Maqpon dynasty
 | It has been suggested that this article be merged into Skardu#Maqpon period. (Discuss) Proposed since January 2022. |
Maqpon Dynasty | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1190–1846 | |||||||||
 Map of Kashmir region. Maqpon Kingdom existed in north in Gilgit Baltistan | |||||||||
| Capital | Skardu | ||||||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1190 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1846 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Pakistan India | ||||||||
The Maqpon dynasty of Skardu was founded by Ibrahim Shah (1190-1220), who was born in Skardu. This royal family ruled over Baltistan for approximately 700 years.[1] The kings of the Maqpon dynasty extended the frontiers of Baltistan to Gilgit Agency,[2] Chitral, and Ladakh.[3]
History[]
Following the dissolution of Tibetan suzerainty over Baltistan around the 9th-10th century CE, Baltistan came under control of the local Maqpon Dynasty, which according to local tradition, is said to have been founded after a migrant from Kashmir named Ibrahim Shah married a local princess.[4]
During the 14th century, Muslim scholars from Kashmir crossed Baltistan's mountainous terrain to spread Islam.[5] The Noorbakshia Sufi order further propagated the faith in Baltistan and Islam became dominant by the end of the 17th century. With the passage of time a large number also converted to Shia Islam and a few converted to Sunni Islam.[6]
Around the year 1500, Maqpon Bokha was crowned ruler, and founded the city of Skardu as his capital.[4] The Skardu Fort was established around this time.[4] During his reign, King Makpon Bokha imported craftsmen from Kashmir and Chilas to help develop the area's economy.[4] While nearby Gilgit fell out of the orbit of Tibetan influence, Baltistan region remained connected due to its close proximity to Ladakh,[7] the region which the dynasty routinely fought against.[8]
In the early 1500s, Sultan Said Khan of the Timurid Yarkent Khanate, based in what is now Xinjiang province of China, raided Baltistan.[9] Given the threat illustrated by the Sultan Said's invasion, Mughal attention was roused, prompting the 1586 conquest of Baltistan by the Mughal Emperor Akbar.[8] The local Maqpon rulers pledged allegiance, and from that point onwards beginning with Ali Sher Khan Anchan, the kings of Skardu were mentioned as rulers of Little Tibet in the historiography of the Mughal Empire.[10]
In 1580, Ali Sher Khan Anchan became Maqpon King. He proved to be greatest of all, and expanded the borders of the kingdom from Gilgit to Ladakh. When the Raja of Laddakh, Jamyang Namgyal, attacked the principalities in the district of Purik (Kargil) annihilating the Skardu garrison at Kharbu and putting to sword a number of petty Muslim rulers in the Muslim principalities in Purik (Kargil), Ali Sher Khan Anchan left with a strong army by way of Marol and bypassing the Laddakhi army occupied Leh, the capital of Laddakh. It appears that the Balti conquest of Laddakh took place in about 1594 A.D. The Raja of Laddakh was ultimately taken prisoner.[11][12][13] Then Ali Sher Khan Anchan to march on Gilgit with an Army,[14] and conquered Astore, Gilgit, Hunza, Nagar and Chilas. From Gilgit he advanced to and conquered Chitral and Kafiristan.
Decline[]
In 1839, Dogra commander Zorawar Singh Kahluria defeated Balti forces in battles at Wanko Pass and Thano Kun plains, clearing his path for invasion of the Skardu valley.[15] He seized Skardu Fort on behalf of the Dogra Kingdom based in Jammu.[16] Singh's forces massacred a large number of the garrison's defenders, and publicly tortured Kahlon Rahim Khan of Chigtan in front of a crowd of local Baltis and their chiefs.[17] In 1845, the region was completely subjugated by the Dogra rulers of Kashmir.[18][19] and last Maqpon King was taken as prisoner.
Rulers[]
Genealogy of Maqpon rulers:[20]
- 1190-1220 Ibrahim
- 1220-1250 Astak Sange
- 1250-1280 Zak Sange
- 1280-1310 Bardak Sange
- 1310-1340 Sek Sange
- 1340-1370 Tam Gori Tham
- 1370-1400 Sa Gori Tham
- 1400-1437 Khohkor Sange
- 1437-1464 Ghota Cho Sange
- 1464-1490 Bahram Cho
- 1490-1515 Bo Kha
- 1515-1540 Sher Shah
- 1540-1565 Ali Khan
- 1565-1590 Ghazi Mir
- 1580-1624 Ali Sher Khan Anchan
- 1624-1636 Abdal Khan
- 1636-1655 Adam Khan
- 1655-1670 Murad Khan
- 1670-1678 Sher Khan
- 1678-1680 Muhammad Rafi Khan
- 1680-1710 Shir Khan
- 1710-1745 Mohammad Rafi
- 1745-1780 Sultan Murad
- 1780-1785 Azam Khan
- 1785-1787 Mohammad Zafar Khan
- 1787-1811 Ali Shir Khan
- 1811-1840 Ahmed Shah
(May 1840 Dogra invasion)
Gallery[]
Skardu fort was seat of power of Maqpon Dynasty
The Skardu Fort in 1852
The Chaqchan Mosque was built in 1370 in Baltistan
Amburiq Mosque was built in 14th century
References[]
- ^ Tareekh e Baltistan.
- ^ "Baltis". Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ^ Tikoo, Tej K. (30 June 2012). Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Exodus. ISBN 9781935501343.
- ^ a b c d Dani, The Western Himalayan States 1998, p. 220
- ^ "Baltistan - North Pakistan". Archived from the original on 15 June 2013.
- ^ "Little Tibet: Renaissance and Resistance in Baltistan". Himal Southasian. 30 April 1998. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
- ^ Dani, The Western Himalayan States 1998, p. 221.
- ^ a b Dani, The Western Himalayan States 1998, p. 219
- ^ Adshead, S. A. M. (27 July 2016). Central Asia in World History. Springer. ISBN 9781349226245.
- ^ "Vacations, Holiday, Travel, Climbing, Trekking". Skardu.pk. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
- ^ Sanjeev Kumar Bhasin (1 January 2006). Amazing Land Ladakh: Places, People, and Culture. Indus Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 978-81-7387-186-3.
- ^ Prem Singh Jina (1 January 2005). Ladakh Profile. Kalpaz Publications. p. 349. ISBN 978-81-7835-437-8.
- ^ S.R. Bakshi (1 January 1997). Kashmir: History and People. Sarup & Sons. p. 83. ISBN 978-81-85431-96-3.
ali mir skardu.
- ^ Anna Akasoy; Charles S. F. Burnett; Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim (2011). Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-7546-6956-2.
- ^ Kaul, Shridhar; Kaul, H. N. (1992). Ladakh Through the Ages, Towards a New Identity. Indus Publishing. ISBN 9788185182759.
- ^ Pirumshoev & Dani, The Pamirs, Badakhshan and the Trans-Pamir States 2003, p. 245.
- ^ Charak, Sukhdev Singh (8 September 2016). GENERAL ZORAWAR SINGH. New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. ISBN 9788123026480.
- ^ Ali, Manzoom (12 June 2004). Archaeology of Dardistan.
- ^ Gertel, Jörg; Richard Le Heron (2011). Economic Spaces of Pastoral Production and Commodity Systems. Ashgate. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-4094-2531-1.
- ^ Hashmatullah Kahn Lakhnavi, "History of Baltistan", 1987. 1987.
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