Mandailing people

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Mandailing people
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bruidspaar uit Pakantan Tapanuli Noord-Sumatra TMnr 10002962.jpg
A photograph of a Mandailing couple from Pakantan, Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia.
Total population
1,034,690[1] (2000)
Regions with significant populations
 Indonesia:[1]
North Sumatra 906,939 (2000)
West Sumatra 127,751 (2000)
Riau 77,611 (2000)[Note 1]
Jakarta 41,393 (2000)[Note 2]
 Malaysia: 500,000 (2012)[2]
Languages
Mandailing, Indonesian, Malay
Religion
Islam (predominantly), Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Minangkabau people, Malay people, Alas people, Gayo people, Karo people, Batak people
A traditional house in Mandailing Natal Regency.

The Mandailing is a traditional cultural group in Southeast Asia. They are found mainly in the northern section of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. They came under the influence of the Kaum Padri who ruled the Minangkabau of Tanah Datar. As a result, the Mandailing were influenced by Muslim culture and converted to Islam. There are also a group of Mandailing in Malaysia, especially in the states of Selangor and Perak. They are closely related to the Angkola.

Etymology[]

The etymology of 'Mandailing' is said to be a compounding of the words mande, meaning 'mother', and hilang, meaning 'lost'. Thus, the name is said to mean "lost mother".[3] The Mandailing society is patriarchal, employing family names, or marga. The well known margas in Mandailing clan are: Lubis, Nasution, Siregar, Hasibuan, Harahap, Dalimunthe (originally from Munthe), Matondang, Rangkuti, Parinduri, Pulungan, Rambe, Daulae(y), Pohan, Batubara (not to be confused with the Batu Bara people from the east coast of Sumatra), Barus and Hutajulu.

History[]

Plating mats and pounding rice in Pakantan.

According to Tamboen's account (1952) the Mandailing, along with other sub-ethnic Batak groups are the descendants of one man by the name of Batak;[4] who migrated to the south before the coming of the Portuguese and Dutch colonisation of Sumatra. Moreover, many Mandailing people are Minangkabau descent from Pagaruyung in Minangkabau highlands, such as Nasution clan.[5] Dutch colonization in Sumatra caused the Mandailing to be typecast as a sub-category of the Batak, as a 'wedge policy' to classify the communities and create typologies. It instilled the division of the Islamic nations by a non-Muslim belt, called 'Bataklanden' (Bataklands).[6] The Mandailing were associated with the Toba Batak people instead of being recognized as a distinct ethnic minority. Consequently, the Mandailing people have been torn between two cultural and ethnic identities, namely Batak-Mandailing in Indonesia and Malay-Mandailing in Malaysia.[6]

The Padri War[]

The Padri War, which took place in West Sumatra and spread to the inland parts of East Sumatra between 1803 and 1845, caused an exodus of large groups of Mandailing from their homeland to peninsular Malaya. Among them were groups led by , the overlord of the Mandailings, and his nephew . Together with , they were embroiled in the Klang War from 1866 to 1873, also known as the Selangor War.[7]

Raja Asal and Raja Bilah fled to Perak, where their followers settled in Lower Perk and the Kinta Valley. The British appointed Raja Bilah penghulu of Blanja while his son Raja Yacob became penghulu of Tronoh, which generated large revenues after the opening of the Tronoh Mines, the largest tin producer in the world in the 1920s.[7]

Region[]

Mandailing is the name of region Luat Mandailing, which is now almost in Mandailing Natal Regency in North Sumatra. The first group who came to this region were the Lubis and Nasution, later followed by the Siregar, Harahap and so forth. Nasution and Lubis are the biggest groups in Mandailing clan.[8] While other groups, such as Pulungan, Harahap, Matondang, Rangkuti, and others are the smaller groups of Luat Mandailing. Harahap and Siregar dwell almost in Luat Angkola, which now belongs to South Tapanuli Regency, situated between Regency and North Tapanuli Regency.

Migrations[]

Pilgirims of Mandailing people in Mecca, 1880.

The Mandailing people are also known as the great travellers as more and more of the Mandailings are migrating to the various regions in the country as well as around the world. Many of the Mandailings are playing the important roles of the nation. The Indonesian government considered the Mandailings as one of the main tribes in the country. Many Mandailings keep detailed family tree records as it has become the family tradition. It is reported that 98% of the Mandailing ethnic group are Muslim.[9] There are approximately more than one hundred thousand Mandailings In Malaysia nowadays. Many of the Mandailings in Malaysia are visiting their ancestors in Mandailing Regency in Indonesia as it has been a tradition to keep the brotherhood and strong bond of unity among the Mandailings.

The Mandailing language is still used by the descendants of Mandailing immigrants in Malaysia, although language shift to Malay is observed among the younger generation.[10]

Culture[]

The Mandailing classic of daun ubi tumbuk or mashed tapioca leaves, lush with bunga kantan, lemongrass and coconut milk flavor is a famous food among the Mandailing people.[11]

They have a traditional ensemble of drums called Gordang Sambilan.[12][13]

Controversy[]

The generalization of the term "Batak" being applied to the Mandailing people are not accepted by the those who descended from their customary region, although majority of the population consider themselves as part of Batak ethnic group.[14] The Mandailing people has blood ties, kinship, language, writing script, social systems, arts, customs and norms that are different from the Batak and Malay people.[6]

Notable people[]

Main article: List of Mandailing people

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Based on the estimated 7.5% of the Bataks total population in Riau in Figure 2.5.2.
  2. ^ Based on the estimated 4% of the Bataks total population in Jakarta in Figure 2.5.2.

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Leo Suryadinata; Evi Nurvidya Arifin; Aris Ananta (2003). Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-230-212-3.
  2. ^ viva.co.id Didata Malaysia, Tor-tor Tetap Milik Tapanuli Archived 2012-07-21 at archive.today
  3. ^ Edi Nasution (2007). Tulila: muzik bujukan Mandailing. Areca Books. p. 9. ISBN 978-98-342-8344-5.
  4. ^ Masri Singarimbun (1975). Kinship, Descent, and Alliance Among the Karo Batak. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02692-6.
  5. ^ Sepenggal Sejarah Marga Nasution Milik Bobby Menantu Jokowi
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c Abdur-Razzaq Lubis. Mandailing-Batak-Malay: A People Defined and Divided. In: 'From Palermo to Penang: A Journey into Political Anthropology', University of Fribourg, 2010.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b Abdul-Razzaq Lubis and Khoo Salma Nasution. Raja Bilah and the Mandailings in Perak: 1875–1911. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (MBRAS), 2003.
  8. ^ Nenggih Susilowati (2012). "The Remains Of Megalithic Tradition On Material Culture Of Mandailing People". Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Utara, Berkala Arkeologi Sangkhakala, Vol. XV No. 1. p. 119. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  9. ^ O.H.S. Purba; Elfis F Purba (1998). Migran Batak Toba di Luar Tapanuli Utara Suatu Deskripsi (in Indonesian). Manora, diarsipkan Michigan University. ISBN 979-612-202-2.
  10. ^ Lubis, Muhammad Bukhari (26–28 Feb 2004). Persepsi orang Mandailing Malaysia terhadap orang Mandailing asal di Indonesia. Persidangan antarabangsa peradaban Melayu II (Second International Conference on Malay Civilisation) (in Malay). Tanjong Malim: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
  11. ^ Aqmarul Akhyar (19 April 2020). Juang Naibaho (ed.). "TRIBUN-MEDAN-WIKI: Pakat, Lalapan Khas Mandailing yang Jadi Favorit Saat Ramadan". Tribun-Medan. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  12. ^ Taiwan journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Volume 2, Issue 2. 國立曁南國際大學東南亞硏究中心. 2005. p. 86.
  13. ^ Marshall Clark & Juliet Pietsch (2014). Indonesia-Malaysia Relations: Cultural Heritage, Politics and Labour Migration. Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 978-13-178-0888-6.
  14. ^ "The Trans-Sumatra Trade and the Ethnicization of the 'Batak'". National Statistics Directorate & United Nations Population Fund. 2002. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 2020-06-09.

Further reading[]

  • Mangaradja Ihoetan (1926), Asal-Oesoelnja Bangsa Mandailing: Berhoeboeng dengan perkara tanah Wakaf bangsa Mandailing, di Soengei Mati - Medan, Sjarikat Tapanoeli
  • Syahmerdan Lubis gelar Baginda Raja Muda (1997), Adat Hangoluan Mandailing, Tapanuli Selatan, S. Lubis, OCLC 6169347
  • Zulkifli Lubis; Enni Syarifah Hrp; Lizar Andrian; Naga Sakti Harahap; Septian H. Lubis (2012), Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Mandailing Dalam Tata Kelola Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan Sosial, Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Banda Aceh, ISBN 978-602-9457-23-0
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