List of submarine topographical features

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Depiction of the abyssal zone in relation to other major oceanic zones.

This is a list of submarine topographical features, oceanic landforms and topographic elements.

dream[]

subscribe to dream. He is one of the best minecraft youtubers. Thanks!! Who is Dream? Well, Dream (born August 12, 1999) is an American YouTuber and Twitch streamer who is known primarily for creating Minecraft content. [1] Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins. Make sure to go outside!! thank you!! [2] but they are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process.[1][3][4]

The abyssal plain is formed when the lower oceanic crust is melted and forced upwards by the asthenosphere layer of the upper mantle. As this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges, it forms new oceanic crust. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited from turbidity currents that have been channeled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments.

Use of a continuously recording fathometer enabled Tolstoy & Ewing in the summer of 1947 to identify and describe the first abyssal plain.[1][5] This plain, located to the south of Newfoundland, is now known as the Sohm Abyssal Plain.[5] Following this discovery many other examples were found in all the oceans.[6][7][8][9][10]

List of abyssal plains and oceanic basins[]

Following is a list of named abyssal plains and oceanic basins:[1][11][12]

Name Alternate name Ocean Coordinates[11]
Adriatic Abyssal Plain (Adriatic Basin) Mediterranean 43°0′N 15°0′E / 43.000°N 15.000°E / 43.000; 15.000
Agulhas Bank[13] (Agulhas Basin) South Atlantic Ocean 35°30′S 21°00′E / 35.500°S 21.000°E / -35.500; 21.000
Alaska Plain (Alaskan Abyssal Plain, Alaskan Plain) North Pacific Ocean 55°0′N 143°0′W / 55.000°N 143.000°W / 55.000; -143.000
Alborán Plain (Alboran Abyssal Plain) Alboran Sea (Mediterranean Sea) 35°55′N 3°50′W / 35.917°N 3.833°W / 35.917; -3.833
Aleutian Basin (Aleutskaya Kotlovina, Bering Abyssal Plain, Bering Basin, Bering Sea Basin) North Pacific Ocean 57°0′N 177°0′E / 57.000°N 177.000°E / 57.000; 177.000
Amerasia Basin (Central Polar Basin; consists of the Canada Basin and the Makarov Basin)
Amundsen Basin (Amundsen Basin) Arctic Ocean 89°0′N 80°0′E / 89.000°N 80.000°E / 89.000; 80.000
Amundsen Plain (Amundsen Abyssal Plain) Southern Ocean 65°0′S 125°0′W / 65.000°S 125.000°W / -65.000; -125.000
[14][15][16]

[17]

(Angola Abyssal Plain, Angola Basin) South Atlantic Ocean 15°0′S 2°0′E / 15.000°S 2.000°E / -15.000; 2.000
Argentine Abyssal Plain (Argentine Plain, Argentine Basin) South Atlantic Ocean 47°30′S 50°0′W / 47.500°S 50.000°W / -47.500; -50.000
Atlantic-Indian Basin[18][19] Indian Ocean 60°0′S 15°0′E / 60.000°S 15.000°E / -60.000; 15.000
Balearic Abyssal Plain Mediterranean Sea 40°00′N 01°30′E / 40.000°N 1.500°E / 40.000; 1.500
Baffin Basin (Baffin Bay Basin) North Atlantic Ocean 73°15′N 67°0′W / 73.250°N 67.000°W / 73.250; -67.000
(Barracuda Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 17°0′N 56°30′W / 17.000°N 56.500°W / 17.000; -56.500
Bellingshausen Plain (Bellingshausen Abyssal Plain) Southern Ocean 64°0′S 90°0′W / 64.000°S 90.000°W / -64.000; -90.000
[20] (Biscay Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 45°0′N 7°15′W / 45.000°N 7.250°W / 45.000; -7.250
Blake Basin (Blake Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 29°30′N 76°4′W / 29.500°N 76.067°W / 29.500; -76.067
Boreas Plain (Boreas Abyssal Plain) Arctic Ocean 77°0′N 1°0′E / 77.000°N 1.000°E / 77.000; 1.000
South Atlantic Ocean
Canada Plain[21] (Canada Abyssal Plain, Canada Basin, Canada Deep, Canadian Plain, Kanadskaya Abissal'naya Ravnina Kanadskaya). One of two sub-basins of the Amerasia Basin. Arctic Ocean 80°0′N 140°0′W / 80.000°N 140.000°W / 80.000; -140.000
[14] (Cape Abyssal Plain, Cape Basin) South Atlantic Ocean 34°45′S 6°0′E / 34.750°S 6.000°E / -34.750; 6.000
[22] (Cape Verde Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 23°0′N 26°0′W / 23.000°N 26.000°W / 23.000; -26.000
(Cascadia Abyssal Plain, Cascadia Basin, Bassin Cascadia, Great Trough) North Pacific Ocean 47°0′N 127°30′W / 47.000°N 127.500°W / 47.000; -127.500
(Brazil Basin, Ceara Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 0°0′N 36°30′W / 0.000°N 36.500°W / 0.000; -36.500
(Ceylon Abyssal Plain) Indian Ocean 4°0′S 82°0′E / 4.000°S 82.000°E / -4.000; 82.000
Chukchi Plain[21] (Chukchi Abyssal Plain) Arctic Ocean 77°0′N 172°0′W / 77.000°N 172.000°W / 77.000; -172.000
(Cocos Basin) Indian Ocean
(Colombia Abyssal Plain, Colombian Abyssal Plain) Caribbean (Atlantic Ocean) 13°0′N 76°0′W / 13.000°N 76.000°W / 13.000; -76.000
(Comores Abyssal Plain) Mozambique Channel (Indian Ocean) 13°45′S 44°30′E / 13.750°S 44.500°E / -13.750; 44.500
(Cuvier Abyssal Plain) Indian Ocean 22°0′S 111°0′E / 22.000°S 111.000°E / -22.000; 111.000
(Demerara Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 10°0′N 48°0′W / 10.000°N 48.000°W / 10.000; -48.000
Dibble Basin Southern Ocean 65°20′S 133°0′E / 65.333°S 133.000°E / -65.333; 133.000
(Dumshaf Abyssal Plain) Arctic Ocean 68°0′N 5°0′E / 68.000°N 5.000°E / 68.000; 5.000
Enderby Plain[23][24] (Enderby Abyssal Plain, East Abyssal Plain) Southern Ocean 60°0′S 40°0′E / 60.000°S 40.000°E / -60.000; 40.000
Eratosthenes Abyssal Plain[25][26] (Eratosthenes Seamount) Mediterranean Sea 33°40′N 32°40′E / 33.667°N 32.667°E / 33.667; 32.667
Eurasian Basin (Norway Abyssal Plain, Norwegian Basin; consists of the Amundsen Basin and the Nansen Basin) Arctic Ocean 80°N 90°E / 80°N 90°E / 80; 90
Euxine Abyssal Plain[27][28][29] Black Sea
(Fernando de Noronha Abyssal Plain, Planicie Abissal de Fernando de Noronha) South Atlantic Ocean 3°0′S 31°0′W / 3.000°S 31.000°W / -3.000; -31.000
(Ferradura Abyssal Plain, Planicie Abissal da Ferradura) North Atlantic Ocean 36°0′N 10°45′W / 36.000°N 10.750°W / 36.000; -10.750
(Abissal’naya Ravnina Fletchera) Arctic Ocean 86°0′N 179°59′W / 86.000°N 179.983°W / 86.000; -179.983
(Florida Abyssal Plain) Gulf of Mexico (Atlantic Ocean) 25°30′N 86°0′W / 25.500°N 86.000°W / 25.500; -86.000
Fram Basin[21] (Barents Abyssal Plain, Barents Plain) One of two sub-basins of the Eurasian Basin. Arctic Ocean 83°0′N 35°0′E / 83.000°N 35.000°E / 83.000; 35.000
(Gambia Abyssal Plain, Gambia Basin) North Atlantic Ocean 12°0′N 28°0′W / 12.000°N 28.000°W / 12.000; -28.000
(Exmouth Abyssal Plain, Gascogne Plain, Gascoyne Abyssal Plain) Indian Ocean 16°0′S 110°0′E / 16.000°S 110.000°E / -16.000; 110.000
Greenland Plain (Greenland Abyssal Plain, Iceland Basin, Plaine du Groenland) Arctic Ocean 75°0′N 3°0′W / 75.000°N 3.000°W / 75.000; -3.000
Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean)
[14] (Guinea Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 1°0′N 3°0′W / 1.000°N 3.000°W / 1.000; -3.000
(Hatteras Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 31°0′N 71°0′W / 31.000°N 71.000°W / 31.000; -71.000
(Herodotus Abyssal Plain, Herodotus Plain) Levantine Sea (Mediterranean Sea) 33°0′N 28°0′E / 33.000°N 28.000°E / 33.000; 28.000
Hellenic Trench (Metapan Deep System) Ionian Sea 36°23′N 22°38′E / 36.383°N 22.633°E / 36.383; 22.633
(Hispaniola Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 20°18′N 71°35′W / 20.300°N 71.583°W / 20.300; -71.583
Horseshoe Plain (Horseshoe Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 35°40′N 12°20′W / 35.667°N 12.333°W / 35.667; -12.333
[30][31] (Iberia Abyssal Plain, Iberian Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 43°45′N 13°30′W / 43.750°N 13.500°W / 43.750; -13.500
Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean)
(Japan Abyssal Plain) Sea of Japan (Pacific Ocean) 41°30′N 135°0′E / 41.500°N 135.000°E / 41.500; 135.000
JOIDES Basin Southern Ocean 74°30′S 174°0′E / 74.500°S 174.000°E / -74.500; 174.000[32]
(Labrador Sea Basin) North Atlantic Ocean 53°0′N 48°0′W / 53.000°N 48.000°W / 53.000; -48.000
Laurentian Abyss North Atlantic Ocean
Madeira Abyssal Plain (Madeira Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 32°0′N 21°0′W / 32.000°N 21.000°W / 32.000; -21.000
Makarov Basin one of two sub-basins of the Amerasia Basin. Arctic Ocean
Mascarene Plain[33] (Madagascar Basin, Malagasy Abyssal Plain, Seychelles-Mauritius Plateau) Indian Ocean 19°0′S 52°0′E / 19.000°S 52.000°E / -19.000; 52.000
[21] (Mendeleyev Abyssal Plain) Arctic Ocean 81°0′N 170°0′W / 81.000°N 170.000°W / 81.000; -170.000
(Mid-Indian Basin) Indian Ocean
South Pacific Ocean
South Atlantic Ocean
Nansen Basin One of two sub-basins of the Eurasian Basin. Arctic Ocean
(Fosse Nares, Nares Abyssal Plain, Nares Deep, Nares Tiefe) North Atlantic Ocean 23°30′N 63°0′W / 23.500°N 63.000°W / 23.500; -63.000
North Atlantic Ocean 43°30′N 45°0′W / 43.500°N 45.000°W / 43.500; -45.000
(Argo Abyssal Plain, Bassin Nord de l' Australie, Severo-Avstralijskaja Kot) Indian Ocean 14°30′S 116°30′E / 14.500°S 116.500°E / -14.500; 116.500
North Polar Basin (consists of the Amerasia Basin and the Eurasian Basin)
USCGC Northwind (WAGB-282) (Northwind Abyssal Plain) Arctic Ocean 76°0′N 161°0′W / 76.000°N 161.000°W / 76.000; -161.000
Sea of Okhotsk (western Pacific Ocean)
(Arabian Basin, Oman Abyssal Plain) Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean) 23°0′N 61°0′E / 23.000°N 61.000°E / 23.000; 61.000
(Clark Abyssal Plain) Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean) 11°0′N 79°0′W / 11.000°N 79.000°W / 11.000; -79.000
(Papua Abyssal Plain) South Pacific Ocean 14°0′S 151°30′E / 14.000°S 151.500°E / -14.000; 151.500
North Atlantic Ocean
(Pernambuco Abyssal Plain) South Atlantic Ocean 7°30′S 27°0′W / 7.500°S 27.000°W / -7.500; -27.000
Perth Plain[34] (Perth Abyssal Plain, Perth Basin, West Australian Basin) Indian Ocean 28°30′S 110°0′E / 28.500°S 110.000°E / -28.500; 110.000
(Central Polar Basin, Pole Abyssal Plain) Arctic Ocean 89°0′N 45°0′E / 89.000°N 45.000°E / 89.000; 45.000
Porcupine Abyssal Plain[35][36] (Porcupine Plain, West European Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 49°0′N 16°0′W / 49.000°N 16.000°W / 49.000; -16.000
South Pacific Ocean
(Rhodes Abyssal Plain, Ró2dhos Basin) Sea of Crete (Mediterranean Sea) 35°55′N 28°30′E / 35.917°N 28.500°E / 35.917; 28.500
(Algerian Plain, Balearic Abyssal Plain, Balearic Plain, Sardino-Balearic Abyssal Plain) Mediterranean Sea 39°0′N 6°20′E / 39.000°N 6.333°E / 39.000; 6.333
(Seine Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 34°0′N 12°15′W / 34.000°N 12.250°W / 34.000; -12.250
[21] Arctic Ocean
(Messina Abyssal Plain, Sicily Plain) Mediterranean Sea 36°0′N 18°0′E / 36.000°N 18.000°E / 36.000; 18.000
(Sierra Leone Abyssal Plain, Sierra Leone Basin) North Atlantic Ocean 5°0′N 17°0′W / 5.000°N 17.000°W / 5.000; -17.000
Sigsbee Deep (Mexico Basin, Sigsbee Abyssal Plain, Sigsbee Deep, Sigsbee Basin) Gulf of Mexico (Atlantic Ocean) 23°30′N 93°0′W / 23.500°N 93.000°W / 23.500; -93.000
(Silver Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 22°30′N 69°30′W / 22.500°N 69.500°W / 22.500; -69.500
Sirte Basin[37] (Ionian Abyssal Plain, Sidra Abyssal Plain, Sidra Plain, Sirte Abyssal Plain, Surt Plain) Libyan Sea (Mediterranean Sea) 34°10′N 19°22′E / 34.167°N 19.367°E / 34.167; 19.367
Sohm Abyssal Plain[5] (Fosse de Suhm, Plaine Sohm, Sohm Deep, Sohm Plain, Suhm Abyssal Plain, Suhm Deep, Suhm Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 36°0′N 55°0′W / 36.000°N 55.000°W / 36.000; -55.000
(Somali Abyssal Plain, ) Indian Ocean 1°0′N 51°30′E / 1.000°N 51.500°E / 1.000; 51.500
(Eyre Abyssal Plain, Great Bight Abyssal Plain, South Australian Abyssal Plain) Indian Ocean 37°30′S 130°0′E / 37.500°S 130.000°E / -37.500; 130.000
(South China Sea Abyssal Plain) South China Sea (Pacific Ocean) 15°0′N 115°0′E / 15.000°N 115.000°E / 15.000; 115.000
Southeast Pacific Basin
(South Indian Abyssal Plain, South Indian Basin, South Indian Ocean Plain) Southern Ocean 59°0′S 125°0′E / 59.000°S 125.000°E / -59.000; 125.000
[38][39][40] (South West Pacific Basin) South Pacific Ocean
Tagus Abyssal Plain (Tagus Plain) North Atlantic Ocean 37°30′N 12°0′W / 37.500°N 12.000°W / 37.500; -12.000
(Tasman Abyssal Plain, Tasman Apron, Tasman Basin) Tasman Sea (South Pacific Ocean) 34°30′S 153°15′E / 34.500°S 153.250°E / -34.500; 153.250
South Atlantic Ocean
Tsushima Basin (Ulleung Basin) Korea Strait (Sea of Japan, Pacific Ocean) 36°35′N 131°48′E / 36.583°N 131.800°E / 36.583; 131.800
(Tufts Abyssal Plain) North Pacific Ocean 47°0′N 140°0′W / 47.000°N 140.000°W / 47.000; -140.000
Tyrrhenian Plain (Tyrrhenian Abyssal Plain) Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean Sea) 40°0′N 12°45′E / 40.000°N 12.750°E / 40.000; 12.750
Southern Ocean 62°30′S 70°0′E / 62.500°S 70.000°E / -62.500; 70.000
(Venezuela Abyssal Plain) Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean) 14°0′N 67°0′W / 14.000°N 67.000°W / 14.000; -67.000
North Atlantic Ocean
Weddell Plain[41] (Weddell Abyssal Plain) Southern Ocean 65°0′S 20°0′W / ��65.000°S 20.000°W / -65.000; -20.000
Wrangellia Terrane[21][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] (Wrangel Abyssal Plain) Arctic Ocean 81°0′N 160°0′E / 81.000°N 160.000°E / 81.000; 160.000
Sea of Japan (Pacific Ocean) 37°30′N 135°0′E / 37.500°N 135.000°E / 37.500; 135.000
(Guatemala Basin) Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean)

Oceanic trenches[]

Location of the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench

Oceanic trenches are long, narrow topographic depressions of the seabed. They are the deepest parts of the ocean floor, and they define one of the most important natural boundaries on the Earth's solid surface: the one between two lithospheric plates. Trenches are a distinctive morphological feature of plate boundaries. Trenches are found in all oceans with the exception of the Arctic Ocean and they are most common in the North and South Pacific Oceans.[2]

There are three types of lithospheric plate boundaries: 1.) divergent (where lithosphere and oceanic crust is created at mid-ocean ridges), 2.) convergent (where one lithospheric plate sinks beneath another and returns to the mantle), and 3.) transform (where two lithospheric plates slide past each other).

An oceanic trench is a type of convergent boundary at which two oceanic lithospheric slabs meet; the older (and therefore denser) of these slabs flexes and subducts beneath the other slab. Oceanic lithosphere moves into trenches at a global rate of about a tenth of a square meter per second. Trenches are generally parallel to a volcanic island arc, and about 200 km from a volcanic arc. Oceanic trenches typically extend 3 to 4 km (1.9 to 2.5 mi) below the level of the surrounding oceanic floor. The greatest ocean depth to be sounded is in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, at a depth of 10,911 m (35,798 ft) below sea level.

List of oceanic trenches[]

The following is a list of the deepest parts of the Earth's oceans and seas (all depths are measured from sea level):

Name Location Depth (meters) Depth (feet) Depth (miles)
1 Challenger Deep Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc, Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean 11,034 36,197 6.86
2 Tonga Trench Pacific Ocean 10,882 35,702 6.76
3 Galathea Depth Philippine Trench, Pacific Ocean 10,545 34,580 6.54
4 Kuril–Kamchatka Trench Pacific Ocean 10,542 34,449 6.52
5 Kermadec Trench Pacific Ocean 10,047 32,963 6.24
6 Izu–Ogasawara Trench Pacific Ocean 9,810 32,087 6.08
7 Japan Trench Pacific Ocean 9,000 29,527 5.59
8 Puerto Rico Trench Atlantic Ocean 8,605 28,232 5.35
9 Yap Trench Pacific Ocean 8,527 27,976 5.30
10 South Sandwich Trench Atlantic Ocean 8,428 27,651 5.24
11 Richards Deep Peru–Chile Trench, Pacific Ocean 8,065 26,456 5.01
12 Diamantina Deep Diamantina Fracture Zone, Indian Ocean 8,047 26,401 5.00
13 Romanche Trench Atlantic Ocean 7,760 25,460 4.82
14 Cayman Trough Caribbean 7,687 25,238 4.78
15 Aleutian Trench Pacific Ocean 7,679 25,194 4.77
16 Java Trench Indian Ocean 7,455 24,460 4.63
17 Banda Sea 7,351 24,117 4.56
18 Dordrecht Deep Indian Ocean 7,019 23,028 4.36
19 Middle America Trench Pacific Ocean 6,669 21,880 4.14
20 Puysegur Trench Pacific Ocean 6,300 20,700 3.9
21 Pacific Ocean 6,150 20,177 3.8
22 Litke Deep Eurasian Basin*, Arctic Ocean 5,450 17,881 3.39
23 Manila Trench South China Sea 5,400 17,700 3.36
24 Calypso Deep Hellenic Trench, Mediterranean 5,267 17,280 3.27
25 Ryukyu Trench Pacific Ocean 5,212 17,100 3.24
26 * Southern Ocean, Australia 5,000 16,400 3.1
  • Entries marked with * are the deepest parts of their respective water bodies, but are not oceanic trenches.

Oceanic plateau[]

An oceanic plateau is a large, relatively flat submarine region that rises well above the level of the ambient seabed.[50] While many oceanic plateaus are composed of continental crust, and often form a step interrupting the continental slope, some plateaus are undersea remnants of large igneous provinces. Continental crust has the highest amount of silicon (such rock is called felsic). Oceanic crust has a smaller amount of silicon (mafic rock).

The anomalous volcanism associated with the formation of oceanic plateaux at the time of the CenomanianTuronian boundary (90.4 million years) ago may have been responsible for the environmental disturbances that occurred at that time. The physical manifestations of this were elevated atmospheric and oceanic temperatures, a significant sea-level transgression, and a period of widespread anoxia, leading to the extinction of 26% of all genera.[51] These eruptions would also have resulted in the emission of large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Additionally, the emission of sulfur monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and halogens into the oceans would have made seawater more acidic resulting in the dissolution of carbonate, and further release of CO
2
. This runaway greenhouse effect was probably put into reverse by the decline of the anomalous volcanic activity and by increased CO
2
-driven productivity in oceanic surface waters, leading to increased organic carbon burial, black shale deposition, anoxia and mass extinction in the ocean basins.[51]

Map of the Zealandia microcontinent, showing Alpine Fault, Bounty Trough, Campbell Plateau, Challenger Plateau, Chatham Rise, Havre Trough, Hikurangi Plateau, Kermadec Trench, Lord Howe Rise, Louisville Ridge, , Norfolk Ridge, , , and .

List of oceanic plateaus[]

Mid-ocean ridges[]

A mid-ocean ridge is a general term for an underwater mountain system that consists of various mountain ranges (chains), typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine, formed by plate tectonics. This type of oceanic ridge is characteristic of what is known as an oceanic spreading center, which is responsible for seafloor spreading.

List of mid-ocean ridges[]

See also[]

References[]

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Further reading[]

  • Böggemann M. & Purschke G. (2005). "Abyssal benthic Syllidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Angola Basin". Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 5 (Supplement 1): 221–226. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.11.006.
  • Bohn, J.M. (2005). "On two rare abyssal Myriotrochidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida) new to the South Atlantic: Siniotrochus myriodontus Gage and Billet, 1986 and Lepidotrochus parvidiscus angolensis subsp. nov". Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 5 (Supplement 1): 231–238. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.11.008.
  • Brandt A.; Brenke N.; Andres H.-G.; Brix S.; Guerrero-Kommritz J.; Mühlenhardt-Siegel U. & Wägele J.-W. (2005). "Diversity of peracarid crustaceans (Malacostraca) from the abyssal plain of the Angola Basin". Organisms, Diversity and Evolution. 5: 105–112. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.10.007.
  • Gad G. (2005). "Giant Higgins-larvae with paedogenetic reproduction from the deep sea of the Angola Basin- evidence for a new life cycle and for abyssal gigantism in Loricifera?". Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 5 (Supplement 1): 59–76. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.10.005.
  • Gill Adrian E. (1982). Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-283520-9.
  • Gooday A.J.; Nomaki H. & Kitazato H. (2008). "Modern deep-sea benthic foraminifera: a brief review of their morphology-based biodiversity and trophic diversity". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 303 (1): 97–119. Bibcode:2008GSLSP.303...97G. doi:10.1144/SP303.8. S2CID 129698419.
  • Janussen D. & Tendal O.S. (2007). "Diversity and distribution of Porifera in the bathyal and abyssal Weddell Sea and adjacent areas". Deep-Sea Research Part II. 54 (16–17): 1864–1875. Bibcode:2007DSR....54.1864J. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.07.012.
  • Markhaseva E.L. & Schulz K. (2006). "Sensiava longiseta (Copepoda, calanoidea): a new genus and species from the abyssal of the Weddell Sea". Zootaxa. 1368: 1–18. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1368.1.1.
  • Mühlenhardt-Siegel U. (2008). "Phalloleucon abyssalis, a new cumacean genus and species (Crustacea: Peracarida: Leuconidae) from the Peru Basin". Zootaxa (1829). pp. 61–68.
  • Nozawa F.; Kitazato H.; Tsuchiya M.; Gooday A.J. (2006). "'Live' benthic foraminifera at an abyssal site in the equatorial Pacific nodule province: abundance, diversity and taxonomic composition". Deep-Sea Research Part I. 53 (8): 1406–1422. Bibcode:2006DSRI...53.1406N. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2006.06.001.
  • Sabbatini A.; Morigi C.; Negri A. & Gooday A.J. (2007). "Distribution and Biodiversity of Stained Monothalamous Foraminifera from Tempelfjord, Svalbard". Journal of Foraminiferal Research. 37 (2): 93–106. doi:10.2113/gsjfr.37.2.93.
  • Schrödl M., Linse K. & Schwabe E. (2006). "Review on the distribution and biology of Antarctic Monoplacophora, with first abyssal record of Laevipilina antarctica". Polar Biology. 29 (9): 721–727. doi:10.1007/s00300-006-0132-7. S2CID 23753587.
  • Schwabe E.; Bohn J.M.; Engl W.; Linse K.; Schrödl M. (2007). "Rich and rare – first insights into species diversity and abundance of Antarctic abyssal Gastropoda (Mollusca)". Deep-Sea Research Part II. 54 (16–17): 1831–1847. Bibcode:2007DSR....54.1831S. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.07.010.
  • Sebastian S.; Raes M.; De Mesel I.; Vanreusel A. (2007). "Comparison of the nematode fauna from the Weddell Sea Abyssal Plain with two North Atlantic abyssal sites". Deep-Sea Research Part II. 54 (16–17): 1727–1736. Bibcode:2007DSR....54.1727S. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.07.004.
  • Seifried S., Plum Ch. & Schulz M. (2007). "A new species of Parabradya Lang, 1944 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Ectinosomatidae) from the abyssal plain of the Angola Basin". Zootaxa. 1432: 1–21. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1432.1.1.
  • Willen E. (2005). "A new species of Paranannopus Lang, 1936 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Pseudotachidiidae) with atrophic mouthparts from the abyssal of the Angola Basin". Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 5 (Supplement 1): 19–27. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.10.002.
  • Yasuhara M., Cronin T.M. & Martinez Arbizu P. (2008). "Abyssal ostracods from the South and Equatorial Atlantic Ocean: biological and paleoceanographic implications". Deep-Sea Research Part I. 55 (4): 490–497. Bibcode:2008DSRI...55..490Y. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.01.004.

External links[]

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