 17.B[8] | Aligned with IC 3104 | |||||
159 | ![]() |
NGC 2366 | IB(s)m | 10.40[68] | 3.19 | 11.43[8] | M81 group | |||
170 | ![]() |
NGC 1569 (UGC 3056) | IBm;Sbrst[8] | 10.40 | 3.19[74] | −18.17[1] | 11.86[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group[73] | Satellite of IC 342[74] | 6,000 ly |
161 | ![]() |
[76] | IBm[8] | 10.40[76] | 3.19 | 15.16[8] | Centaurus A/M83 Group | |||
162 | ![]() |
Im | 10.41 | 3.19[1] | 16.5[8] | M94 Group | ||||
![]() |
Sculptor dIG (ESO 349-31) | dIrr | 10.44 | 3.2[78] | −11.87 | 15.5[8] | Sculptor Group | Satellite of NGC 7793 | ||
163 | ![]() |
dIrr | 10.47[68] | 3.21 | 15.2[8] | M81 group | ||||
150 | ![]() |
Im?[8] | 10.50 | 3.22[74] | 13[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group[73] | Satellite of IC 342[74] | |||
165 | ![]() |
IC 342 | SAB(rs)cd[8] | 10.70 | 3.28[1] | −20.69[1] | 9.37[1] | IC 342/Maffei Group | "the hidden galaxy" | 75,000 ly |
166 | (Cas 1, KK98 19) | dIrr | 10.76 | 3.3[1] | −16.70 | 16.38[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group | |||
167 | Irr | 11.41 | 3.50[74] | −11.85 | 16.1[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group | Satellite of IC 342[74] | |||
168 | ![]() |
() | IB(s)m | 10.90 | 3.34[7] | −12.50[7] | 15.19[8] | Sculptor group | ||
169 | ![]() |
NGC 5253 | Im pec | 10.90 | 3.53[7] | 10.9 [8] | Centaurus A/M83 Group | Nearest Wolf-Rayet galaxy to us. | ||
171 | ![]() |
() | S/Irr | 11.06 | 3.39[77] | 16.4[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group | |||
164 | ![]() |
Im? | 11.06 | 3.39[74] | −16.81 | 13.9[8] | IC 342/Maffei Group | Satellite of IC 342[74] | ||
172 | ![]() |
Holmberg II (DDO 50, UGC 4305) | Im | 11.06[68] | 3.39 | 11.1[8] | M81 group | |||
173 | ![]() |
NGC 5102 | SA0- HII | 11.09 | 3.40[1] | −18.08.56 | 10.35[8] | Centaurus A/M83 Group | ||
174 | ![]() |
I0?[8] | 11.09 | 3.40;[76] | 13.23[8] | Centaurus A/M83 Group | ||||
175 | ![]() |
11.09 | 3.40;[76] | 13.99[8] | Centaurus A/M83 Group | |||||
176 | ![]() |
ESO 540-030 (KDG 2) | IABm | 11.10 | 3.40[7] | −11.39 | 16.45[8] | Sculptor group | ||
177 | ![]() |
NGC 247 | SAB(s)d | 11.1 | 3.4[7] | −20.00 | 9.9[8] | Sculptor group | ||
178 | MADCASH-1 (MADCASH J074238+652501-dw) | dSph | 11.12 | 3.41[75] | −7.81[75] | 19.85[NB 1] | M81 Group | Likely satellite of NGC 2403 | ||
178 | (FM 1, PGC 3097828) | dSph[79] | 11.15[68] | 3.42 | 17.5[8] | M81 group | ||||
179 | ![]() |
IAB(s)m pec: | 11.15 | 3.42[7] | −11.32[7] | 16.55[8] | Sculptor group | |||
181 | ![]() |
() | SB(s)dm | 11.3 | 3.45[76] | −15.16[1] | 11.03[8] | Centaurus A/M83 Group | ||
182 | ![]() |
SB0 | 11.3 | 3.47;[76] | Centaurus A/M83 Group | |||||
183 | ![]() |
dSph | 11.35[68] | 3.48 | 16.2[8] | M81 group | ||||
184 | ![]() |
() | IABm: | 11.4 | 3.48[76] | Centaurus A/M83 Group | ||||
185 | ![]() |
Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253) |
SAB(s)c | 11.40[68] | 3.49 | 8.0[8] | Sculptor group | 90,000 ly | ||
186 | ![]() |
(UGC 5428) | Im | 11.42[68] | 3.50 | 18[8] | M81 group | |||
187 | ![]() |
Messier 82 | I0;Sbrst HII | 11.42 | 3.53[7] | −19.63[7] | 9.30 [8] | M81 group | 37,000 ly, possibly up to 100,000 ly | |
188 | () | I? | 11.58[68] | 3.55 | −11.49[7] | 16.5[8] | M81 group | |||
189 | ![]() |
NGC 2976 | SAc pec HII | 11.61[68] | 3.56 | −17.1[7] | 10.82[8] | M81 group | ||
11.61 | 3.56[74] | IC 342/Maffei Group | Satellite of IC 342[74] | |||||||
190 | ![]() |
() | Im | 11.61[68] | 3.56 | −13.37[7] | 14.48 [8] | M81 group | ||
191 | ![]() |
NGC 4945 | SB(s)cd:sp[8] | 11.70[80] | 3.59 | −20.51[1] | 9.3[8] | Centaurus A/M83 Group | ||
192 | ![]() |
Messier 81 | SA(s)ab, LINER | 11.74[68] | 3.62 | 6.94[8] | M81 group | Brightest galaxy in M81 Group | 90,000 ly | |
193 | 12.3 | 3.77[81] | −11.15[81] | Centaurus A/M83 Group | ||||||
194 | ![]() |
NGC 4449 | IBm | 12.00[68] | 3.71 | 10.00[8] | M94 group | 18,000 ly | ||
195 | dSph[82] | 12.30 | 3.77[82] | −11.7[82] | Centaurus A/M83 Group | In Centaurus A Group; contains a ring of Hα emission | ||||
196 | ![]() |
Centaurus A | S0 pec | 12.01[68] | 3.8 | 6.84[8] | Centaurus A/M83 Group | Brightest galaxy in Centaurus A Group and brightest and nearest radio galaxy | 60,000 ly | |
# | Galaxy | Type | Dist from Earth | Magnitude | Group Membership |
Notes | ||||
Mly | Mpc | M | m |
See also[]
- Lists of astronomical objects
- List of galaxies
- List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs
- List of spiral galaxies
Notes[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Calculated from the distance modulus () and the absolute magnitude ()
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Calculated from the distance modulus () using the formula
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Galaxies of small Antlia-Sextans Group, which is considered as part of Local Group, but membership of it is uncertain.
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh I. D. Karachentsev et al.(2004) A Catalog of Neighboring Galaxies Refinements in distance measurements could change the order presented in this list.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Earth is 8,122 ± 31 parsecs (26,490 ± 100 ly) or 0.0265 million light years from the galactic center (the center of the Milky Way). The distance of Earth from the galaxy which contains it is of course "zero"
- ^ "Astronomers find nearest galaxy to the Milky Way" (Press release). University of Strasbourg. 4 November 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-27.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Longeard, Nicolas; Martin, Nicolas; Starkenburg, Else; Ibata, Rodrigo A.; Collins, Michelle L M.; Geha, Marla; Laevens, Benjamin P M.; Rich, R Michael; Aguado, David S.; Arentsen, Anke; Carlberg, Raymond G.; Côté, Patrick; Hill, Vanessa; Jablonka, Pascale; González Hernández, Jonay I.; Navarro, Julio F.; Sánchez-Janssen, Rubén; Tolstoy, Eline; Venn, Kim A.; Youakim, Kris (2018). "Pristine dwarf galaxy survey – I. A detailed photometric and spectroscopic study of the very metal-poor Draco II satellite". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (2): 2609–2627. arXiv:1807.10655. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2609L. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1986.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Mutlu-Pakdil, Burçin; Sand, David J.; Carlin, Jeffrey L.; Spekkens, Kristine; Caldwell, Nelson; Crnojević, Denija; Hughes, Allison K.; Willman, Beth; Zaritsky, Dennis (2018). "A Deeper Look at the New Milky Way Satellites: Sagittarius II, Reticulum II, Phoenix II, and Tucana III". The Astrophysical Journal. 863 (1): 25. arXiv:1804.08627. Bibcode:2018ApJ...863...25M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aacd0e.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Belokurov, V.; Zucker, D. B.; Evans, N. W.; Kleyna, J. T.; Koposov, S.; Hodgkin, S. T.; Irwin, M. J.; Gilmore, G.; Wilkinson, M. I.; Fellhauer, M.; Bramich, D. M.; Hewett, P. C.; Vidrih, S.; De Jong, J. T. A.; Smith, J. A.; Rix, H. ‐W.; Bell, E. F.; Wyse, R. F. G.; Newberg, H. J.; Mayeur, P. A.; Yanny, B.; Rockosi, C. M.; Gnedin, O. Y.; Schneider, D. P.; Beers, T. C.; Barentine, J. C.; Brewington, H.; Brinkmann, J.; Harvanek, M.; Kleinman, S. J. (2007). "Cats and Dogs, Hair and a Hero: A Quintet of New Milky Way Companions". The Astrophysical Journal. 654 (2): 897–906. arXiv:astro-ph/0608448. Bibcode:2007ApJ...654..897B. doi:10.1086/509718.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk I. D. Karachentsev (2005). "The Local Group and Other Neighboring Galaxy Groups". Astronomical Journal. 129 (1): 178–188. arXiv:astro-ph/0410065. Bibcode:2005AJ....129..178K. doi:10.1086/426368.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Retrieved 2008.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Koposov, Sergey E.; Walker, Matthew G.; Belokurov, Vasily; Casey, Andrew R.; Geringer-Sameth, Alex; MacKey, Dougal; Da Costa, Gary; Erkal, Denis; Jethwa, Prashin; Mateo, Mario; Olszewski, Edward W.; Bailey, John I. (2018). "Snake in the Clouds: A new nearby dwarf galaxy in the Magellanic bridge". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 479 (4): 5343. arXiv:1804.06430. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.479.5343K. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1772.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Li, T. S.; Simon, J. D.; Pace, A. B.; Torrealba, G.; Kuehn, K.; Drlica-Wagner, A.; Bechtol, K.; Vivas, A. K.; Van Der Marel, R. P.; Wood, M.; Yanny, B.; Belokurov, V.; Jethwa, P.; Zucker, D. B.; Lewis, G.; Kron, R.; Nidever, D. L.; Sánchez-Conde, M. A.; Ji, A. P.; Conn, B. C.; James, D. J.; Martin, N. F.; Martinez-Delgado, D.; Noël, N. E. D.; MagLiteS Collaboration (2018). "Ships Passing in the Night: Spectroscopic Analysis of Two Ultra-faint Satellites in the Constellation Carina". The Astrophysical Journal. 857 (2): 145. arXiv:1802.06810. Bibcode:2018ApJ...857..145L. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab666.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Kallivayalil, Nitya; Sales, Laura V.; Zivick, Paul; Fritz, Tobias K.; Del Pino, Andrés; Sohn, Sangmo Tony; Besla, Gurtina; Van Der Marel, Roeland P.; Navarro, Julio F.; Sacchi, Elena (2018). "The Missing Satellites of the Magellanic Clouds? Gaia Proper Motions of the Recently Discovered Ultra-faint Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 867 (1): 19. arXiv:1805.01448. Bibcode:2018ApJ...867...19K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aadfee.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Belokurov, V.; Walker, M.G.; Evans, N.W.; et al. (2009). "Segue 2: A Prototype of the Population of Satellites of Satellites". Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 397 (4): 1748–1755. arXiv:0903.0818. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.397.1748B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15106.x.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Martin, Nicolas F.; de Jong, Jelte T. A.; Rix, Hans-Walter (September 2008). "A Comprehensive Maximum Likelihood Analysis of the Structural Properties of Faint Milky Way Satellites". The Astrophysical Journal. 684 (2): 1075–1092. arXiv:0805.2945. Bibcode:2008ApJ...684.1075M. doi:10.1086/590336.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Musella, Ilaria; Ripepi, Vincenzo; Clementini, Gisella; et al. (2009). "Pulsating Variable Stars in the Coma Berenices Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 695 (1): L83–1L87. arXiv:0902.4230. Bibcode:2009ApJ...695L..83M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/695/1/L83.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Drlica-Wagner, A.; Bechtol, K.; Allam, S.; Tucker, D. L.; Gruendl, R. A.; Johnson, M. D.; Walker, A. R.; James, D. J.; Nidever, D. L.; Olsen, K. A. G.; Wechsler, R. H.; Cioni, M. R. L.; Conn, B. C.; Kuehn, K.; Li, T. S.; Mao, Y. -Y.; Martin, N. F.; Neilsen, E.; Noel, N. E. D.; Pieres, A.; Simon, J. D.; Stringfellow, G. S.; Van Der Marel, R. P.; Yanny, B. (2016). "An Ultra-faint Galaxy Candidate Discovered in Early Data from the Magellanic Satellites Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 833 (1): L5. arXiv:1609.02148. Bibcode:2016ApJ...833L...5D. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/833/1/L5.
- ^ Grillmair, C.J. (2009). "Four New Stellar Debris Streams in the Galactic Halo". The Astrophysical Journal. 693 (2): 1118–1127. arXiv:0811.3965. Bibcode:2009ApJ...693.1118G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1118.
- ^ Carlin, Jeffrey L.; Grillmair, Carl J.; Muñoz, Ricardo R.; et al. (September 2009). "Kinematics and Metallicities in the Boötes III Stellar Overdensity: a Disrupted Dwarf Galaxy?". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 702 (1): L9–L13. arXiv:0907.3738. Bibcode:2009ApJ...702L...9C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/702/1/L9.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Martínez-Vázquez, C. E.; Vivas, A. K.; Gurevich, M.; Walker, A. R.; McCarthy, M.; Pace, A. B.; Stringer, K. M.; Santiago, B.; Hounsell, R.; Macri, L.; Li, T. S.; Bechtol, K.; Riley, A. H.; Kim, A. G.; Simon, J. D.; Drlica-Wagner, A.; Nadler, E. O.; Marshall, J. L.; Annis, J.; Avila, S.; Bertin, E.; Brooks, D.; Buckley-Geer, E.; Burke, D. L.; Rosell, A Carnero; Kind, M Carrasco; Da Costa, L. N.; De Vicente, J.; Desai, S.; et al. (2019). "Search for RR Lyrae stars in DES ultra-faint systems: Grus I, Kim 2, Phoenix II, and Grus II". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 490 (2): 2183. arXiv:1909.06308. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.490.2183M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2609.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Walker, Matthew G.; Mateo, Mario; Olszewski, Edward W.; Koposov, Sergey; Belokurov, Vasily; Jethwa, Prashin; Nidever, David L.; Bonnivard, Vincent; Iii, John I. Bailey; Bell, Eric F.; Loebman, Sarah R. (2016). "Magellan/M2FS Spectroscopy of Tucana 2 and Grus 1". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (1): 53. arXiv:1511.06296. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819...53W. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/53.
- ^ Belokurov, 2006 A Faint New Milky Way Satellite in Bootes
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Longeard, Nicolas; Martin, Nicolas; Starkenburg, Else; Ibata, Rodrigo A.; Collins, Michelle L M.; Laevens, Benjamin P M.; MacKey, Dougal; Rich, R Michael; Aguado, David S.; Arentsen, Anke; Jablonka, Pascale; González Hernández, Jonay I.; Navarro, Julio F.; Sánchez-Janssen, Rubén (2020). "The Pristine Dwarf-Galaxy survey – II. In-depth observational study of the faint Milky Way satellite Sagittarius II". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 491 (1): 356–377. arXiv:1902.02780. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.491..356L. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2854.
- ^ Muñoz, Ricardo R.; Côté, Patrick; Santana, Felipe A.; Geha, Marla; Simon, Joshua D.; Oyarzún, Grecco A.; Stetson, Peter B.; Djorgovski, S. G. (2018). "A MegaCam Survey of Outer Halo Satellites. III. Photometric and Structural Parameters". The Astrophysical Journal. 860 (1): 66. Bibcode:2018ApJ...860...66M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac16b.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Koposov, Sergey E.; Casey, Andrew R.; Belokurov, Vasily; Lewis, James R.; Gilmore, Gerard; Worley, Clare; Hourihane, Anna; Randich, S.; Bensby, T.; Bragaglia, A.; Bergemann, M.; Carraro, G.; Costado, M. T.; Flaccomio, E.; Francois, P.; Heiter, U.; Hill, V.; Jofre, P.; Lando, C.; Lanzafame, A. C.; Laverny, P. de; Monaco, L.; Morbidelli, L.; Sbordone, L.; Mikolaitis, Š.; Ryde, N. (2015). "Kinematics and Chemistry of Recently Discovered Reticulum 2 and Horologium 1 Dwarf Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 811 (1): 62. arXiv:1504.07916. Bibcode:2015ApJ...811...62K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/811/1/62.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Boyer, Martha L; Skillman, Evan D; Van Loon, Jacco Th; Gehrz, Robert D; Woodward, Charles E (2009). "Aspitzerstudy of Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars. Iii. Dust Production and Gas Return in Local Group Dwarf Irregular Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 697 (2): 1993–2014. arXiv:0903.3871. Bibcode:2009ApJ...697.1993B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/1993.
- ^ Watkins, L. L.; et al. (2009), "Substructure revealed by RR Lyraes in SDSS Stripe 82", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 398 (4): 1757–70, arXiv:0906.0498, Bibcode:2009MNRAS.398.1757W, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15242.x.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Drlica-Wagner, A.; Bechtol, K.; Rykoff, E. S.; Luque, E.; Queiroz, A.; Mao, Y.-Y.; Wechsler, R. H.; Simon, J. D.; Santiago, B.; Yanny, B.; Balbinot, E.; Dodelson, S.; Neto, A. Fausti; James, D. J.; Li, T. S.; Maia, M. A. G.; Marshall, J. L.; Pieres, A.; Stringer, K.; Walker, A. R.; Abbott, T. M. C.; Abdalla, F. B.; Allam, S.; Benoit-Lévy, A.; Bernstein, G. M.; Bertin, E.; Brooks, D.; Buckley-Geer, E.; Burke, D. L.; et al. (2015). "Eight Ultra-Faint Galaxy Candidates Discovered in Year Two of the Dark Energy Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 813 (2): 109. arXiv:1508.03622. Bibcode:2015ApJ...813..109D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/813/2/109.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Willman, Dalcanton, Martinez-Delgado, et al. (2005) "A New Milky Way Dwarf Galaxy in Ursa Major", submitted to Astrophysical Journal Letters, on arXiv.org: astro-ph/0503552
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Torrealba, G.; Koposov, S. E.; Belokurov, V.; Irwin, M.; Collins, M.; Spencer, M.; Ibata, R.; Mateo, M.; Bonaca, A.; Jethwa, P. (2016). "At the survey limits: Discovery of the Aquarius 2 dwarf galaxy in the VST ATLAS and the SDSS data". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 463 (1): 712–722. arXiv:1605.05338. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.463..712T. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2051.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Koposov, Sergey E.; Belokurov, Vasily; Torrealba, Gabriel; Evans, N. Wyn (2015). "Beasts of the Southern Wild: Discovery of Nine Ultra Faint Satellites in the Vicinity of the Magellanic Clouds". The Astrophysical Journal. 805 (2): 130. arXiv:1503.02079. Bibcode:2015ApJ...805..130K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/805/2/130.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Sand, David J.; Olszewski, Edward W.; Willman, Beth (2009). "The Star Formation History and Extended Structure of the Hercules Milky Way Satellite". The Astrophysical Journal. 704 (2): 898–914. arXiv:0906.4017. Bibcode:2009ApJ...704..898S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/704/2/898.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Vivas, A. Katherina; Olsen, Knut; Blum, Robert; Nidever, David L.; Walker, Alistair R.; Martin, Nicolas F.; Besla, Gurtina; Gallart, Carme; Van Der Marel, Roeland P.; Majewski, Steven R.; Kaleida, Catherine C.; Muñoz, Ricardo R.; Saha, Abhijit; Conn, Blair C.; Jin, Shoko (2016). "Variable Stars in the Field of the Hydra II Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy". The Astronomical Journal. 151 (5): 118. arXiv:1510.05539. Bibcode:2016AJ....151..118V. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/5/118.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Sand, David J.; Seth, Anil; Olszewski, Edward W.; et al. (2010). "A Deeper Look at Leo IV: Star Formation History and Extended Structure". The Astrophysical Journal. 718 (1): 530–42. arXiv:0911.5352. Bibcode:2010ApJ...718..530S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/718/1/530.
- ^ Jump up to: a b de Jong, J. T. A.; Martin, N. F.; Rix, H. W.; Smith, K. W.; Jin, S.; Macciò, A. V. (2010). "The Enigmatic Pair of Dwarf Galaxies Leo Iv and Leo V: Coincidence or Common Origin?". The Astrophysical Journal. 710 (2): 1664–1671. arXiv:0912.3251. Bibcode:2010ApJ...710.1664D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/710/2/1664.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Sand, David J; Strader, Jay; Willman, Beth; Zaritsky, Dennis; McLeod, Brian; Caldwell, Nelson; Seth, Anil; Olszewski, Edward (2012). "Tidal Signatures in the Faintest Milky Way Satellites: The Detailed Properties of Leo V, Pisces II, and Canes Venatici II". The Astrophysical Journal. 756 (1): 79. arXiv:1111.6608. Bibcode:2012ApJ...756...79S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/756/1/79.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Carlin, Jeffrey L.; Sand, David J.; Muñoz, Ricardo R.; Spekkens, Kristine; Willman, Beth; Crnojević, Denija; Forbes, Duncan A.; Hargis, Jonathan; Kirby, Evan; Peter, Annika H. G.; Romanowsky, Aaron J.; Strader, Jay (2017). "Deep Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Observations of Milky Way Satellites Columba I and Triangulum II". The Astronomical Journal. 154 (6): 267. arXiv:1710.06444. Bibcode:2017AJ....154..267C. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa94d0.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Homma, Daisuke; Chiba, Masashi; Komiyama, Yutaka; Tanaka, Masayuki; Okamoto, Sakurako; Tanaka, Mikito; Ishigaki, Miho N.; Hayashi, Kohei; Arimoto, Nobuo; Carlsten, Scott G.; Lupton, Robert H.; Strauss, Michael A.; Miyazaki, Satoshi; Torrealba, Gabriel; Wang, Shiang-Yu; Murayama, Hitoshi (2019). "Boötes. IV. A new Milky Way satellite discovered in the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey and implications for the missing satellite problem". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 71 (5): 94. arXiv:1906.07332. Bibcode:2019PASJ...71...94H. doi:10.1093/pasj/psz076.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f van den Bergh, S. (2000)Updated Information on the Local Group
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Kim, Dongwon; Jerjen, Helmut; Geha, Marla; Chiti, Anirudh; Milone, Antonino P.; Da Costa, Gary; MacKey, Dougal; Frebel, Anna; Conn, Blair (2016). "Portrait of a Dark Horse: A Photometric and Spectroscopic Study of the Ultra-faint Milky Way Satellite Pegasus III". The Astrophysical Journal. 833 (1): 16. arXiv:1608.04934. Bibcode:2016ApJ...833...16K. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/833/1/16.
- ^ Martin, N. F.; Coleman, M. G.; De Jong, J. T. A.; Rix, H. W.; Bell, E. F.; Sand, D. J.; Hill, J. M.; Thompson, D.; Burwitz, V.; Giallongo, E.; Ragazzoni, R.; Diolaiti, E.; Gasparo, F.; Grazian, A.; Pedichini, F.; Bechtold, J. (2008). "A Deep Large Binocular Telescope View of the Canes Venatici I Dwarf Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 672 (1): L13–L16. arXiv:0709.3365. Bibcode:2008ApJ...672L..13M. doi:10.1086/525559.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Zucker, D. B.; Belokurov, V.; Evans, N. W.; Wilkinson, M. I.; Irwin, M. J.; Sivarani, T.; Hodgkin, S.; Bramich, D. M.; Irwin, J. M.; Gilmore, G.; Willman, B.; Vidrih, S.; Fellhauer, M.; Hewett, P. C.; Beers, T. C.; Bell, E. F.; Grebel, E. K.; Schneider, D. P.; Newberg, H. J.; Wyse, R. F. G.; Rockosi, C. M.; Yanny, B.; Lupton, R.; Smith, J. A.; Barentine, J. C.; Brewington, H.; Brinkmann, J.; Harvanek, M.; Kleinman, S. J.; Krzesinski, J. (2006). "A New Milky Way Dwarf Satellite in Canes Venatici". The Astrophysical Journal. 643 (2): L103. arXiv:astro-ph/0604354. Bibcode:2006ApJ...643L.103Z. doi:10.1086/505216.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Homma, Daisuke; Chiba, Masashi; Okamoto, Sakurako; Komiyama, Yutaka; Tanaka, Masayuki; Tanaka, Mikito; Ishigaki, Miho N.; Hayashi, Kohei; Arimoto, Nobuo; Garmilla, José A.; Lupton, Robert H.; Strauss, Michael A.; Miyazaki, Satoshi; Wang, Shiang-Yu; Murayama, Hitoshi (2018). "Searches for new Milky Way satellites from the first two years of data of the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam survey: Discovery of Cetus III". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 70: S18. arXiv:1704.05977. Bibcode:2018PASJ...70S..18H. doi:10.1093/pasj/psx050.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Li, T. S.; Simon, J. D.; Drlica-Wagner, A.; Bechtol, K.; Wang, M. Y.; García-Bellido, J.; Frieman, J.; Marshall, J. L.; James, D. J.; Strigari, L.; Pace, A. B.; Balbinot, E.; Zhang, Y.; Abbott, T. M. C.; Allam, S.; Benoit-Lévy, A.; Bernstein, G. M.; Bertin, E.; Brooks, D.; Burke, D. L.; Rosell, A. Carnero; Kind, M. Carrasco; Carretero, J.; Cunha, C. E.; d'Andrea, C. B.; Costa, L. N. da; Depoy, D. L.; Desai, S.; Diehl, H. T.; et al. (2017). "Farthest Neighbor: The Distant Milky Way Satellite Eridanus II". The Astrophysical Journal. 838 (1): 8. arXiv:1611.05052. Bibcode:2017ApJ...838....8L. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6113.
- ^ Irwin; Belokurov; Evans; Ryan-Weber; de Jong; Koposov; Zucker; Hodgkin; et al. (2007). "Discovery of an Unusual Dwarf Galaxy in the Outskirts of the Milky Way". The Astrophysical Journal. 656 (1): L13–L16. arXiv:astro-ph/0701154. Bibcode:2007ApJ...656L..13I. doi:10.1086/512183.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Skillman, Evan D.; Monelli, Matteo; Weisz, Daniel R.; Hidalgo, Sebastian L.; Aparicio, Antonio; Bernard, Edouard J.; Boylan-Kolchin, Michael; Cassisi, Santi; Cole, Andrew A.; Dolphin, Andrew E.; Ferguson, Henry C.; Gallart, Carme; Irwin, Mike J.; Martin, Nicolas F.; Martínez-Vázquez, Clara E.; Mayer, Lucio; McConnachie, Alan W.; McQuinn, Kristen B. W.; Navarro, Julio F.; Stetson, Peter B. (2017). "The ISLAndS Project. II. The Lifetime Star Formation Histories of Six Andomeda DSPHS". The Astrophysical Journal. 837 (2): 102. arXiv:1606.01207. Bibcode:2017ApJ...837..102S. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa60c5.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l McConnachie, A. W. et al. 2005 Distances and Metallicities for 17 Local Group Galaxies
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Collins, Michelle L. M.; Chapman, Scott C.; Rich, R. Michael; Ibata, Rodrigo A.; Martin, Nicolas F.; Irwin, Michael J.; Bate, Nicholas F.; Lewis, Geraint F.; Peñarrubia, Jorge; Arimoto, Nobuo; Casey, Caitlin M.; Ferguson, Annette M. N.; Koch, Andreas; McConnachie, Alan W.; Tanvir, Nial (2013). "A Kinematic Study of the Andromeda Dwarf Spheroidal System". The Astrophysical Journal. 768 (2): 172. arXiv:1302.6590. Bibcode:2013ApJ...768..172C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/768/2/172.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Hodkinson, Ben; Scholtz, Jakub (2019). "Proper motions of the satellites of M31". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 488 (3): 3231. arXiv:1904.03192. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.488.3231H. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1893.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Martin, Nicolas F.; Ibata, Rodrigo A.; Lewis, Geraint F.; McConnachie, Alan; Babul, Arif; Bate, Nicholas F.; Bernard, Edouard; Chapman, Scott C.; Collins, Michelle M. L.; Conn, Anthony R.; Crnojević, Denija; Fardal, Mark A.; Ferguson, Annette M. N.; Irwin, Michael; MacKey, A. Dougal; McMonigal, Brendan; Navarro, Julio F.; Rich, R. Michael (2016). "The PAndAS View of the Andromeda Satellite System. II. Detailed Properties of 23 M31 Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 833 (2): 167. arXiv:1610.01158. Bibcode:2016ApJ...833..167M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/833/2/167.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Karachentsev; Kashibadze; Makarov; Tully (2009). "The Hubble flow around the Local Group". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 393 (4): 1265. arXiv:0811.4610. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.393.1265K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14300.x.
- ^ Tully, R. Brent; et al. (2013). "Cosmicflows-2: The Data". The Astronomical Journal. 146 (4): 86. arXiv:1307.7213. Bibcode:2013AJ....146...86T. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/4/86.
- ^ Yang, S.-C; Sarajedini, A (2012). "HST/WFPC2 Imaging of the Dwarf Satellites And XI and And XIII : HB Morphology and RR Lyraes". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 419 (2): 1362. arXiv:1109.2038. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.419.1362Y. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19792.x.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Martin, Nicolas F.; Slater, Colin T.; Schlafly, Edward F.; Morganson, Eric; Rix, Hans-Walter; Bell, Eric F.; Laevens, Benjamin P. M.; Bernard, Edouard J.; Ferguson, Annette M. N.; Finkbeiner, Douglas P.; Burgett, William S.; Chambers, Kenneth C.; Hodapp, Klaus W.; Kaiser, Nicholas; Kudritzki, Rolf-Peter; Magnier, Eugene A.; Morgan, Jeffrey S.; Price, Paul A.; Tonry, John L.; Wainscoat, Richard J. (2013). "Lacerta I and Cassiopeia III. Two Luminous and Distant Andromeda Satellite Dwarf Galaxies Found in the 3π Pan-STARRS1 Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 772 (1): 15. arXiv:1305.5301. Bibcode:2013ApJ...772...15M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/772/1/15.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Rhode, Katherine L.; Crnojević, Denija; Sand, David J.; Janowiecki, Steven; Young, Michael D.; Spekkens, Kristine (2017). "Structural and Photometric Properties of the Andromeda Satellite Dwarf Galaxy Lacerta I from Deep Imaging with WIYN pODI". The Astrophysical Journal. 836 (1): 137. arXiv:1701.08168. Bibcode:2017ApJ...836..137R. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/836/1/137.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Martin, Nicolas F.; Schlafly, Edward F.; Slater, Colin T.; Bernard, Edouard J.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Bell, Eric F.; Ferguson, Annette M. N.; Finkbeiner, Douglas P.; Laevens, Benjamin P. M.; Burgett, William S.; Chambers, Kenneth C.; Draper, Peter W.; Hodapp, Klaus W.; Kaiser, Nicholas; Kudritzki, Rolf-Peter; Magnier, Eugene A.; Metcalfe, Nigel; Morgan, Jeffrey S.; Price, Paul A.; Tonry, John L.; Wainscoat, Richard J.; Waters, Christopher (2013). "Perseus I: A Distant Satellite Dwarf Galaxy of Andromeda". The Astrophysical Journal. 779 (1): L10. arXiv:1310.4170. Bibcode:2013ApJ...779L..10M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/779/1/L10.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Slater, Colin T.; Bell, Eric F.; Martin, Nicolas F.; Tollerud, Erik J.; Ho, Nhung (2015). "A Deep Study of the Dwarf Satellites Andromeda XXVIII and Andromeda XXIX". The Astrophysical Journal. 806 (2): 230. arXiv:1505.02161. Bibcode:2015ApJ...806..230S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/230.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Morrison et al. 2003 Andromeda VIII, a New Tidally Distorted satellite of M31 — for details see [1]
- ^ Jump up to: a b Martin; McConnachie; Mike Irwin; Widrow; et al. (2009). "PAndAS' cubs: Discovery of two new dwarf galaxies in the surroundings of the Andromeda and Triangulum galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 705 (1): 758–765. arXiv:0909.0399. Bibcode:2009ApJ...705..758M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/705/1/758.
- ^ See
- ^ Zucker et al. 2007 Andromeda X, a New Dwarf Spheroidal satellite of M31:Photometry — for details see [2]
- ^ Jump up to: a b A Trio of New Local Group Galaxies with Extreme Properties, Alan W. McConnachie et al. 2008, ApJ 688 1009-1020, https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3988
- ^ Kopylov; Tikhonov; Sergey Fabrika; Igor Drozdovsky; et al. (2008). "VV124 (UGC4879): A new transitional dwarf galaxy in the periphery of the Local Group". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 387 (1): L45–L49. arXiv:0803.1107. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.387L..45K. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00482.x.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Soszynski "et al."(2006) The Araucaria Project: Distance to the Local Group Galaxy NGC 3109 from Near-Infrared Photometry of Cepheids see [3]
- ^ Dolphin, Andrew E. et al. 2003 Deep Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Sextans A. II. Cepheids and Distance
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hargis, J. R.; Albers, S.; Crnojević, D.; Sand, D. J.; Weisz, D. R.; Carlin, J. L.; Spekkens, K.; Willman, B.; Peter, A. H. G.; Grillmair, C. J.; Dolphin, A. E. (2020). "Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Antlia B: Star Formation History and a New Tip of the Red Giant Branch Distance". The Astrophysical Journal. 888 (1): 31. Bibcode:2020ApJ...888...31H. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab58d2. hdl:10150/640977.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Karachentsev, I. D. et al. (2003) Distances to Nearby Galaxies in Sculptor
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sharina, M. E; Shimansky, V. V; Kniazev, A. Y (2017). "Nuclei of dwarf spheroidal galaxies KKs 3 and ESO 269−66 and their counterparts in our Galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 471 (2): 1955. arXiv:1706.07344. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.471.1955S. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1605.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Karachentsev, I. D.; Dolphin, A. E.; Geisler, D.; Grebel, E. K.; Guhathakurta, P.; Hodge, P. W.; Karachentseva, V. E.; Sarajedini, A.; Seitzer, P.; Sharina, M. E. (2002). "The M 81 group of galaxies: New distances, kinematics and structure". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 383: 125–136. Bibcode:2002A&A...383..125K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011741.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Karachentsev, Igor D.; Makarov, Dmitry I.; Kaisina, Elena I. (2013). "Updated Nearby Galaxy Catalog". The Astronomical Journal. 145 (4): 101. arXiv:1303.5328. Bibcode:2013AJ....145..101K. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/145/4/101. S2CID 118585268.
- ^ Garling, Christopher T.; Peter, Annika H G.; Kochanek, Christopher S.; Sand, David J.; Crnojević, Denija (2020). "The case for strangulation in low-mass hosts: DDO 113". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 492 (2): 1713–1730. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3526.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Carlin, Jeffrey L.; Garling, Christopher T.; Peter, Annika H. G.; Crnojević, Denija; Forbes, Duncan A.; Hargis, Jonathan R.; Mutlu-Pakdil, Burçin; Pucha, Ragadeepika; Romanowsky, Aaron J.; Sand, David J.; Spekkens, Kristine; Strader, Jay; Willman, Beth (2019). "Tidal Destruction in a Low-mass Galaxy Environment: The Discovery of Tidal Tails around DDO 44". The Astrophysical Journal. 886 (2): 109. arXiv:1906.08260. Bibcode:2019ApJ...886..109C. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4c32. S2CID 195218404.
- ^ Jump up to: a b http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-3881/131/3/1361/205003.tb1.html
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d see article at
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Karachentsev, Igor D.; Makarova, Lidia N.; Brent Tully, R.; Anand, Gagandeep S.; Rizzi, Luca; Shaya, Edward J.; Afanasiev, Viktor L. (2020). "KKH 22, the first dwarf spheroidal satellite of IC 342". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 638: A111. arXiv:2005.03132. Bibcode:2020A&A...638A.111K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037993. S2CID 218538458.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Carlin, Jeffrey L.; Mutlu-Pakdil, Burçin; Crnojević, Denija; Garling, Christopher T.; Karunakaran, Ananthan; Peter, Annika H. G.; Tollerud, Erik; Forbes, Duncan A.; Hargis, Jonathan R.; Lim, Sungsoon; Romanowsky, Aaron J.; Sand, David J.; Spekkens, Kristine; Strader, Jay (2021). "Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Two Faint Dwarf Satellites of Nearby LMC Analogs from MADCASH". The Astrophysical Journal. 909 (2): 211. arXiv:2012.09174. Bibcode:2021ApJ...909..211C. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe040. S2CID 229297953.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1538-3881/133/2/504
- ^ Jump up to: a b http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1538-3881/131/3/1361/
- ^ Lianou, S.; Cole, A. A. (2013). "The star formation history of the Sculptor Dwarf Irregular Galaxy". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 549: A47. arXiv:1211.0137. Bibcode:2013A&A...549A..47L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220193. S2CID 55237783.
- ^ Chiboucas, Kristin; Karachentsev, Igor D.; Tully, R. Brent (2009). "Discovery of New Dwarf Galaxies in the M81 Group". The Astronomical Journal. 137 (2): 3009–3037. arXiv:0805.1250. Bibcode:2009AJ....137.3009C. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/2/3009. S2CID 14156955.
- ^ I. D. Karachentsev et al.(2002) New distances to galaxies in the Centaurus A group
- ^ Jump up to: a b Crnojević, D.; Grebel, E. K.; Koch, A. (2010). "A close look at the Centaurus a group of galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 516: A85. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913429.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Müller, Oliver; Fahrion, Katja; Rejkuba, Marina; Hilker, Michael; Lelli, Federico; Lutz, Katharina; Pawlowski, Marcel S.; Coccato, Lodovico; Anand, Gagandeep S.; Jerjen, Helmut (2021). "The properties of dwarf spheroidal galaxies in the Cen a group". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 645: A92. arXiv:2011.04990. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039359.
- Belokurov, V.; et al. (2006). "A Faint New Milky Way Satellite in Bootes". The Astrophysical Journal. 647 (2): L111–L114. arXiv:astro-ph/0604355. Bibcode:2006ApJ...647L.111B. doi:10.1086/507324.
- Dolphin, A. E., et al. (March 2003). "Deep Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Sextans A. II. Cepheids and Distance". The Astronomical Journal. 125 (3): 1261–1290. arXiv:astro-ph/0211486. Bibcode:2003AJ....125.1261D. doi:10.1086/346279.
- Karachentsev, I. D., et al. (2002). "The M 81 group of galaxies: New distances, kinematics and structure" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 383 (1): 125–136. Bibcode:2002A&A...383..125K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011741.
- Karachentsev, I. D., et al. (2002). "New distances to galaxies in the Centaurus A group". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 385 (1): 21–31. Bibcode:2002A&A...385...21K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020042.
- Karachentsev, I. D., et al. (June 2003). "Distances to Nearby Galaxies in Sculptor". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 404 (1): 93–112. arXiv:astro-ph/0302045. Bibcode:2003A&A...404...93K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030170.
- Karachentsev, I. D., et al. (2004). "A Catalog of Neighboring Galaxies". Astronomical Journal. 127 (4): 2031–2068. Bibcode:2004AJ....127.2031K. doi:10.1086/382905.
- Karachentsev, I. D. (2005). "The Local Group and Other Neighbouring Galaxy Groups". Astronomical Journal. 129 (1): 178–188. arXiv:astro-ph/0410065. Bibcode:2005AJ....129..178K. doi:10.1086/426368.
- McConnachie, A. W., et al. (2005). "Distances and Metallicities for 17 Local Group Galaxies". MNRAS. 356 (3): 979–997. arXiv:astro-ph/0410489. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.356..979M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08514.x.
- Tonry, J. L., et al. (2001). "The SBF Survey of Galaxy Distances. IV. SBF Magnitudes, Colors, and Distances". Astrophysical Journal. 546 (2): 681–693. arXiv:astro-ph/0011223. Bibcode:2001ApJ...546..681T. doi:10.1086/318301.
- Van den Bergh, S. (April 2000). "Updated Information on the Local Group". The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 112 (770): 529–536. arXiv:astro-ph/0001040. Bibcode:2000PASP..112..529V. doi:10.1086/316548.
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