Mal (community development block)

Mal
Community development block
Mal Location in West Bengal, India
Coordinates: 26°51′N 88°45′E / 26.85°N 88.75°E / 26.85; 88.75Coordinates: 26°51′N 88°45′E / 26.85°N 88.75°E / 26.85; 88.75
Country	India
State	West Bengal
District	Jalpaiguri
Area
• Total	545.90 km2 (210.77 sq mi)
Population  (2011)
• Total	299,556
• Density	550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
Languages
• Official	Bengali, English
Time zone	UTC+5:30 (IST)
Lok Sabha constituency	Jalpaiguri
Vidhan Sabha constituency	Mal
Website	jalpaiguri.gov.in

Mal is a community development block (CD block) that forms an administrative division in the Malbazar subdivision of the Jalpaiguri district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Geography[]

Malbazar is located at 26°51′N 88°45′E / 26.85°N 88.75°E / 26.85; 88.75.

The Mal CD block lies in the north-western part of the district. The Teesta River flows along the western and southern boundary of the district, the Mal River flows along a portion of the eastern boundary. The northern portion has hilly terrain which is part of the sub-Himalayan ranges, the southern portion is part of the central tract, locally called Bhaber.^[1][2]

The Mal CD block is bounded by the Kalimpong I and Gorubathan CD blocks in Kalimpong district on the north, Matiali and Maynaguri CD blocks on the east, Jalpaiguri CD block on the south, and Rajganj CD block on the west.^[2][3]

The Mal CD block has an area of 545.90 km². It has 1 panchayat samity, 12 gram panchayats, 196 gram sansads (village councils), 106 mouzas, 100 inhabited villages and 3 census towns. Mal police station serves this block.^[4] Headquarters of this CD block is at Mal.^[2]

Gram panchayats of Mal block/ panchayat samiti are: Bagrakote, Chapadanga, Changmari, Damdim, Kranti, Kumlai, Lataguri, Moulani, Odlabari, Rajadanga, Rungamati and Tesimla.^[5]

Demographics[]

Population[]

According to the 2011 Census of India, the Mal CD block had a total population of 299,556, of which 275,384 were rural, and 24,172 were urban. There were 151,826 (51%) males and 147,730 (49%) females. There were 19,208 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The Scheduled Castes numbered 80,400 (26.84%) and the Scheduled Tribes numbered 103,356 (34.50%).^[6]

According to the 2001 census, Mal block had a total population of 264,711, out of which 134,956 were males and 129,755 were females. Mal block registered a population growth of 15.09 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade.^[7]

Census towns in the Mal CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Odlabari (14,194), Dakshin Odlabari (4,997), Lataguri (4,981).^[6]

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Mal CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Washabari Tea Garden (4,101), Lishriver Tea Garden (6,903), Bagrakot Tea Garden (9,971), Gojaldoba Tea Garden (5,184), Odlabari Tea Garden (4,384), Patharjora Tea Garden (4,335), Menglass Tea Garden (4,369), Rangamati Tea Garden (8,607), Syli Tea Garden (4,751), Ranichera Tea Garden (5,088), Damdim Tea Garden (8,451), Kumlai Tea Garden (4,299), Tesimala (4,785), Haihaipathar (6,831), Bainguri Tea Garden (6,742), Bara Ghoria (4,063), Annandapur Tea Garden (4,104), Dakshin Hanskhali (7,771), Jogesh Chandra Tea Garden (4,881), Neorandi Tea Garden (4,077), Kranti (5,961), Uttar Khalpara (4,117), Uttar Saripakuri (4,270), Uttar Matiali (4,371), Jhar Matiali (6,493) and Dakshin Matiali (4,068).^[6]

Other villages in the Mal CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Rajadanga (1,323), Chapadanga (2,299) and Gurjangjhora Tea Garden (2,423).^[6]

Literacy[]

According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in the Mal CD block was 172,753 (66.31% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 97,994 (74.23% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 74,759 (58.17% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 16.06%.^[6]

See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

Literacy in CD Blocks of Jalpaiguri district
Jalpaiguri Sadar subdivision
Rajganj – 62.82%
Jalpaiguri – 73.81%
Maynaguri – 75.63%
Dhupguri – 60.57%
Malbazar subdivision
Mal – 66.31
Matiali – 66.98%
Nagrakata – 61.27%
Alipurduar subdivision
Madarihat-Birpara – 67.77%
Kalchini – 68.96%
Kumargram – 72.42%
Alipurduar I – 78.19%
Alipurduar II – 75.76%
Falakata – 72.64%
Source: 2011 Census: CD Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data

Language and religion[]

According to the District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, 2011 census, as of 2001, Bengali was the mother-tongue of 55.8% of the population of Jalpaiguri district, followed by Sadan/ Sadri (14.3%), Nepali/ Gorkhali (6.9%), Hindi (4.6%), Kurukh/ Oraon (2.6%), Santali (1.0%), Bodo/Boro (0.8%), Munda (0.7%), Bhojpuri (0.7%), Rajbanshi (0.5%), Telugu (0.4%), Urdu (0.3%), Rabha (0.3%), Odiya (0.3%), Kharia (0.1%) and other mother-tongues (10.8%). The proportion of the population speaking Bengali increased from 54.5% in 1961 to 68.5% in 1981 and thereafter dropped to 55.8% in 2001. During the same period the proportion of the population speaking Sadan/ Sadri increased from 5.6% in 1961 to 14.3% in 2001. There was also a decline in the proportion of the population speaking such languages as Nepali/ Gorkhali, Hindi, Kurukh/ Oraon, Santali, Munda and Rajbanshi.^[8]

According to the West Bengal Official Language Act 1961 and the West Bengal Official Language (Amendment Act) 2012, the Bengali language is to be used for official purposes in the whole of West Bengal. In addition to Bengali, the Nepali language is to be used for official purposes in the three hills subdivisions, namely Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong, in the district of Darjeeling, and Urdu is to be used for official purposes in district/subdivision/ block/ municipality where the population speaking Urdu exceeds 10% of the total population. The English language will continue to be used for official purposes as it was being used prior to the enactment of these laws.^{[9][10][11][12]}

The West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Bill, 2012, included Hindi, Santhali, Odiya and Punjabi as official languages if it is spoken by a population exceeding 10 per cent of the whole in a particular block or sub-division or a district. Subsequently, Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi and Kurmali were also included in the list of minority languages by the West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018.^[13][14] However, as of 2020, there is no official / other reliable information about the areas covered. Census 2011 provides language data only at the district and above level.

In the 2011 Census of India, Hindus numbered 207,524 and formed 69.28% of the population of Mal CD block. Muslims numbered 58,592 and formed 19.56% of the population. Christians numbered 24,958 and formed 8.33% of the population. Others numbered 8,482 and formed 2.83% of the population.^[15] Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,^[16] and other religious communities.^[15]

Poverty level[]

Based on a study of the per capita consumption in rural and urban areas, using central sample data of NSS 55th Round 1999-2000, Jalpaiguri district was found to have relatively high rates of poverty of 35.73% in rural areas and 61.53% in the urban areas. It was one of the few districts where urban poverty rate was higher than the rural poverty rate.^[17]

According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 26-31% of the population of Jalpaiguri, Bankura and Paschim Medinipur districts were below poverty line, a relatively high level of poverty in West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.^[18]

Economy[]

Livelihood[]

In the Mal CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 13,740 and formed 12.09%, agricultural labourers numbered 23,731 and formed 20.88%, household industry workers numbered 1,929 and formed 1.70% and other workers numbered 74,258 and formed 65.33%.^[19] Total workers numbered 113,658 and formed 37.94% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 185,898 and formed 62.06% of the population.^[20]

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.^[21]

Infrastructure[]

There are 100 inhabited villages in the Mal CD block, as per the District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 98 villages (98.00%) have drinking water supply. 26 villages (26.00%) have post offices. 93 villages (93.00%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 57 villages (57.00%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 43 villages (43.00%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 1 village (1.00%) has an agricultural credit societies and 13 villages (13.00%) have banks.^[22]

Agriculture[]

The economy of the Jalpaiguri district is mainly dependent on agriculture and plantations, and majority of the people are engaged in agriculture. Jalpaiguri is well-known for tea and timber. Other important crops are paddy, jute, tobacco, mustard seeds, sugarcane and wheat. The annual average rainfall is 3,440 mm, around double of that of Kolkata and the surrounding areas. The area is flood prone and the rivers often change course causing immense damage to crops and cultivated lands.^[23]

In 2013-14, there were 69 fertiliser depots, 23 seed stores and 54 fair price shops in the Mal CD block.^[24]

In 2013–14, the Mal CD block produced 23,528 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop, from 11,274 hectares, 1,131 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 605 hectares, 2,229 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 991 hectares, 890 tonnes of wheat from 570 hectares, 407 tonnes of maize from 191 hectares, 17,710 tonnes of jute from 1,434 hectares, 17,449 tonnes of potatoes from 810 hectares and 1,433 tonnes of sugarcane from 14 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.^[24]

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in the Mal CD block was 9,394 hectares, out of which 4,368 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 116 hectares by tank water, 1,440 hectares by river lift irrigation, 80 hectares by deep tube wells and 3,390 hectares by shallow tube wells.^[24]

Dooars-Terai tea gardens[]

Tea gardens in the Dooars and Terai regions produce 226 million kg or over a quarter of India's total tea crop.. The Dooars-Terai tea is characterized by a bright, smooth and full-bodied liquor that's a wee bit lighter than Assam tea. Cultivation of tea in the Dooars was primarily pioneered and promoted by the British but there was significant contribution of Indian entrepreneurs.^[25][26]

Banking[]

In 2013-14, Mal CD block had offices of 8 commercial banks and 4 gramin banks.^[24]

Backward Regions Grant Fund[]

The Jalpaiguri district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.^[27][28]

Transport[]

v t New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line
Legend
km km New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section 238 105 Fakiragram New Jalpaiguri-New Bongaigaon section Fakiragram–Golakganj branch line to Dhubri & Abhayapuri 58 Golakganj Gadadhar River closed MG section to Bamanhat 43 Agomoni 36 Bidyar Dabri Assam West Bengal border 30 Boxirhat New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section 23 Tufanganj Samuktala Road 174 213 12 Maradanga 203 New Alipurduar Kaljani River 192 New Baneswar Alipurduar–Bamanhat branch line 184 0 New Cooch Behar New Mal–Changrabandha– New Cooch Behar line New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section 176 Baneswar Kaljani River 166 Alipurduar Salsala Bari 169 164 Alipurduar Court Alipurduar College 164 161 Alipurduar Junction 157 Damanpur 150 Rajabhatkhawa Buxa Road 156 closed MG section Jayanti 166 planned Rajabhatkhawa–Jayanti new BG line 144 Garopara 138 Kalchini 135 Hamiltonganj 126 Hasimara Air Force Base Torsa River Dalsingpara 120 closed MG section 116 Madarihat 107 Mujnai 101 Dalgaon 92 Binnaguri 85 Banarhat Jaldhaka River 77 Chengmari 74 Carron 69 Nagrakata 62 Chapramari Naxal 71 planned Chalsa-Naxal new BG line Metelli 64 closed Chalsa-Metelli MG section 55 Chalsa Neora River Gangtok 122 48 New Mal Junction Singtam 90 New Mal–Changrabandha– New Cooch Behar line planned/approved ↑ under construction ↓ 42 Damdim Rangpo 68 37 Oodlabari Sikkim West Bengal border Ghish River Melli 51 33 Bagrakot Tista Bazar 46 Leesh River Teesta River 26 Pillamshat Teesta River Gielkhola 44 Rilli 40 Riyang 37 Siliguri-Gielkhola closed NG section Kalijhora 27 21 Sivok 18 Gulma Khola Salugara 13 Mahananda River Siliguri-Gielkhola closed NG section 16 Gulma 11 Pashwashraya Panchnai Junction 13 Darjeeling Himalayan Railway narrow-gauge line Siliguri-Kishanganj closed NG section Panchai River 7 Siliguri Junction Matigara 11 4 Siliguri Town Balason River New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section 0 New Jalpaiguri R.R. Halt 14 7 Rangapani Bagdogra 17 Katihar–New Jalpaiguri line Katihar–Siliguri line 0 Sources: Google Maps Indian Railway – East Zone Time Table 55425 Alipurduar–Bamanhat Passenger 55426 Bamanhat–Alipuduar Passenger

v t New Mal–Changrabandha– New Cooch Behar line
Legend
km   New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line 0 New Mal Junction 3 Malbazar 11 Baradighi 17 Neora Nadi Neora River 33 Ramsai closed MG section 23 Lataguri 37 Domohani New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section to New Maynaguri (under construction) 43 Maynaguri Road closed MG section 46 Barnes Ghat 52 Bhotepatti 59 New Changrabandha 62 Changrabandha closed MG section India Bangladesh border closed MG section 65 Burimari Burimari–Lalmonirhat–Parbatipur line (MG line) 75 Jamaldaha-Gopalpur 85 Nayarhat 95 Mathabhanga Jaldhaka River 111 Chapaguri Torsa River New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line 126 New Cooch Behar Junction Alipurduar–Bamanhat branch line New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section Fakiragram–Dhubri branch line km
Sources: [29]

Mal CD block has 6 ferry services and 7 originating/ terminating bus routes.^[24]

NH 31 passes through the block.

Education[]

In 2013-14, Mal CD block had 156 primary schools with 21,806 students, 16 middle schools with 3,290 students, 8 high schools with 8,351 students and 15 higher secondary schools with 15,882 students. Mal CD block had 1 general degree college with 3,810 students and 865 institutions for special and non-formal education with 40,633 students.^[24]

See also – Education in India

According to the 2011 census, in the Mal CD block, among the 100 inhabited villages, 6 villages did not have schools, 50 villages had two or more primary schools, 33 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 15 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.^[30]

Healthcare[]

In 2014, Mal CD block had 1 block primary health centre, 3 primary health centres and 10 NGO/ private nursing home with total 214 beds and 15 doctors (excluding private bodies). Mal municipal area (located outside the block) had 1 hospital with 100 beds and 15 doctors. It had 51 family welfare subcentres. 6,052 patients were treated indoor and 85,062 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.^[24]

Odlabari Block Primary Health Centre, with 10 beds at Odlabari, PO Panbari, is the major government medical facility in the Mal CD block. There are primary health centres at Chak Moulani (PO Lataguri) (with 6 beds), Uttar Saripukhari (PO Krantihat) (with 4 beds), Dakshin Hanskhali (with 6 beds).^[31][32]

See also[]

• Kalagaity

References[]