Gros Ventre language
Gros Ventre | |
---|---|
'ɔ'ɔ́ɔ́ɔ́naakíit'ɔ | |
Native to | United States |
Region | Montana |
Ethnicity | Gros Ventre |
Extinct | 2007, with the death of Theresa Lamebull[1] |
Revival | 45 self-identified speakers as of 2009-2013[2] |
Algic
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | ats |
Glottolog | gros1243 |
ELP | Gros Ventre |
Historical extent of the language |
Atsina, or Gros Ventre (also known as Ananin, Ahahnelin, Ahe and A’ani),[3] was the ancestral language of the Gros Ventre people of Montana. The last fluent speaker died in 2007,[1] though revitalization efforts are underway.
History[]
Atsina is the name applied by specialists in Algonquian linguistics. Arapaho and Atsina are dialects of a common language usually designated by scholars as "Arapaho-Atsina". Historically, this language had five dialects, and on occasion specialists add a third dialect name to the label, resulting in the designation, "Arapaho-Atsina-Nawathinehena".[1] Compared with Arapaho proper, Gros Ventre had three additional phonemes /tʲ/, /ts/, /kʲ/, and /bʲ/, and lacked the velar fricative /x/.
Theresa Lamebull taught the language at Fort Belknap College (now Aaniiih Nakoda College), and helped develop a dictionary using the Phraselator when she was 109.[4]
As of 2012, the White Clay Immersion School at Aaniiih Nakoda College was teaching the language to 26 students, up from 11 students in 2006.[3][5]
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | plain | b ⟨b⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | ʔ ⟨’⟩ | ||
palatalized | bʲ ⟨bʸ⟩ | tʲ ⟨tʸ⟩ | kʲ ⟨kʸ⟩ | ||||
Fricative | θ ⟨3⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | ||||
Affricate | ts ⟨c⟩ | tʃ ⟨č⟩ | |||||
Nasal | n ⟨n⟩ | ||||||
Approximant | w ⟨w⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ |
Vowels[]
Short | Long | |
---|---|---|
Close | ɪ ⟨i⟩ | iː ⟨ii⟩ |
Mid | ɛ ⟨e⟩ | eː ⟨ee⟩ |
Back | ɔ ⟨o⟩ | oː ⟨oo⟩ |
ʊ ⟨u⟩ | uː ⟨uu⟩ |
Notes[]
- ^ a b c Mithun 336
- ^ "Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English". www.census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
- ^ a b "Immersion School is Saving a Native American Language". Indian Country Today Media Network. 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
- ^ "The Phraselator II". The American Magazine. Archived from the original on 2013-08-07. Retrieved 2013-05-12.
- ^ Boswell, Evelyn (2008-12-04). "MSU grads preserve a native language, keep tribal philosophies alive". MSU News Service. Archived from the original on 2013-03-03. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
- ^ Salzmann, Zdeněk (1969). Salvage Phonology of Gros Ventre (Atsina).
References[]
- Mithun, Marianne (1999) The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Further reading[]
- Malainey, Mary E. 2005. The Gros Ventre/Fall Indians in historical and archaeological interpretation. Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 25(1):155-183.
External links[]
- Native Languages of the Americas: Gros Ventre (Ahe, Ahahnelin, Aane, Atsina)
- Gros Ventre Language Word Sets, Fort Belknap College
- Gros Ventre Dictionary
- Capriccioso, Rob (2007-10-09). "The Phraselator II". The American Magazine. Archived from the original on 2013-08-07. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
- "OLAC, Open Language Archives Community: Gros Ventre". Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
- "A Basic Guide in Tri-Lingual Education in Gros Ventre and Assiniboine". Retrieved 2012-07-18.
- Gros Ventre
- Plains Algonquian languages
- Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
- Indigenous languages of Montana
- Endangered Algic languages
- Endangered languages of the United States
- Native American language revitalization
- Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
- Indigenous languages of the Americas stubs