List of model organisms

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Escherichia coli is a gram-negative prokaryotic model organism
Drosophila melanogaster, one of the most famous subjects for experiments

This is a list of model organisms used in scientific research.

Viruses[]

Prokaryotes[]

Sporulating Bacillus subtilis

Eukaryotes[]

Protists[]

Fungi[]

Plants[]

Arabidopsis thaliana
Lemna gibba
  • Lemna gibba, rapidly growing aquatic monocot, one of the smallest flowering plants. Lemna growth assays are used to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals to plants in ecotoxicology. Because it can be grown in pure culture, microbial action can be excluded. Lemna is being used as a recombinant expression system for economical production of complex biopharmaceuticals. It is also used in education to demonstrate population growth curves.
  • Zea mays L. (Maize/corn), cereal grain. It is a diploid monocot with 10 large chromosome pairs, easily studied with the microscope. Its genetic features, including many known and mapped phenotypic mutants and a large number of progeny per cross (typically 100-200) facilitated the discovery of transposons ("jumping genes"). Many DNA markers have been mapped and the genome has been sequenced. (Genetics, Molecular biology, Agronomy)
  • Medicago truncatula, model legume, closely related to the common alfalfa. Its rather small genome is currently being sequenced. It is used to study the symbiosis responsible for nitrogen fixation. (Agronomy, Molecular biology)
  • Mimulus guttatus, model organism used in evolutionary and functional genomes studies. The genus Mimulus contains c. 120 species and is in the family Phrymaceae. Several genetic resources have been designed for the study of this genus and some are free access (http://www.mimulusevolution.org)
  • Nicotiana benthamiana, model organism for plant-pathogen studies.[14]
  • Nicotiana tabacum cv. BY-2 (Tobacco BY-2 cells), suspension cell line from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) that is useful for general plant physiology studies at the cell level. The genome of this particular cultivar will not be sequenced in the near future, but sequencing of its wild species Nicotiana tabacum is presently in progress. (Cytology, Plant physiology, Biotechnology)
  • Oryza sativa (Rice) is used as a model for cereal biology. It has one of the smallest genomes of any cereal species, and sequencing of its genome is finished.[15] (Agronomy, Molecular biology)
Physcomitrella patens

Animals[]

Invertebrates[]

Caenorhabditis elegans

Vertebrates[]

Laboratory mice
  • Ambystoma mexicanum (Axolotl), used to study regeneration and developmental processes
  • Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata, used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict
  • Anolis carolinensis (Carolina anole), used to study reptile genomics
  • Felis sylvestris catus (Cat), used in neurophysiological research.
  • Gallus gallus domesticus (Chicken), used for developmental studies, as it is an amniote and excellent for micromanipulation (e.g. tissue grafting) and over-expression of gene products.
  • Sigmodon hispidus (Cotton rat), formerly used in polio research.
  • Canis lupus familiaris (Dog), important respiratory and cardiovascular model, also contributed to the discovery of classical conditioning.
  • Mesocricetus auratus (Golden hamster), first used to study kala-azar (leishmaniasis).
  • Cavia porcellus (Guinea pig), used by Robert Koch and other early bacteriologists as a host for bacterial infections, hence a byword for "laboratory animal" even though less commonly used today.
  • Myotis lucifugus (Little brown bat), used to prove echolocation exists in bats in 1930s and also used in experiments predicting microbat behavior as it is a reliable species that has typical features of a temperate bat species.
  • Oryzias latipes (Medaka, or Japanese ricefish), important model in developmental biology, and has the advantage of being much sturdier than the traditional zebrafish.
  • Mus musculus (Mouse), the classic model vertebrate. Many inbred strains exist, as well as lines selected for particular traits, often of ethological or medical interest, e.g. body size, obesity, muscularity, voluntary wheel-running behavior.[38] (Quantitative genetics, Molecular evolution, Genomics)
  • Heterocephalus glaber (Naked mole-rat), studied for their characteristic pain insensitivity, thermoregulation, cancer resistance, eusociality, and longevity.
  • Nothobranchius furzeri is studied because of their extreme short-lifespan in research on aging, disease and evolution.
  • Astyanax mexicanus (Mexican tetra or blind cave fish), studied for their rapid convergent evolution of multiple traits across multiple populations, including troglomorphism, circadian rhythms, and sleep
  • Columba livia domestica (Pigeon), studied extensively for cognitive science and animal intelligence
  • Poecilia reticulata (Guppy), used to study sexual selection and sexual conflict
  • Rattus norvegicus (Rat), particularly useful as a toxicology model; also particularly useful as a neurological model and source of primary cell cultures, owing to the larger size of organs and suborganellar structures relative to the mouse. (Molecular evolution, Genomics)
  • Macaca mulatta (Rhesus macaque or rhesus monkey), used for studies on infectious disease and cognition.
  • Petromyzon marinus (Sea lamprey), spinal cord research
  • Takifugu rubripes (Takifugu, a pufferfish), has a small genome with little junk DNA.
  • Gasterosteus aculeatus (Three-spined stickleback), fish used to study ethology and behavioral ecology.
  • Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog), the eggs and embryos from these frogs are used in developmental biology, cell biology, toxicology, and neuroscience[39][40]
  • Taeniopygia guttata (Zebra finch), used in the study of the song system of songbirds and the study of non-mammalian auditory systems.
  • Danio rerio (Zebrafish), freshwater fish with a transparent body during early development, which provides unique visual access to the animal's internal anatomy. Zebrafish are used to study development, toxicology and toxicopathology,[41] specific gene function and roles of signaling pathways.

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