Women in conservatism in the United States
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Women in conservatism in the United States have advocated for social, political, economic, and cultural conservative policies since anti-suffragism.[1] Leading conservative women such as Phyllis Schlafly have expressed that women should embrace their privileged essential nature.[2] This thread of belief can be traced through the anti-suffrage movement, the Red Scare, and the Reagan Era, and is still present in the 21st century, especially in several conservative women's organizations such as Concerned Women for America and the Independent Women's Forum.[3]
History[]
Anti-suffragism[]
Women first began to oppose suffrage in Massachusetts in 1868. They succeeded in blocking the proposal, and this caused the movement to gain momentum.[4] The National Association Opposed to Women Suffrage (NAOWS) was thus formed by Josephine Dodge in 1911 with approximately 350,000 members. This organization mostly consisted of wealthy women who were often wives of politicians.[1] These women helped defeat nearly 40 suffrage proposals, and published the Women's Protest to voice their agenda nationwide.[1] Dodge and the organization argued that women should stay out of politics to be more efficient and diligent in "work for which her nature and her training fit her."[5] These anti-feminist beliefs are what shaped the anti-suffrage crusade.[1]
Goldwater campaign[]
A major source of conservative women's activism was in Southern California in the 1950s and 1960s, particularly in Orange County, California. These women mainly consisted of "suburban warriors," or middle class housewives who feared that their Christian nation was under attack. Increasing Cold War tensions and fears of Communism allowed for these women to mobilize groups such as the John Birch Society and the American Civil Liberties Union to pursue their political agendas.[3] They eventually backed politician Barry Goldwater and successfully campaigned for him to become the presidential candidate for the Republican Party in 1964. However, Goldwater lost the national election to Lyndon Johnson in a landslide.[3] Still, his nomination illustrated the shift from moderation to more hardline stances in many members of the Republican Party. His campaign also showcased the success of conservative grassroots organizations and mobilization.[6]
Reagan Era[]
After Goldwater's defeat, grassroots conservatives had to rethink their strategy. Thus, conservative women soon turned to Ronald Reagan. He won over the support of the women of Orange County and successfully unified the party when he was elected Governor of California in the 1966 election. However, there were some women that opposed him due to his more mainstream views. Cyril Stevenson, a prominent leader of the California Republican Assembly, sought to undermine his candidacy. These attempts failed, nevertheless, as Reagan was elected.[3] However, a significantly lower number of women than men voted for Reagan when he was eventually elected President of the United States. Reagan gained the support of more conservative women by attempting to close this "gender gap." He enacted equal rights policies attempting to end discrimination laws.[7] Still, Reagan's election showed that the new Republican majority, although still coined "mainstream," was now built on anti-liberalism and contained more conservative views, and conservative women activists like the women of Orange County played a very important role in that shift.[3]
Mama grizzlies[]
The term "mama grizzlies" originated from Sarah Palin's endorsement of female candidates in the 2010 primaries, whom she gave this title to.[8] "Mama grizzly" was officially coined in Palin's May 2010 speech for the Susan B. Anthony List Pro-Life group, and it was later used in Palin's own advertisements.[9] This description is used to describe conservative women who wish to play an active role in politics, whether it be through running for office or through campaigning for conservative ideas and topics.[8] These women also refer to themselves as Susan B. Anthony feminists,[10] agreeing with the ideas that Anthony argued for such as political activism but not the feminist ideas more modern than those, such as the pro-choice movement.[10] Because this term originated from Palin's endorsement and was used in Palin's advertisements, it has been linked to her and the Tea Party,[10][11] which she has affiliated with. These "mama grizzlies" are self-proclaimed conservative feminists, with Palin herself publicly identifying as a feminist in 2008.[8] In the spread of this new classification for women, where women's advocacy took on a unique form, Palin called for a rise of a new breed of feminism,[11] and this idea quickly came to popularity among right-wing women.[8]
Critics of the "mama grizzly" viewpoint do not agree that Palin's ideas are feminist, since they do not support most traditionally feminist values, such as women's right to abortion.[12] Palin's viewpoint has been opposed by socially liberal feminists, with some such as Jessica Valenti claiming that this angle was used to take advantage of the presence of feminists like Hillary Clinton in the 2008 presidential election cycle.[13] Other complaints draw from the group's denial of systemic sexism and oppression due to gender, with critics believing that "mama grizzly" ideals could not be labeled as feminist if they were to dismiss these matters.[14]
In 21st-century politics[]
Michele Bachmann[]
Michele Bachmann unsuccessfully ran for the Republican nomination for president in the 2012 election. Although Bachmann attempted to utilize conservative views that appeal to the Tea Party movement, the media's coverage of her was very different from her male candidates. The media instead focused on her migraines, her marriage, and her hair and makeup style choices.[15] However, her campaign started strongly, as she performed well in the first presidential debate and soon led in the primary polls. Bachmann was forced to drop out of the race after her poor performance in the Iowa caucuses.[16] Still, many conservative women continue to support her, and this support along with that of Sarah Palin in 2008 has showed that conservatives now seriously consider women for major political roles.[17][18] Bachmann's run also sparked the debate of women's role in politics and public policy, and whether or not gender roles should be reexamined.[18]
Carly Fiorina[]
Carly Fiorina began as a successful businesswoman, becoming the CEO of Hewlett-Packard in 1999. However, Fiorina was fired from her position in 2005 due to a number of factors such as economic conditions, operational failures, gender bias, and questionable ethics.[19] Fiorina turned to politics and won the Republican nomination for senator of California in 2010, but lost to incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer. She quickly gathered acclaim from the Republican base, and was appointed chair of the American Conservative Union Foundation in 2013.[20] In 2015, she announced her candidacy for President of the United States. Although she was the only viable female candidate in the Republican primary, she was reluctant to indulge in gender politics, due to both her conservative and corporate personas.[21] Fiorina dropped out of the race in February 2016 to endorse Ted Cruz, and soon became his running mate.[20]
Sarah Palin[]
In 2010, Sarah Palin, whose nomination to run for Vice President with Republican presidential candidate John McCain was a visible ascent of a conservative woman in 2008, declared a new voice for those women and supported many women for Congress whom she labeled "Mama Grizzlies."[22] Many supported Palin because of her stances against abortion and other issues that defy feminists; her "soccer mom" persona also was very appealing.[17] Palin and McCain eventually lost the general election.[23]
Notable figures[]
Ann Coulter[]
As a political commentator, Ann Coulter has written numerous books and columns, and often appears as a political commentator on conservative television, she is one of the most recognizable and influential voices for conservative women today, as she has started many conservative political trends such as the continual critique of mainstream liberalism.[24]
Phyllis Schlafly[]
As a conservative, Phyllis Schlafly argued that the female gender is actually privileged, and that women have "the most rights and rewards, and the fewest duties."[2] She advocated for women to stay out of politics and the workplace. She argued against feminists and claimed that they actually take away rights from women.[2] She thus led the opposition against the Equal Rights Amendment, and successfully prevented the amendment from being ratified by the required number of states before the ratification deadline set by the Congress.[25] Schlafly argued that the amendment stripped women of what she saw as their special "privileges." She saw it as anti-Christian and argued that it promoted policies such as abortion, sex education, and LGTBQ rights. She also claimed that it would give power to federal courts and take power away from the states.[26]
Other figures[]
- Amy Coney Barrett
- Diane Black
- Marsha Blackburn
- Lauren Boebert
- Pam Bondi
- Deneen Borelli
- Jan Brewer
- Bay Buchanan
- Mona Charen
- Liz Cheney
- Kellyanne Conway
- S. E. Cupp
- Stacey Dash
- Joni Ernst
- Mary Fallin
- Deb Fischer
- Elizabeth Fox-Genovese
- Virginia Foxx
- Maggie Gallagher
- Marjorie Taylor Greene
- Nikki Haley
- Mary Katharine Ham
- Yvette Herrell[27]
- Paula Hawkins[28]
- Kay Hutchison
- Laura Ingraham
- Alveda King
- Jeane Kirkpatrick
- Beverly LaHaye
- Tomi Lahren
- Kelly Loeffler
- Kathryn Jean Lopez
- Mia Love
- Clare Boothe Luce
- Michelle Malkin
- Susana Martinez
- Kristi Noem
- Peggy Noonan
- Kate O'Beirne
- Candace Owens
- Star Parker
- Katie Pavlich
- Jeanine Pirro
- Condoleezza Rice
- Cathy McMorris Rodgers
- Maria Elvira Salazar
- Sarah Huckabee Sanders
- Laura Schlessinger
- Tara Setmayer
- Elise Stefanik
- Allie Beth Stuckey
- Kristy Swanson
- Ivanka Trump
- Raquel Welch
- Blaire White
Organizations[]
Concerned Women for America[]
Concerned Women for America is a religious organization that seeks to promote Christian values. The ideology falls under that of social conservatism. Their agenda includes stopping the "decline in moral values of our nation,"[29] restricting access to pornography, defunding the United Nations, defining the definition of family as heterosexually led, opposing abortion, and advocating for prayer in schools. The CWA promotes anti-feminist ideologies, such as a woman's primary role is that of a mother and homemaker, while simultaneously engaging in identity politics in an attempt to prove this.[1]
Independent Women's Forum[]
The Independent Women's Forum is an organization based more in fiscal conservatism. Unlike the CWA, its agenda includes opposition to the Violence Against Women Act, supporting the war in Iraq and women's rights there, challenging feminist professors on college campuses, opposing affirmative action, and other fiscal conservative policies. However, IWF is more based in libertarianism than the Republican Party since they strive for economic freedom.[1] Similarly to CWA, IWF also engages in identity politics to attract career women to the organization; it advocates. IWF is relatively small at 1,600 members, but is constantly growing and thriving.[30]
Other organizations[]
- Clare Boothe Luce Policy Institute
- Eagle Forum
- Network of enlightened Women
- Susan B. Anthony List
- (VIEWPAC)[31]
See also[]
References[]
- ^ a b c d e f Schreiber, Ronnee (2008). Righting Feminism: Conservative Women & American Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b c Schlafly, Phyllis (2003). Feminist Fantasies. Spence Publishing Company.
- ^ a b c d e McGirr, Lisa (2001). Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right. Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press.
- ^ Jablonsky, Thomas (2002). "Female Opposition: The Anti-Suffrage Campaign". Votes for Women: 118–129.
- ^ Dodge, Arthur (1914). "Woman Suffrage Opposed to Women's Rights". American Academy of Political and Social Science. 56: 99–104. doi:10.1177/000271621405600113. S2CID 145779019.
- ^ Mulloy, D (2014). The World of the John Birch Society : Conspiracy, Conservatism, and the Cold War. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
- ^ Chappell, Marissa (2012). "Reagan's "Gender Gap" Strategy and the Limitations of Free-Market Feminism". Journal of Policy History. 24: 115–134. doi:10.1017/s0898030611000406. S2CID 145256941.
- ^ a b c d Gibson, Katie L.; Heyse, Amy L. (January 2014). "Depoliticizing Feminism: Frontier Mythology and Sarah Palin's "The Rise of The Mama Grizzlies"". Western Journal of Communication. 78 (1): 97–117. doi:10.1080/10570314.2013.812744. ISSN 1057-0314. S2CID 144139694.
- ^ Zink, Jasmine (January 1, 2012). "Sarah Palin, Conservative Feminism, and the Politics of Family". Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers.
- ^ a b c Conniff, Ruth (August 2010). "Sarah Palin and the F-Word". Progressive. 74 (8): 14 – via EBSCO.
- ^ a b Pollitt, Katha (2010). "Grisly Mamas". Nation. 291 (5 & 6): 9.
- ^ Rodino-Colocino, Michelle (Spring 2012). "Man Up, Woman Down: Mama Grizzlies and Anti-Feminist Feminism during the Year of the (Conservative) Woman and Beyond". Women & Language. 35 (1): 79–95 – via EBSCO.
- ^ Valenti, Jessica. "Who Stole Feminism?". Nation. 291 (16): 18–20.
- ^ McCarver, Virginia (Spring 2012). "The New Oxymoron: Socially Conservative Feminism". Women & Language. 35 (1): 57–76 – via EBSCO.
- ^ Bystrom, Dianne; Dimitrova, Daniela V. (2013). "Migraines, Marriage, and Mascara: Media Coverage of Michele Bachmann in the 2012 Republican Presidential Campaign". American Behavioral Scientist. 58 (9): 1169–1182. doi:10.1177/0002764213506221. S2CID 146888851.
- ^ Greenwood, Molly M.; Coker, Calvin R. (2016). "The political is personal: analyzing the presidential primary debate performances of Hillary Clinton and Michele Bachmann". Argumentation and Advocacy. 52 (3): 165–180. doi:10.1080/00028533.2016.11821868. S2CID 28145283.
- ^ a b Sharrow, Elizabeth A.; Strolovitch, Dara Z.; Heaney, Michael T.; Masket, Seth E.; Miller, Joanne M. (2016). "Gender Attitudes, Gendered Partisanship: Feminism and Support for Sarah Palin and Hillary Clinton among Party Activists". Journal of Women, Politics & Policy. 37 (4): 394–416. doi:10.1080/1554477x.2016.1223444. S2CID 151690764.
- ^ a b Schreiber, Ronnee (2016). "Gender Roles, Motherhood, and Politics: Conservative Women's Organizations Frame Sarah Palin and Michele Bachmann". Journal of Women, Politics & Policy. 27: 1–23. doi:10.1080/1554477X.2016.1115319. S2CID 147425912.
- ^ Johnson, Craig (2008). "The Rise and Fall of Carly Fiorina: An Ethical Case Study". Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies. 15 (2): 188–196. doi:10.1177/1548051808320983. S2CID 145194793.
- ^ a b Stewart, Alan (2016). "Fiorina, Carly". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- ^ Caughell, Leslie (2016). "When Playing the Woman Card is Playing Trump: Assessing the Efficacy of Framing Campaigns as Historic". PS, Political Science & Politics. 49 (4): 736–742. doi:10.1017/S1049096516001438.
- ^ "What Does 'Mama Grizzly' Really Mean?". Newsweek. September 27, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
- ^ Brox, Brian J.; Cassels, Madison L. (2009). "The Contemporary Effects of Vice-Presidential Nominees: Sarah Palin and the 2008 Presidential Campaign". Journal of Political Marketing. 8 (4): 349–363. doi:10.1080/15377850903263870. S2CID 145664583.
- ^ Chambers, Samuel; Finlayson, Alan (2008). "Ann Coulter and the Problem of Pluralism: From Values to Politics". Borderlands. 7.
- ^ Osgood, Kenneth (2009). "Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservativism". American Communist History. 8: 127–129. doi:10.1080/14743890902830667. S2CID 162402116.
- ^ Critchlow, Donald T. (2005). Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- ^ "Congress now has 6 Native Americans—a record. What's their stance on climate change?". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
...Representative-elect Yvette Herrell, a hard-line conservative and Trump ally...
- ^ "A Tale of Two Cities: U.s. [sic] Senator Paula Hawkins and Homebody Hubby Gene". People.com. April 20, 1981.
- ^ "Concerned Women for America". concernedwomen.org. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
- ^ Spindel, Barbara (2003). "Conservatism as the "Sensible Middle": The Independent Women's Forum, Politics, and the Media". Social Text. 21 (4): 99–125. doi:10.1215/01642472-21-4_77-99. S2CID 144134935.
- ^ admin. "Home". VIEW PAC. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
External links[]
- Conservatism in the United States
- American women in politics
- Women in the United States