List of megathrust earthquakes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of megathrust earthquakes that have occurred. Megathrust earthquakes are large seismic events that take place along convergent plate boundaries, particularly at subduction zones. Examples of subduction zones include the Sumatra and Java trenches, Nankai Trough and Peru-Chile trench which are frequent sources of these earthquakes.


List[]

The inclusion criteria in this list is any notable subduction earthquake of at least magnitude 8.0.

Pre-11th century[]

Date Time‡ Location Fatalities Mag. Effects/notes
60 BC Cabo de San Vicente, Portugal 8.5 Possible tsunami. Considered the oldest record of an earthquake in the Portuguese earthquake catalogs.
July 21, 365 AD Crete, Greece
see 365 Crete earthquake 		"thousands" 8.6 Devastation in Cyrene & Alexandria by a tsunami. Uplift of up to 9 metres in Crete. Maximum intensity XI (Extreme).
November 29, 684 AD Nankai Trough, Japan
see 684 Hakuhō earthquake 		8.4
July 13, 869 AD Sanriku, Japan
see 869 Sanriku earthquake 		1,000+ 8.4–9.0 Major tsunami. Several hundred villages destroyed.
August 26, 887 AD Nankaido, Japan
see Tōkai earthquakes 		"many" 8.6 Major tsunami recorded in Osaka Bay. Landslides reported.
December 11, 1096 AD Nankaido, Japan
see Tōkai earthquakes 		"many" 8.4 Destructive earthquake and tsunami, damaging many homes and shrines.
February 22, 1099 AD Nankai Trough, Japan
see Nankai earthquakes 		8.4

11th–18th century[]

Date Time‡ Location Fatalities Mag. Effects/notes
August 8, 1303 "dawn" Crete, Greece
see 1303 Crete earthquake 		4,000+ 8.0 Maximum intensity IX (Violent). Tsunami damage in Alexandria, Egypt and along the Syrian coast. Many buildings damaged in Cairo due to the earthquake.
July 26, 1361 Tokai region, Japan
see 1361 Shōhei earthquake 		8.5
September 1, 1420 Omate, Peru
see 1420 Caldera earthquake 		8.5–9.0
September 20, 1498 08:00 Nankaido, Japan
see 1498 Nankai earthquake 		26,000 8.6 Major tsunami.
June 6, 1505 Nepal and India
see 1505 Lo Mustang earthquake 		8.2–8.9[1] At least 30% of the Nepalese polulation perished. Extreme damage in Nepal and northern India.
December 16, 1575 18:30 Valdivia, Chile
see 1575 Valdivia earthquake 		1,500 8.5 Maximum intensity X (Extreme).
January 22, 1582 16:30 Arequipa, Peru "many" 8.4 Maximum intensity X (Extreme). Many buildings collapsed or were severely damaged.
March 17, 1584 Lima, Peru 8.4 Maximum intensity VII (Very strong). Severe damage in Lima.
June 10–11, 1585 18:30 Aleutian subduction zone, Alaska
see 1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake 		Unknown 9.25 Tsunami killed natives in the Hawaiian Islands and reported in Japan.
July 10, 1586 19:00 Lima, Peru
see 1586 Lima–Callao earthquake 		22 8.5 Maximum intensity X (Extreme). 1,000 km by 120 km area of Peruvian coastline severely affected. A significant local tsunami was reported in Lima. The tsunami was confused with that of the Aleutian Islands event in tsunami catalogs.
February 28, 1600 20:00 Omate, Peru 8.1
November 24, 1604 18:30 Arica, Chile
see 1604 Arica earthquake 		174 8.5–9.4
February 3, 1604 20:00 Japan
see 1605 Nankai earthquake 		"thousands" 8.0
October 20, 1609 01:00 Peru 8.6
December 2, 1611 Sanriku coast, Japan
see 1611 Sanriku earthquake 		5,000 8.1
February 14, 1619 16:30 Trujillo, Peru 350 8.6
August 1, 1629 Banda Sea , Dutch East Indies (present-dayIndonesia)
1629 Banda Sea earthquake 		Unknown 8.2–8.8 Major tsunami.
May 14, 1647 02:30 Santiago, Chile
see 1647 Santiago earthquake 		1,000 8.5
October 20, 1687 10:30 Lima, Peru
see 1687 Peru earthquake 		5,000 8.7 8-meter tsunami in Peru. Tsunami reported in Japan.
April 16, 1690 Leeward Islands
see 		8.0 Maximum intensity IX.
January 27, 1700 05:00 Cascadia subduction zone, United States and Canada
see 1700 Cascadia earthquake 		9.0–9.2 Tsunami in Japan and the Pacific Northwest.
December 30, 1703 17:00 Boso Peninsula, Japan
see 1703 Genroku earthquake 		5,233 8.0 Maximum intensity IX.
October 28, 1707 14:00 (local time) Japan
see 1707 Hōei earthquake 		5,000 8.7–9.3 Tsunami
May 4, 1714 Main Himalayan Thrust, Bhutan Unknown 8.5 [2]
May 4, 1730 Valparaíso, Chile
see 1730 Valparaíso earthquake 		Unknown 9.1–9.3 16-meter-high tsunami.
November 4, 1737 08:00 Kamchatka, Russian Empire
see 1737 Kamchatka earthquake 		9.0–9.3
December 24, 1737 Valdivia, Chile
see 1737 Valdivia earthquake 		8.0
October 29, 1746 03:30 Lima, Peru
see 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake 		1,141 8.6
May 25, 1751 01:00 Concepción, Chile
see 1751 Concepción earthquake 		8.5
November 1, 1755 09:30 Lisbon, Portugal
see 1755 Lisbon earthquake 		50,000 8.7–9.0 Tsunami.
March 30, 1761 23:01 Lisbon, Portugal
see 1761 Lisbon earthquake 		Unknown 8.0–8.5 Tsunami.
January 22, 1780 Java, Indonesia 8.5[3] Severe damage
April 3, 1787 23:01 Oaxaca, New Spain (now Mexico)
see 1787 New Spain earthquake 		11 8.6 Tsunami.
July & August, 1788 Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, Russia (now United States)
see 		Unknown 8.0 Intensity VII. Major tsunami, 10 to 30 meters high. Many native Russians killed. The second earthquake triggered a 91-meter tsunami. Thought to be one earthquake rather than two.[4]
22 August, 1792 Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia Unknown 8.25 [5]
10 Frbruary, 1797 Sumatra, Indonesia
see 1797 Sumatra earthquake 		300 8.4 [6]

19th century[]

Date Time‡ Location Fatalities Mag. Effects/notes
4 April, 1819 Copiapó, Chile
see 		Unknown 8.5 Ms [7] Copiapó totally destroyed by the earthquake. Caldera suffered massive damage. Minor tsunami.
20 November, 1822 Valparaíso Region, Chile
see 1822 Valparaíso earthquake 		72-300+ 8.5 Ms [7]
30 March, 1828 Sumatra, Indonesia
see 1833 Sumatra earthquake 		Numerous 8.8–9.2 Destructive tsunami.
20 February, 1835 Concepción, Chile
see 1835 Concepción earthquake 		50+ 8.5 Ms [7] Large tsunami.
20 February, 1835 Valdivia, Chile
see 1837 Valdivia earthquake 		8.5 Ms [7]
11 January, 1839 Morning Martinique, Lesser Antilles
see 1839 Martinique earthquake 		390–4,000 8.0
17 May, 1841 Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 8.4 6-meter tsunami.
8 February, 1843 10:37 Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles
see 1843 Guadeloupe earthquake 		1,500–5,000 8.5
7 April, 1845 10:37 Oaxaca & Guerrero, Mexico
see 		Unknown 8.0 Felt strongly in Mexico City, resulting in significant damage.[8]
25 November, 1852 22:40 Banda Islands, Banda Sea, Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia)
see 1852 Banda Sea earthquake 		60+ 8.4–8.8 Tsunami up to 8 meters tall. Felt IX in Banda Neira.
23 December, 1854 16:00 Nankai Trough, Japan
see 1854 Nankai earthquake, 1854 Tōkai earthquake & Ansei great earthquakes 		5,000+ 8.4 Major damage caused by tsunami inundation.
24 December, 1854 09:00 8.4
16 February, 1861 Sumatra, Indonesia
see 1861 Sumatra earthquake 		Thousands 8.5
17 November, 1865 Pacific Ocean, Tonga 0 8.0 Felt in ships as well. Two-meter tsunami caused limited damage.[9]
13 August, 1868 Arica, Peru & Chile
see 1868 Arica earthquake 		25,000 9.0
?? ??, 1873 Papua New Guinea "Some" 8.0 Felt IX. Some damage to villages and people killed. Minor tsunami.
28 March, 1875 Pacific Ocean, New Caledonia 25+ 8.1–8.2[10] Four-meter tsunami caused at least 25 deaths.
9 May, 1877 21:16 Iquique, Chile
see 1877 Iquique earthquake 		2,385 8.9 Fiji accounts for most of the deaths attributed to the tsunami.
7 September, 1882 03:20 local time Iquique, Panama
see 		250 8.3 Destructive tsunami
6 September, 1889 12:00 Celebes Sea, Indonesia 8.0 Damaging tsunami up to 4 meters in height.
15 June, 1896 10:33 Sanriku, Japan
see 1896 Sanriku earthquake 		27,122 8.6 Weakly felt earthquake but a major tsunami up to 38 meters in height.
10 September, 1899 Yakutat Bay, Alaska
see 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes 		0 8.2 & 8.2 Large coastal uplift and tsunami.

20th century[]

Date Time‡ Location Fatalities Mag. Effects/notes
22 September, 1902 01:46 Guam, United States 0 8.1 Felt IX. No tsunami.
27 February, 1903 01:46 Java, Indonesia 0 8.1
31 January, 1906 15:36 Ecuador & Colombia
see 1906 Ecuador-Colombia earthquake 		500–1,000 8.8 [11]
17 August, 1906 00:40 Valparaíso, Chile
see 1906 Valparaíso earthquake 		4,000 8.2 [12]
14 September, 1906 16:04 Finisterre Range, Papua New Guinea "Hundreds" 8.0 [13] Felt X. Many landslides and tsunamis triggered.[14]
4 January, 1907 12:20 local time Nias Island, Indonesia
see 1907 Sumatra earthquake 		2,188 8.2 [15] Destructive tsunami, up to 15 meters high, killing most of the inhabitants.
26 June, 1917 05:49 local time Pacific Ocean, Samoa
see 1917 Samoa earthquake 		2 8.5 Mw [16] 12.2-meter tsunami.
15 August, 1918 20:18 local time Mindanao, Philippines
see 1918 Celebes Sea earthquake 		52 8.3 Mw [17]
10 November, 1922 23:53 local time Atacama Region, Chile
see 1922 Vallenar earthquake 		~500 8.5 Mw [18][19]
3 February, 1923 04:01 local time Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
see February 1923 Kamchatka earthquake 		3 8.4 Ms [20] Felt XI. Tsunami.
14 April, 1923 02:31 local time Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
see April 1923 Kamchatka earthquake 		36 8.2 Mw [21] Felt X. Tsunami up to 30 meters.
1 September, 1923 11:58 local time Kantō Plain, Japan
see 1923 Great Kantō earthquake 		148,000 8.1 Mw [22] Felt XI. A conflagaration and firenado killed tens of thousands in the Kantō Plain. Tsunami up to 12 meters caused extensive damage. One of the deadliest earthquakes in human history.
14 April, 1924 16:20 Mindanao, Philippines 0 8.0 Mw [23]
3 June, 1932 04:36 Jalisco, Mexico
see 1932 Jalisco earthquakes 		400+ 8.1 Mw [24] Multiple mainshocks.
15 January, 1934 08:43 Himalayas, Nepal & India
see 1934 Nepal–India earthquake 		12,000 8.0 Mw [25] Major damage in both countries. Widespread liquefaction.
24 May, 1940 11:35 Lima, Peru
see 1940 Lima earthquake 		300 8.2 Mw [26] Majority of the deaths were from Callao and Lima.
13 May, 1942 21:13 local time Manabí Province, Ecuador
see 1942 Ecuador earthquake 		200+ 8.3 Ms [27]
24 August, 1942 17:40 local time Lima, Peru
see 1942 Peru earthquake 		30 8.1 Mw [28]
6 April, 1943 12:07 local time Coquimbo Region, Chile
see 1943 Ovalle earthquake 		11 8.1 Mw [29]
7 December, 1944 13:35 local time Tōkai region, Japan
see 1944 Tōnankai earthquake 		3,538 8.1 Mw [30]
28 November, 1945 01:26 local time Balochistan, British India (present–day Pakistan)
see 1945 Balochistan earthquake 		4,000 8.0 Mw [31] Tsunami.
1 April, 1946 03:29 local time Aleutian Islands, Alaska
see 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake 		173 8.6 Mw [32] Majority of the deaths was the result of the tsunami hitting Hawaii. One tsunami fatality in California.
21 December, 1946 04:19 local time Nankaidō, Japan
see 1946 Nankai earthquake 		1,362+ 8.3 Mw [33]
15 August, 1950 19:39 local time Mishmi Hills, India & Tibet
see 1950 Assam-Tibet earthquake 		4,800 8.6 Mw [34]
4 March, 1952 10:22 local time Hokkaido, Japan
see 1952 Tokachi earthquake 		33 8.1 Mw [35]
5 November, 1952 03:58 local time Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
see 1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake 		10,000–15,000 9.0 Mw [36] 5th largest in recorded history.
9 March, 1957 04:22 local time Andreanof Islands, Alaska
see 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake 		0 8.6 Mw [37]
21 May, 1960 06:02 local time Concepción, Chile
see 1960 Concepción earthquakes 		125 8.1 Mw [38] Foreshock to the next earthquake on 22 May.
22 May, 1960 15:11 local time Valdivia, Chile
see 1960 Valdivia earthquake 		1,000–7,000 9.5 Mw [39] The largest earthquake in recorded history.
13 October, 1963 15:17 local time Kuril Islands, USSR (present-day Russia)
see 1963 Kuril Islands earthquake 		0 8.5 Mw [40] One of the largest earthquake in recorded history.
27 March, 1964 17:36 local time Prince William Sound, Alaska
see 1964 Alaska earthquake 		131 9.2 Mw [41] The second largest earthquake in recorded history.
24 January, 1965 09:11 local time , Indonesia
see 1965 Ceram Sea earthquake 		71 8.2 Mw [42]
3 February, 1965 19:01 local time Rat Islands, Alaska
see 1965 Rat Islands earthquake 		0 8.7 Mw [43] One of the largest earthquake in recorded history.
17 October, 1966 16:42 local time Huacho, Peru
see 1966 Peru earthquake 		100 8.1 Mw [44]
16 May, 1968 09:49 local time Hokkaido, Japan
see 1968 Tokachi earthquake 		47–57 8.2 Mw [45]
11 August, 1969 21:27 local time Kuril Islands, USSR 0 8.2 Mw [46]
3 October, 1974 09:21 local time Lima, Peru
see 1974 Lima earthquake 		78 8.1 Mw [16]
14 January, 1976 16:47 Kermadec Islands, New Zealand 0 8.0 Ms [47]
16 August, 1976 00:11 local time Mindanao, Philippines
see 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake 		5,000–7,000 8.0 Mw [16]
12 December, 1977 02:59 local time Ecuador–Colombia
see 1979 Tumaco earthquake 		300–600 8.2 Mw [48]
3 March, 1985 19:47 local time Valparaíso Region, Chile
see 1985 Algarrobo earthquake 		177 8.0 Mw [49]
19 September, 1985 07:17 local time Michoacan, Mexico
see 1985 Mexico City earthquake 		9,500–45,000 8.0 Mw [50]
30 July, 1995 14:59 local time Antofagasta, Chile
see 1995 Antofagasta earthquake 		2 8.0 Mw [51]
9 October, 1995 10:35 local time Antofagasta, Chile
see 1995 Colima–Jalisco earthquake 		49–58 8.0 Mw [52]
17 February, 1996 14:59 local time Irian Jaya, Indonesia
see 1996 Biak earthquake 		166 8.1 Mw [53]

21st century[]

Date Time‡ Location Fatalities Mag. Effects/notes
23 June, 2001 15:33 local time Department of Arequipa, Peru
see 2001 southern Peru earthquake 		74 8.4 Mw [54]
26 September, 2003 04:50 local time Hokkaido, Japan
see 2003 Tokachi earthquake 		0 8.2 Mw [55] Two missing, more 840 injured.
26 December, 2004 07:58 local time Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia
see 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 		227,898 9.1 Mw [56] Indian Ocean basin-wide by teletsunami.
28 March, 2005 23:09 local time Nias & Simeulue, North Sumatra, Indonesia
see 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake 		915–1,314 8.6 Mw [57]
15 November, 2006 08:14 local time Kuril Islands, Russia
see 2006 Kuril Islands earthquake 		0 8.3 Mw [58]
2 April, 2007 07:39 local time Solomon Islands
see 2007 Solomon Islands earthquake 		52 8.1 Mw [59] At least 60 missing.
15 August, 2007 18:40 local time Department of Ica & Department of Ica, Peru
see 2007 Peru earthquake 		519 8.0 Mw [60]
12 September, 2007 18:10 local time Bengkulu, Indonesia
see September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes 		23 8.4 Mw [61]
29 September, 2009 06:48 local time near Samoa and American Samoa, Pacific Ocean
see 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami 		192 8.1 Mw [62] Doublet earthquake rupturing an outer rise normal fault and the megathrust.[63]
27 February, 2010 03:34 local time Maule Region, Indonesia
see 2010 Chile earthquake 		525 8.8 Mw [64]
11 March, 2011 14:46 local time Tohoku region, Japan
see 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 		16,000–20,000 9.1 Mw [65] More than 2,550 missing. One death each in Papua, Indonesia and California by tsunami.
6 February, 2013 12:12 local time Temotu Province, Solomon Islands
see 2013 Solomon Islands earthquake 		9 8.0 Mw [66]
1 April, 2014 20:46 local time Iquique, Chile
see 2014 Iquique earthquake 		6 8.2 Mw [67]
16 September, 2015 03:58 local time Coquimbo Region, Chile
see 2015 Illapel earthquake 		16 8.3 Mw [68] At least 6 missing in Chile.
4 March, 2021 08:28 local time Kermadec Islands, New Zealand
see 2021 Kermadec Islands earthquakes 		0 8.1 Mw [69] Was preceded by an Mw  7.4 foreshock and unrelated Mw  7.3 event a few hours earlier.
29 July, 2021 22:15 local time Alaska, United States
see 2021 Chignik earthquake 		0 8.2 Mw [70] Was preceded by two foreshocks – Mw 7.8 and 7.6.
12 August, 2021 16:35 local time South Sandwich Islands
see 2021 South Sandwich Islands earthquakes 		0 8.1 Mw [71] Was preceded by an Mw 7.5 foreshock that occurred three minutes earlier.

See also[]

References[]

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  58. ^ USGS. "M 8.3 - Kuril Islands". United States Geological Survey.
  59. ^ USGS. "M 8.1 - 45 km SSE of Gizo, Solomon Islands". United States Geological Survey.
  60. ^ USGS. "M 8.0 - 41 km SW of San Vicente de Cañete, Peru". United States Geological Survey.
  61. ^ USGS. "M 8.4 - 122 km SW of Bengkulu, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey.
  62. ^ USGS. "M 8.1 - 168 km SSW of Matavai, Samoa". United States Geological Survey.
  63. ^ Thorne Lay; Charles J. Ammon; Hiroo Kanamori; Luis Rivera; Keith D. Koper; Alexander R. Hutko (2010). "The 2009 Samoa–Tonga great earthquake triggered doublet". Nature. 466: 964–968. doi:10.1038/nature09214. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  64. ^ "M 8.8 - 36 km WNW of Quirihue, Chile". earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  65. ^ [hthttps://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official20110311054624120_30/executive "M 9.1 - 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake, Japan"]. earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  66. ^ "M 8.0 - 75 km W of Lata, Solomon Islands". earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  67. ^ "M 8.2 - 93 km NW of Iquique, Chile". earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  68. ^ "M 8.3 - 48 km W of Illapel, Chile". earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  69. ^ "M 8.1 - Kermadec Islands, New Zealand". earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  70. ^ "M 8.2 – 91 km ESE of Perryville, Alaska". earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  71. ^ "M 8.1 - South Sandwich Islands region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 14, 2021.

Sources

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