Loup language
Loup | |
---|---|
Pronunciation | [lu] |
Native to | United States |
Region | Massachusetts, Connecticut |
Ethnicity | Nipmuck? |
Extinct | 18th century |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:xlo – Loup Axlb – Loup B |
xlo Loup A | |
xlb Loup B | |
Glottolog | loup1243 Loup A |
Loup is an extinct Algonquian language, or possibly group of languages, spoken in colonial New England. Loup ("Wolf") was a French colonial ethnographic term, and usage was inconsistent. In modern literature, it refers to two varieties, Loup A and Loup B.[1]
Attestation[]
Loup A, which may be the language of the Nipmuck, is principally attested from a word list recorded from refugees by the St. Francis mission to the Abenaki in Quebec. The descendants of these refugees became speakers of Western Abenaki in the eighteenth century. Loup B refers to a second word list, which shows extensive dialectal variation. This may not be a distinct language, but just notes on the speech of various New England Algonquian refugees in French missions.[2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Chaubunagungamaug_lake_sign.jpg/220px-Chaubunagungamaug_lake_sign.jpg)
Phonology[]
The phonology of Loup A (Nipmuck), reconstructed by Gustafson 2000:
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal/ Postalveolar |
Velar | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | plain | lab. | ||||
Plosive | p | t | tʲ | k | (kʷ) | ||
Nasal | m | n | |||||
Affricate | tʃ | ||||||
Fricative | s | h | |||||
Lateral | l | ||||||
Approximant | w | j |
Short | Long | Nasal | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | iː | |
Mid | e | ||
Open | a | aː | ã |
Back-mid | o | oː | |
Back-close | u |
The vowel sounds likely have the same phonetic quality as other southern New England Algonquian languages. The short vowels /i o e a/ may represent the sounds as [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɛ,ə], and [ʌ], while the long vowels /iː/, /oː/, and /ã/ correspond to /i/, /o/, and /ã/.[3][4]
References[]
- ^ Goddard, Ives (2012). "The 'Loup' Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian". Papers of the 44th Algonquian Conference. SUNY Press: 104–138.
- ^ Victor Golla, 2007. Atlas of the World's Languages
- ^ Gustafson, Holly Suzanne (2000). A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language (PDF). Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
- ^ Costa, David J. (2007). The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2018.
External links[]
- OLAC resources in and about the Loup A language
- OLAC resources in and about the Loup B language
- Nipmuc Language.org
- Languages with Linglist code
- Eastern Algonquian languages
- Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
- Languages of the United States
- Extinct languages of North America
- Native American history of New York (state)
- Indigenous languages of North America
- Languages extinct in the 18th century
- Indigenous languages of the Americas stubs