List of the first women holders of political offices in South America
This list is incomplete; you can help by . (February 2011) |
This is a list of political offices which have been held by a woman, with details of the first woman holder of each office. It is ordered by the countries in South America and by dates of appointment. Please observe that this list is meant to contain only the first woman to hold of a political office, and not all the female holders of that office.
Part of a series on |
Women in society |
---|
Argentina[]
- Head of Ministries (Labour, Social Welfare, Health) – Eva Perón – 1946[1]
- President of a Major Political Party – Eva Perón – 1947[2]
- First women in Congress – Twenty-two peronist women – 1951[3]
- Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies – Delia Parodi – 1953[4]
- Minister of the Supreme Court – Margarita Argúas – 1970[5]
- Vice President of Argentina – Isabel Martínez de Perón – 1973[6]
- President of the Argentine Senate – Isabel Martínez de Perón – 1973[6]
- President of Argentina – Isabel Martínez de Perón ��� 1974[7]
- Foreign Minister – Susana Ruiz Cerutti – 1989[8]
- Provincial governor – Alicia Lemme – 2001 (of San Luis Province)[9]
- Defense Minister – Nilda Garré – 2005[10]
- Economy Minister – Felisa Miceli – 2005[11]
- Elected President of Argentina – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner – December 10, 2007[12]
- Elected provincial governor – Fabiana Ríos – December 10, 2007 (of Tierra del Fuego Province)[13]
Bolivia[]
- Minister of Labour and Health – – 1969[14]
- President (acting) – Lidia Gueiler Tejada – 1979[15]
- Minister of Justice - Ana Maria Cortez de Soriano - 1997[16][17]
- Interior minister – – 2006[18]
- – Gloria McPhee[19]
- Defense Minister - María Cecilia Chacón - 2011[20]
- President (acting) – Jeanine Áñez – 2019
Brazil[]
Empire of Brazil:
- 1871: Senator – Isabel, Princess Imperial[21]
Republic of the United States of Brazil:
- 1927: Appointed Mayor (Lages) – Alzira Soriano de Souza[22][23][24]
- 1933: Federal Deputy – Carlota Pereira de Queirós[22][24][25]
United States of Brazil:
- 1958: Elected Mayor (Quixeramobim) – Aldamira Guedes Fernandes[23]
- 1962: Secretary of Social Service – [26]
Federative Republic of Brazil:
- 1979: Senator of the Republic (Amazonas) – Eunice Michilles[22][24][27]
- 1982: Minister of Education – Esther Figueiredo Ferraz[24][28]
- 1986: State Governor (Acre) – Iolanda Fleming[29]
- 1989: Minister of Labour – Dorothea Werneck[30]
- 1990: Minister of Economy – Zélia Cardoso de Melo[22][31]
- 1990: Elected Senators – Júnia Marise (Minas Gerais) and Marluce Pinto (Roraima)[24]
- 1993: Minister of Planning – Yeda Crusius[30]
- 1993: Minister of Transportation – Margarida Coimbra do Nascimento[30]
- 1995: Elected Governor (Maranhão) – Roseana Sarney[22]
- 1995: Minister of Industry, Commerce and Tourism – Dorothea Werneck[30]
- 2002: Minister of National Integration – Mary Dayse Kynzo[32]
- 2003: Minister of Natural Environment – Marina Silva[30]
- 2003: Secretary for Women's Rights – Emília Fernandes[30]
- 2003: Secretary for Promotion of Racial Equality – Matilde Ribeiro[30]
- 2003: Minister of Energy – Dilma Rousseff[33]
- 2005: Chief of Staff – Dilma Rousseff[33]
- 2007: Minister of Tourism – Marta Suplicy[34]
- 2010: Minister of Social Development and Hunger Alleviation – Márcia Lopes[35]
- 2011: Minister of Culture – Ana de Hollanda[36]
- 2011: Minister of Fishing and Aquaculture – Ideli Salvatti[37]
- 2011: Secretary for Human Rights – Maria do Rosário[38]
- 2011: Secretary for Social Communication – Helena Chagas[39]
- 2011: President – Dilma Rousseff[40]
Chile[]
- Mayor – Alicia Cañas – 1935[41]
- Mayor of Providencia – Alicia Cañas – 1935[41]
- Mayor of Santiago – Graciela Contreras – January 6, 1939[42]
- Mayor of Pichilemu – Olga Maturana Espinosa – 1952[43]
- Mayor of Concepción – Ester Roa – 1958[44]
- Mayor of Las Condes – – 1968[45]
- Governor – – March 12, 1941[46]
- Intendant – Inés Enríquez – 1950[41]
- Intendant of Concepción – Inés Enríquez – 1950[41]
- Intendant of the Santiago Metropolitan Region – Ximena Rincón – January 25, 2005[48]
- Deputy – Inés Enríquez – 1951[41]
- Deputy for Concepción – Inés Enríquez – 1951[41]
- Minister – Adriana Olguín de Baltra – 1952[41]
- Minister of Justice – Adriana Olguín de Baltra – 1952[41][49]
- Minister of Labour and Social Welfare – Mireya Baltra – 1972-1973[50]
- Minister of National Resources (Ministra de Bienes Nacionales) – Adriana Delpiano – March 11, 1994[51]
- Minister of Foreign Relations – Soledad Alvear – March 11, 2000[52]
- Minister of Health – Michelle Bachelet – March 11, 2000[53]
- Minister of Planning and Cooperation (MIDEPLAN) – Alejandra Krauss – January 7, 2002[54]
- Minister of Defense – Michelle Bachelet – March 11, 2002[55]
- Minister of Housing, Urban Development and National Goods – Sonia Tschorne – September 29, 2004[56]
- Minister Secretary-General of the Presidency – Paulina Veloso – March 11, 2006[57]
- Minister of Economy, Development and Reconstruction – Ingrid Antonijevic – March 11, 2006[58]
- Minister of Mining and Energy – Karen Poniachik – March 11, 2006[59]
- Minister President of the National Council of Culture and the Arts – Paulina Urrutia – March 11, 2006[60]
- Minister General Secretary of Government – Carolina Tohá – March 11, 2009[61]
- Ministry of Public Works – Loreto Silva – 2012[62]
- Minister of Transport and Telecommunications – Paola Tapia – March 14, 2017[63]
- President of the Christian Democrat Party (PDC) - Soledad Alvear - 2006[64]
- President of the Chamber of Deputies – Adriana Muñoz – March 11, 2002[65]
- President of Chile – Michelle Bachelet – March 11, 2006[66]
- President of the Senate – Isabel Allende – March 11, 2014[67]
- Senator – María de la Cruz – February 13, 1953[41]
- Senator (Santiago) – María de la Cruz – February 13, 1953[41]
- Supreme Court Justice – – November 5, 2001[68]
Colombia[]
- Secretary of Social Assistance of the Presidency – María Eugenia Rojas Correa de Moreno-Díaz – 1954[69]
- Governor of Cauca (first governor, nominated by President) – Josefina Valencia de Hubach – 1955[70]
- Minister of Education (first cabinet post) – Josefina Valencia de Hubach – 1956[71]
- Senator – Esmeralda Arboleda – 1958[72][73][74]
- Presidential candidate – María Eugenia Rojas – 1974[70]
- Minister of Justice - Mónica de Greiff - 1989[75]
- Minister of Foreign Affairs – Noemí Sanín – 1991[76]
- Governor of Quindío (first governor elected) – – 1992[77]
- Minister with presidential functions (acting President) – María Emma Mejía – 1998[78]
- President of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia – Nancy Patricia Gutiérrez – 1999[79]
- Minister of Defense – Marta Lucía Ramírez de Rincón – August 2002[80]
- President of the Senate of Colombia – Claudia Blum de Barbieri – July 2005[81]
- General (National Police) - Luz Marina Bustos - 2009[82]
Ecuador[]
- Minister of Interior – Nelda Martinez – 1944[83]
- Minister of Social Affairs – – 1979[84]
- President (acting) – Rosalía Arteaga – 1997[85]
- Foreign minister – Nina Pacari Vega – 2003[86]
- Defence minister – Guadalupe Larriva González – 2007[87]
- Minister of Justice - Ledy Zúñiga Rocha - 2014[88][89]
Falkland Islands[]
- Elected Member of the Legislative Council (for East Falkland)– Marjorie Vinson – 1964[90]
Guyana[]
- Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Guyana – Janet Jagan – 1953[91]
- President – Janet Jagan – 1997[92]
- Prime Minister – Janet Jagan – 1997[92]
- Minister of Foreign Affairs – Carolyn Rodrigues – 2008[93]
Paraguay[]
- Member of the Supreme Court – Serafina Dávalos – 1908[94]
- Minister of Health and Social Affairs – – 1989[95]
- Minister of Foreign Affairs – Leila Rachid de Cowles – 2003[96]
- Minister of Public Health and Social Welfare – Esperanza Martínez (politician) – 2008[97]
- Minister of Education and Culture – Blanca Ovelar – 2003[98]
- Presidential Candidate – Blanca Ovelar – 2008[99][100]
- Minister of Indigenous Affairs – Margarita Mbywangi – 2008[101]
- Minister of Women – Gloria Rubin – 2012[102]
- Minister of Justice and Labor – Sheila Abed – 2013[103]
Peru[]
- Senator of the Republic – Irene Silva de Santolalla – 1956[104]
- Deputy of the Republic – Matilde Pérez Palacio – 1956[105]
- Mayor of Lima – Anita Fernandini de Naranjo – 1963[106]
- Minister of Education – Mercedes Cabanillas – 1987 (first woman ever in the Council of Ministers)[107]
- President of Congress – Martha Chávez – 1995[108]
- Prime Minister – Beatriz Merino – 2003[109]
- Minister of Health – Pilar Mazzetti – 2004[110]
- Ombudswoman of the Republic – Beatriz Merino – 2005[109]
- Minister of Interior – Pilar Mazzetti – 2006[110]
- Minister of Justice and Human Rights of Peru - María Bockos Heredia de Grillo -1989[111]
- Minister of Foreign Commerce and Tourism – Mercedes Aráoz – 2006[112]
- Minister of Transportation and Communications – Verónica Zavala – 2006[113]
- Minister of Work and Employment – Susana Pinilla – 2006[114]
- President (acting) – Lourdes Mendoza – 2007 (Alan García went to Ecuador, so she stayed in charge of the Presidency for one day)[115]
- Minister of Foreign Affairs – Eda Rivas – 2013[116]
Suriname[]
- Minister of Social Affairs and Housing – – 1980[117]
- Minister of Justice and Police - Yvonne Raveles-Resida - 1999[118]
- Foreign minister – Marie Levens – 2000[119]
Uruguay[]
- Legislative Power
- Deputies – Julia Arévalo de Roche, Magdalena Antonelli Moreno – 1943[120]
- Senators – Sofía Álvarez Vignoli, Isabel Pinto de Vidal – 1943[121]
- Cabinet member - Alba Roballo - 1968[122]
- Member of the Board of the National Party and Minister of Labor and Social Welfare - Ana Lía Piñeyrúa - 1995[123]
- Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies – Nora Castro – 2005[124]
- Speaker of the General Assembly – Lucía Topolansky – 15 February 2010[125] / Beatriz Argimón – 1 March 2020
- Acting President of the Republic – Lucía Topolansky – 26–28 November 2010[126]
- Municipal
- Member of municipal council – Alba Roballo – 1955[127]
- Intendant of Montevideo – Ana Olivera – 2010[128]
- Intendant of Artigas – Patricia Ayala – 2010[129]
- Intendant of Lavalleja – Adriana Peña – 2010[130]
- Intendant of San José – – 2020[131]
- National Government
- Minister of Culture – Alba Roballo – 1968[132]
- Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare – Ana Lía Piñeyrúa – 1995[132]
- Ministry of Housing, Territorial Planning and Environment – – 1999[132]
- Minister of Industry, Energy and Mining – – 2000[132]
- Minister of National Defense – Azucena Berrutti – 2005[132]
- Minister of Public Health – María Julia Muñoz – 2005[132]
- Minister of Social Development – Marina Arismendi – 2005[132]
- Minister of the Interior – Daisy Tourné – 2007[132]
- Minister of Tourism – Liliam Kechichián – 2012[132]
- Minister of Economy and Finance - Azucena Arbeleche - 2020[133]
- Judiciary
- Member of the Supreme Court (Dictatorial period)– – 1981[134][135][136][137]
- Member of the Supreme Court (Post-Democracy)- Jacinta Balbela – 1985[138][139]
Venezuela[]
- Constituent Assembly representative – Mercedes Carvajal de Arocha – 1947[140]
- Senator – Mercedes Carvajal de Arocha – 1948[140]
- Minister of Development – Aura Celina Casanova – 1969[141]
- Presidential candidate – Ismenia Villalba – 1988[142]
- Mayor of Chacao – Irene Sáez – 1992[143]
- Governor – Lolita Aniyar de Castro – 1993[144]
- Governor of Zulia – Lolita Aniyar de Castro – 1993[144][145]
- President of the Chamber of Deputies – Ixora Rojas Paz – 1998[146]
- Vice President – Adina Bastidas – 2002[147]
- President of the National Assembly – Cilia Flores – 2006[148]
- Minister of the Prison Service - Iris Varela - 2011[149]
- Minister of Defense - Carmen Meléndez - 2013[150]
- Foreign minister – Delcy Rodríguez – 2014[151]
See also[]
- List of elected and appointed female heads of state
- List of elected or appointed female heads of government
- List of the first LGBT holders of political offices
- List of the first women holders of political offices in North and Central America and the Caribbean
References[]
- ^ Madrigal Torres, Berta Ermila. "Inteligencia emocional, habilidad imprescindible para dirigir". Issuu. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ Navarro, Marysa (1994). Evita. Buenos Aires: Planet. ISBN 950-742-533-0.
- ^ Fowler, Will. Latin America since 1780. Second Edition. (UK: Hodder Education) 2008. p.116
- ^ Cámara de Diputados de la Nación: Proyecto de resolución (in Spanish)
- ^ "Mujeres en la justicia: por derecho propio". Torcuato di Tella University (in Spanish). 4 June 2006. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Samaniego, Fabián; Rojas, Nelson; Rodriguez, Francisco; Alarcon, Francisco X. (2011-01-27). Mundo 21 (in Spanish). Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781133168799.
- ^ Blitt, Mary Ann; Casas, Margarita; Copple, Mary T. (2014-01-01). Exploraciones curso intermedio 4LTR press (in Spanish). Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781305436978.
- ^ "Susana Ruiz Cerutti". www.fundacionkonex.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "San Luis: asumió la primera gobernadora". La Nación (in Spanish). 2001-12-26. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Biografia y Noticias de Nilda Garré ||| TresLineas.com.ar". Tres Lineas. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ Invertia. Felisa Miceli, la primera mujer en llegar a Economía Archived 2012-07-07 at archive.today.
- ^ "Profile: Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner". BBC News. 2013-10-08. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
- ^ "Fabiana Ríos, la primera mujer elegida para gobernar una provincia". www.pagina12.com.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Bolivia Ministers".
- ^ Madrid, VERÓNICA CALDERÓN | (2011-05-09). "Lidia Gueiler, un paréntesis democrático en Bolivia". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments / National Foreign Assessment Center. Jan-Apr 1998". HathiTrust. Retrieved 2018-07-05.
- ^ G, Carlos D. Mesa (2003). Presidentes de Bolivia: entre urnas y fusiles : el poder ejecutivo, los ministros de Estado (in Spanish). Editorial Gisbert.
- ^ AGENCIAS (2006-01-23). "Morales toma juramento a los 16 ministros que integran el "nuevo Gabinete del pueblo"". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Gloria McPhee | The Royal Gazette:Bermuda Opinion". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Una mujer toma el mando del Ministerio de Defensa". hemeroteca.correodelsur.com. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ Rezzutti, Paulo (2018-05-11). Mulheres do Brasil: A história não contada (in Portuguese). LEYA. ISBN 9788544107065.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e (in Portuguese) "As Mulheres Fazem História" Archived 2013-06-19 at the Wayback Machine. IBGE teen.
- ^ Jump up to: a b (in Portuguese) "Primeira prefeita do Brasil". Diário do Nordeste. October 5, 2008.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e (in Portuguese) "Direito de voto feminino completa 76 anos no Brasil; saiba mais sobre essa conquista". Folha de S. Paulo. February 21, 2008.
- ^ (in Portuguese) Almeida, Denise. "3 de maio de 1933 — A primeira deputada eleita" Archived 2015-09-21 at the Wayback Machine. Jornal do Brasil. April 3, 2009.
- ^ "Brazil Ministers".
- ^ (in Portuguese) "Arquivo G1: Brasil tem primeira senadora". G1. May 11, 2007.
- ^ "Morre Esther Ferraz, a primeira mulher a ocupar cargo de ministra no Brasil". Folha Online. 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ (in Portuguese) Eleições 2002 – Curiosidades. Folha de S. Paulo.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Apuro, Revista (2016-05-30). "#AlgoaTemer: As mulheres que estavam aqui". Revista Apuro. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ (in Portuguese) Martello, Alexandre. "Zélia Cardoso ressurge e diz que 'pragmatismo' guiou Plano Collor". G1. September 9, 2008.
- ^ "Dayse Kinzo abre seminário sobre combate a incêndios". memoria.ebc.com.br (in Portuguese). May 22, 2002. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Tasso, Ismara; Navarro, Pedro (2012-01-01). Produção de identidades e processos de subjetivação em práticas discursivas (in Portuguese). Editora da Universidade Estadual de Maringá - EDUEM. ISBN 9788576285830.
- ^ "Folha Online - Brasil - Marta Suplicy aceita Ministério do Turismo e se diz satisfeita com o cargo - 19/03/2007". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Márcia Lopes, assistente social paranaense, assume Ministério do Desenvolvimento e Combate à Fome – CRESS-PR" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Após série de desgastes, Ana de Hollanda deixa Ministério da Cultura; Marta Suplicy assume". noticias.uol.com.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Ideli Salvatti: Tentam apagar as mulheres da História". www.pt.org.br. June 29, 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Vereadora e deputada no RS, Maria do Rosário vira ministra". Terra (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ G1, Do; Paulo, em Brasília e em São (2010-12-26). "Com 9 mulheres, Dilma supera 'cota' de Lula, FHC, Collor, Itamar e Sarney". Política (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ (in Portuguese) AFP. "Dilma Rousseff é eleita primeira mulher presidente do Brasil"[permanent dead link]. Yahoo!. October 31, 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Sebastián Oyarce and Camila Infanta (2009-01-11). "Voto Mujer: A 60 años de la conquista". El Mercurio. Also available in diario.elmercurio.cl, VOTO MUJER, a 60 años de la conquista
- ^ "Municipalidad de Santiago". Municipalidaddesantiago.cl. Archived from the original on 2010-05-24. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
- ^ "NUNCA ES TARDE PARA REITERAR NUESTRAS DISCULPAS". PichilemuNews.cl || Pichilemu en Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Ester Roa". www.diarioelsur.cl. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Las Condes". Lascondes.cl. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "OLGA BOETTCHER MAETSCHL, PRIMERA MUJER GOBERNADORA EN CHILE Y AMERICA". BND: Archivo de referencias críticas. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ El Mercurio S.A.P. (2007-10-06). "El Mercurio.com". Diario.elmercurio.cl. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
- ^ El Mercurio S.A.P. (2005-12-13). "El Mercurio.com". Diario.elmercurio.cl. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
- ^ LUN. "El Mercurio | NACIONAL| Página 6 | viernes, 25 de diciembre de 2015". Retrieved 2018-05-16.
- ^ "Mireya Baltra, Ministra del Trabajo de Salvador Allende: "Quedé con la sensación de que hicimos poco"" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Nueva ministra de Educación: Adriana Delpiano, una cara conocida en La Moneda | La Tercera". www.latercera.com. 27 June 2015. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Reseñas parlamentarias – Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile". Biografias.bcn.cl. 2009-09-05. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
- ^ "La salud está en manos de las mujeres: hoy son siete de cada 10 funcionarios". El Mercurio (in Spanish). 23 July 2012.
- ^ "Alejandra Krauss: La ex ministra DC del gobierno de Lagos que llega a Trabajo | La Tercera". www.latercera.com. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "¿Quién es Michelle Bachelet?". BBC News. January 15, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
- ^ "Sonia Tschorne: Pionera por partida triple". Revista COSAS (in Spanish). 2007-04-27. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ Cooperativa.cl. "Quiénes son los ministros de la Presidenta Michelle Bachelet". Cooperativa.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ S.A.P, El Mercurio (2006-01-30). "Ingrid Antonijevic: El cerebro de las finanzas de Bachelet liderará Economía | Emol.com". Emol (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Karen Poniachik fue designada Ministra de Minería y Energía". Minería Chilena (in Spanish). 2006-01-31. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ S.A.P, El Mercurio (2006-01-30). "Paulina Urrutia: Mujer de artes al Ministerio de las artes | Emol.com". Emol (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Carolina Tohá es la primera mujer que asume la vocería de Gobierno" [Carolina Tohá is the first woman to be the Government spokesperson]. Emol.com. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
- ^ "nacion.cl – Loreto Silva es la primera mujer que lidera Obras Públicas en 125 años de historia ministerial". Lanacion.cl. Archived from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
- ^ "Paola Tapia Salas, la primera mujer que asume la cabeza del Ministerio de Transportes" [Paola Tapia Salas, the first woman to be the head of Ministry of Transport]. Emol.com (in Spanish). 14 March 2017.
- ^ Nacional, Biblioteca del Congreso. "Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional | Historia Política". bcn.cl. Retrieved 2018-05-17.
- ^ "Discurso Diputada Adriana Muñoz D'Alvora – Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile" (in Spanish). Bcn.cl. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
- ^ Barrionuevo, Alexei (11 March 2010). "Michelle Bachelet profile". Topics.nytimes.com. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
- ^ "La Nación".
- ^ http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2001/11/05/70397/historico-juramento-de-mujeres-en-corte-suprema.html
- ^ "Columbia Ministers".
- ^ Jump up to: a b Semana (11 March 2015). "Mujeres pioneras". Mujeres pioneras en Colombia (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ Semana (3 December 2005). "Josefina Valencia De Hubach". Josefina Valencia De Hubach (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ Semana (3 December 2005). "Esmeralda arboleda". Esmeralda arboleda (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ^ "Esmeralda, la primera mujer senadora en Colombia". MSN (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ^ "Una mujer que hizo historia | ELESPECTADOR.COM". ELESPECTADOR.COM (in Spanish). 2011-01-22. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
- ^ País, Ediciones El (1989-09-23). "Dimite la ministra de Justicia de Colombia". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
- ^ Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (17 May 1998). "NOEMÍ SANÍN, UNA FEMINISTA TRADICIONAL". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-05-16.
- ^ rhiss.net. "Legitimidad electoral en duda por Reforma Política". colombiaparatodos.net. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ Guía de las mujeres (in Spanish). Instituto del Tercer Mundo. 2000.
- ^ "Gran Alianza Promete Salvar El Congreso". El Tiempo (in Spanish). March 29, 2000.
- ^ "Marta Lucía Ramirez | La Lupa - Revista Digital". la-lupa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-05-16.
- ^ "Perfil de Claudia Blum de Barberi". congresovisible.uniandes.edu.co. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ Semana (11 March 2015). "Mujeres pioneras". Mujeres pioneras en Colombia. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
- ^ "Ecuador Ministers".
- ^ "Ecuador Ministers".
- ^ vertele.eldiario.es (2018-11-09). "Rosalía Arteaga, primera mujer presidenta de Ecuador: "Cortaban las patas de mis sillas para que pareciera más bajita"". vertele (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ Zea, Leopoldo (2004). El cambio del Viejo Mundo empieza en el Nuevo Mundo: seis lecturas sobre la América Latina contemporánea (in Spanish). UNAM. ISBN 9789703218608.
- ^ "Dirigente de PSE y fue la primera Min. de Defensa - ENE. 25, 2007 - Política - Historicos - EL UNIVERSO". www.eluniverso.com. 25 January 2007. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Ledy Zúñiga Rocha es la primera mujer en presidir la Secretaría Técnica de Drogas | Secretaría Técnica de Prevención Integral de Drogas". www.prevenciondrogas.gob.ec (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-06-28.
- ^ "Ledy Zúñiga Rocha. Secretaria Técnica de Prevención Integral de Drogas (SETED), Ecuador | COPOLAD". copolad.eu (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-06-28.
- ^ "VINSON, MARJORIE (née DOWNS)". www.falklandsbiographies.org. Dictionary of Falklands Biography. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ "First Female Deputy Speaker". Our House. Guyana.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Janet Jagan". The Guardian. March 30, 2009.
- ^ Staff Reporter (2010-03-09). "Rodrigues-Birkett honoured by Foreign Affairs Ministry staff". Guyana Chronicle. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Serafina Dávalos, lawyer and feminist" (in Spanish). MujeresTejiendoLaPaz.org. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- ^ "Paraguay Ministers".
- ^ "Leila asume hoy como primera mujer ministra de RR.EE. - Edicion Impresa" (in Spanish). ABC Color. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Ministra de Salud encabeza ránking de mejores ministros". ultimahora.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ Montess, Paulo Ramon (May 21, 2013). "El MEC Cumple 70 Anos de Vida Institucional (2/5)". www.pressreader.com. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Paraguay nominates first woman for president", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), January 22, 2008.
- ^ "BBC Mundo | Elecciones paraguay 2008". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ Morinigo, Lilian (27 December 2017). "Margarita Mbywangi: de esclava a lideresa". El Orejiverde (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "Gloria Rubín, titular del Ministerio de la Mujer - Paraguay.com". www.paraguay.com. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "La primera mujer en el Ministerio del Trabajo". ABC Color (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-06-14.
- ^ "Irene Santolalla, 90, Peruvian Specialist On Children, Is Dead". The New York Times. 1992-08-04. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ "Matilde Pérez Palacio: Centenario de la primera diputada por Lima". RPP (in Spanish). 6 September 2013. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ "Personajes de Lima: Anita Fernandini, la primera alcaldesa de Lima". Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ "Mercedes Cabanillas Bustamante". www4.congreso.gob.pe. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ Conaghan, Catherine M. (2005). Fujimori's Peru: Deception in the Public Sphere. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 57
- ^ Jump up to: a b noticias.universia.edu.pe. "Beatriz Merino entre las 100 mujeres más inspiradoras del mundo". Noticias Universia Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-05-17.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Pilar Mazzetti Soler: "Un ministro es un fusible"". Archived from the original on 2015-09-29. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ Caretas: ilustración peruana (in Spanish). Empresa Editora Caretas S. A. 1994.
- ^ "La economista Mercedes Aráoz jura el cargo como nueva primera ministra de Perú". RTVE.es (in Spanish). 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ "Ejecutivo designa a nuevos viceministros de Transportes y sector Comunicaciones". Panamericana Televisión. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ "Susana Pinilla es la nueva directora representante de CAF en Panamá". www.caf.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ "Por segunda vez gobernaré Perú, dice Lourdes Mendoza". El Comercio (in Spanish). 2009-04-25. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ "Eda Rivas, la primera mujer en asumir la cancillería de Perú". El Universo (in Spanish). 2013-05-15. Retrieved 2018-05-17.
- ^ "Suriname Ministers".
- ^ "SURINAME: BIOGRAPHIES OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS, NOV. 1996". 2004-01-13. Archived from the original on 2004-01-13. Retrieved 2019-02-05.
- ^ "Starnieuws - Staande ovatie Marie Levens voor excellente prestaties". www.starnieuws.com. Retrieved 2019-02-07.
- ^ "La Republica (Uruguay): 2018-03-09 - March 8". www.pressreader.com. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ ElPais. "Del corsé a la bicicleta liberadora". Diario EL PAIS Uruguay (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ Uruguay, SEPREDI, Departamento Web | Presidencia de la República Oriental del. "Homenaje a la mujer que dedicó su vida a la defensa de la libertad de los más humildes". archivo.presidencia.gub.uy. Retrieved 2018-05-17.
- ^ Martínez, Rufo (2012-12-07). "Sin exclusiones". la diaria (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-05-17.
- ^ "Eligen a Nora Castro presidenta de la Cámara de Diputados | Cimac Noticias". www.cimacnoticias.com.mx. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ "Think Uruguay's president is fascinating? Meet his wife". Public Radio International. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ "Lucía Topolansky, presidenta por dos días | Noticias | elmundo.es". www.elmundo.es. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ "Parlamento uruguayo homenajea a Alba Roballo, la primera ministra del país". La Vanguardia. 2018-09-04. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ "Ana Olivera Primera Mujer Intendenta de Montevideo Electa". MontevideoUrbano (in Spanish). 2018-04-04. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ Legrand, Denisse (2018-07-21). "Patricia Ayala: El FA debería promover nombres de mujeres pero "no sólo para los segundos lugares"". la diaria (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ ElPais. "Adriana Peña será la única mujer intendenta del país". Diario EL PAIS Uruguay (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ ElPais. "Ana Bentaberri, la primera mujer en llegar a la intendencia de San José". Diario EL PAIS Uruguay (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-06-27.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Uruguayan Government Ministers". rulers.org. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
- ^ "Azucena Arbeleche: "Son las personas y las empresas quienes mejor pueden llevar a cabo la asignación de recursos eficiente y eficaz"" (in Spanish). Uruguay: La Diaria. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
- ^ Borges, Ana Inés Larre; Pereira, Cielo (1997). Mujeres uruguayas: Julia Arévalo ; Dolores Castillo ; Enriqueta Compte y Riqué ; Melchora Cuenca ; Luisa Luisi ; Matilde Pacheco ; Manolita Piña de Torres García ; Concepción Silva ; Susana Soca ; Armonía Sommers (in Spanish). Fundación Banco de Boston. ISBN 9789974671089.
- ^ Diccionario biográfico de la mujer en el Uruguay (in Spanish). O.A. Fraire. 1999.
- ^ Galería de Búsqueda (in Spanish). 2007.
- ^ Sánchez, Santiago (2018-03-08). "La participación de las mujeres en el Poder Judicial decrece en las jerarquías más altas, aunque la tendencia se está revirtiendo". la diaria (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-05-07.
- ^ "Falleció la jurista Jacinta Balbela". El Observador (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-05-08.
- ^ "La juezas al poder". Busqueda. January 19, 2017. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Who's Who in Latin America: Part III, Columbia, Ecuador and Venezuela. Stanford University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-8047-0726-8.
- ^ "Venezuela Ministers".
- ^ El Universal, September 20, 2009. “Fallecìó la primera candidata a la presidencia”
- ^ Jones, Bart (2008). Hugo! The Hugo Chávez Story from Mud Hut to Perpetual Revolution. London: The Bodley Head. pp. 206–7. ISBN 9781847920058. OCLC 473034608.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Absent Friends". European Group for the Study of Deviance and Social Control.
- ^ "Falleció la primera mujer gobernadora del Zulia, Lolita Aniyar de Castro". elvenezolanonews.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-05-17.
- ^ "El cáncer se llevó a Ixora Rojas, primera mujer en dirigir el antiguo Congreso de Venezuela". Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). June 19, 2016. Archived from the original on June 25, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
- ^ "Venezuela's Maduro renews cabinet, names vice president". Xinhua. June 15, 2018.
- ^ Cawthorne, Andrew; Naranjo, Mario (9 December 2012). "Who is Nicolas Maduro, Possible Successor to Hugo Chávez?". The Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ "Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Servicio Penitenciario- Mppsp". MPPSP (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-06-13.
- ^ "Venezuela names admiral to be first female defense minister". Reuters. July 6, 2013.
- ^ Semana (15 June 2018). "Delcy Rodríguez, la mujer más poderosa de Venezuela". Delcy Rodríguez, la mujer más poderosa de Venezuela (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-07.
Categories:
- Female heads of government
- Lists of the first female holders of political offices
- South America-related lists