Marguerite Gautier-van Berchem

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Marguerite Gautier-van Berchem
MargueriteVanBerchem-ICRC V-P-HIST-03557-02 cropped.jpg
van Berchem during WWI
Signature
Signature Marguerite-Gautier-vanBerchem 17091972 ICRC-Archives.jpg

Marguerite Augusta Gautier-van Berchem (11 April 1892, Geneva – 23 January 1984, Geneva),[1] born Marguerite Augusta Berthout van Berchem, was a Swiss archaeologist[2] and art historian from a Patrician family,[3] who specialised both in early Christian art and early Islamic art. At the same time, she was a groundbreaking activist of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).[4] As one of the first women in high positions at the ICRC she helped to pave the way towards gender equality in the organisation which itself has historically been a pioneer of international humanitarian law.

Life[]

Family background and education[]

The graves of Marguerite's paternal grandparents

Gautier-van Berchem originated from a dynasty of Flemish aristocrats in the former Duchy of Brabant whose roots are traced back to the 11th century. The only branch which survived until today is the one that converted to Protestantism and emigrated with the Anabaptist leader David Joris to Basel in 1544.[5]

Marguerite at the age of three months with her mother

After changing their locations a number of times, those van Berchems settled in what is now Romandy, the French-speaking Western part of Switzerland, around 1764/65 and became citizens of the republic and canton of Geneva in 1816. The family acquired considerable wealth there, especially through marriages with other patrician families[6][7] like the Saladin and the Sarasin. Due to a "possible" family link with the otherwise extinct feudal house of the , the Swiss branch of the van Berchem family carried that surname as well.[5]

Marguerite's father Max van Berchem (1863–1921) was an orientalist and historian who embarked on scientific expeditions to Egypt, Palestine, and Syria. He became best known as a pioneer of Arabic epigraphy, who created the Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum, an important collection of Arabic inscriptions. Marguerite's paternal grand-parents Alexandre (1836-1872), who inherited the Château de Crans in Crans-près-Céligny from his maternal family side of Saladin, and Mathilde (née Sarasin,1838-1917), who inherited the (also called Turretin) in Satigny, were rentiers, who received an income from their assets.[8] The fact that they were both buried at the Cimetière des Rois ("Cemetery of Kings"), the city's "Panthéon" in Plainpalais, where the right to rest is strictly limited to distinguished personalities, illustrates the privileged status they enjoyed in Geneva's society.[9] They were part of the patrician class which

«turned to banking and philanthropic activities at the end of the 19th century, after losing control of the major public offices in Geneva.»[10]

On 11 June 1891, Max van Berchem married the twenty-one-year-old Lucile Elisabeth Frossard de Saugy, whose grandathers both had a background of serving at the royal court of Bavaria.[11][12] In the winter of 1892/93, Max and Alice van Berchem travelled together to Egypt, Palestine and Syria for several months, but it is unclear whether they took Marguerite with them on that journey.[13] Tragically, Elisabeth died on 2 June 1893 in Satigny shortly after their return to Geneva when Marguerite was just over one year old.[14]

The Château de Crans

On 25 March 1896, Max van Berchem got married again: his new wife became Alice Naville who was ten years younger than him.[8] Her father Albert (1841–1912) was a teacher of history at a girls college[15] and hailed from Geneva's second-oldest family. Max's brother was married to the daughter of the Egyptologist Edouard Naville from another branch of that family.[1] Alice's mother was a scioness of another prominent family, best known for their theologians: the Turrettini.[8] Max's maternal grandmother was born Turrettini as well.[16]

The remarried widower had six more children with Marguerite's stepmother: five daughters and one son. In the extensive letter correspondences of Max van Berchem, who suffered from bouts of depression during much of his adult life,[17] Marguerite was the only one of his seven children though, who he distinctly mentioned.[13]

In this context, Marguerite van Berchem grew up primarily in the family palace of Château de Crans on a vineyard overlooking Lake Geneva, where her father frequently hosted famous scholars of that period. Thus

«she received and excellent education in Modern languages, music and archaeology and was attracted to the East.»[18]

Thanks to this privileged background, Marguerite van Berchem was able to study archaeology at the prestigious École du Louvre et des Hautes Etudes in Paris.[14]

In 1912, Max van Berchem was going to travel to the Middle East with Marguerite. However, his friend , who was the general director of the Istanbul Museum, adviced against this plan on grounds that the lack of comfortable accommodation in the countryside would be too exhausting for her. Marguerite's father followed his recommendation, before he cancelled the journey altogether.[13]

World War I[]

Van Berchem at the IWPA with writer Adolphe Chenevière, , and (from left to right)
Portraits by Frédéric Boissonnas
Van Berchem at the IPWA service for the disappeared and missing persons
Van Berchem at the research service

Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the ICRC under its president Gustave Ador established the International Prisoners-of-War Agency (IPWA) to trace POWs and to re-establish communications with their respective families. The Austrian writer and pacifist Stefan Zweig described the situation at the Geneva headquarters of the ICRC as follows:

«Hardly had the first blows been struck when cries of anguish from all lands began to be heard in Switzerland. Thousands who were without news of fathers, husbands, and sons in the battlefields, stretched despairing arms into the void. By hundreds, by thousands, by tens of thousands, letters and telegrams poured into the little House of the Red Cross in Geneva, the only international rallying point that still remained. Isolated, like stormy Petrels, came the first inquiries for missing relatives; then these inquiries themselves became a storm. The letters arrived in sackfuls. Nothing had been prepared for dealing with such an inundation of misery. The Red Cross had no space, no organization, no system, and above all no helpers.»[19]

Already at the end of the same year though, the Agency had some 1,200 volunteers who worked in the Musée Rath of Geneva, amongst them the French writer and pacifist Romain Rolland. When he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature for 1915, he donated half of the prize money to the Agency.[20] Many of the staff were women.[19] Some of them came from the Patrician class of Geneva and joined the IPWA because of male relatives in high ICRC positions, which was all-male for more than half century. This group included female pioneers like Marguerite Cramer, Lucie Odier, Suzanne Ferrière, and van Berchem. She started volunteering right from the beginning and served at first in the special service for telegrams,[21] the research service,[22] and the department for the disappeared and missing persons.[23]

«Marguerite van Berchem selflessly devoted her time and effort to the work at hand, and was soon appointed head of the German Service, a position she filled with skill and efficiency.»[24]

The head of the IPWA was the Egyptologist Edouard Naville, who in 1915 also became the vice-president of the ICRC[25] and whose daughter was married to Marguerite's uncle Victor van Berchem.[26] Both the father- and son-in-law conducted joint visits to POW camps in Great Britain.[27] When Ador was elected to join the Swiss Federal Council in 1917, Naville became the president ad interim of the ICRC.[25]

In the same year, the ICRC was awarded its first Nobel Peace Prize to which van Berchem arguably made her own contribution as well.

By the end of the war, the Agency had transferred about 20 million letters and messages, some 1.9 million parcels, and approximately 18 million Swiss francs in monetary donations to POWs of all affected countries. Furthermore, due to the intervention of the Agency, about 200,000 prisoners were exchanged between the warring parties, released from captivity and returned to their home country. The organizational card index of the Agency accumulated some 7 million records from 1914 to 1923. The card index led to the identification of about 2 million POWs and the ability to contact their families.

Between the World Wars[]

Max van Berchem

In early 1921, barely two years after the war, Marguerite van Berchem suffered a heavy blow of fate when her father, with whom she had an especially close relationship after the untimely death of her mother, died at the age of just 58. Subsequently, she continued in his footsteps, on the one hand side continuing his works and on the other finding her own way:

Mosaïques chrétiennes du IVme au Xme siècle

Following what was apparently her father's wish, she at first focused her interest on mosaics.[18] Based on study trips, especially to Italy, she published in 1924 a book about Christian mosaics from the IVth to the Xth centuries with drawings by her younger half-sister Marcelle and in collaboration with (1881–1944). The archivist palaeographer was also a former director of one of the Entente sections at the IPWA and a columnist for the liberal daily newspaper , which in 1859 had published an anonymous essay by Henri Dunant about the Battle of Solferino and thus played a role in the founding of the ICRC, illustrating once more the institutional networking connections of Geneva's patrician family dynasties.

In the second half of the 1920s, the architectural historian Keppel Archibald Cameron Creswell entrusted her with the study of the mosaics of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and of the Great Mosque of Damascus. As an Inspector of Monuments in the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (OETA) – the joint British, French and Arab military administration over parts of the Levant and Mesopotamia (1917–1920) – he had entertained friendly relations with Max van Berchem, whom he admired.[13] The results of Marguerite van Berchem's research on the two religious sites, where her father had done epigraphic studies, were published by Creswell in 1932 as an independent part under her own name in the first volume of his seminal work Early Muslim Architecture.[28]

At the same time, van Berchem kept volunteering for the ICRC. In 1934, for instance, she accompanied her fellow pioneering colleagues Marguerite Frick-Cramer and Lucie Odier to Tokyo where they represented the organisation at the Fifteenth International Red Cross Conference.[24]

Until the start of the Second World War she was reportedly based in Rome for altogether fourteen years.[18]

World War II[]

The letter from 23. October 1944 from the Tracing Archives of the ICRC archives

After her return to Geneva van Berchem joined the of the ICRC, the successor of the IPWA which was based on the 1929 Geneva Convention. In 1940/41, she played a key role in the creation of a service dedicated to handle the cases of the many POWs from the French colonies, who could thus receive family news and parcels. To master the challenges from this task, she recruited a team of specialists who had lived in the colonies.[14]

From 1943, she also directed the auxiliary sections to the Agency, which by the end of the war had more than one thousand volunteers in 24 cities across Switzerland.[29]

When the contact between the colonial service and its French partner organisations was cut off in autumn of 1944, van Berchem pleaded in a letter on 23. October of that year to the ICRC member , who hailed from an old Geneva-family of Bankers, for permission to undertake a mission to Paris to achieve continuity of the department's work. In that context she reasoned that

«the work undertaken in Geneva for indigenous people has an impact beyond that of the other national services of the Agency because it is addressed to people that have been much abused by whites».[30]

Around the same the ICRC was awarded its second Nobel Peace Prize after 1917. As in World War I, it was the only prize awarded during the war years. While the then leadership of the ICRC under its president Max Huber, who at the same time did private business in the arms industry,[31] was later sharply criticized for not publicly denouncing Nazi Germany's system of extermination and concentration camps,[32] it may be argued that van Berchem made her distinct contribution to what the Norwegian Nobel Committee credited the ICRC with, i.e.

«the great work it has performed during the war on behalf of Humanity.»

Post-WWII[]

Sedrata vestiges – photo from van Berchem's project

One year after the end of the Second World War, van Berchem stressed in a publication her conviction that

«differences in race, language and religion are no reasons that should divide the peoples, but that there are laws and profound links which may make this diversity a great wealth.»[29]

Stucco from Sedrata at the Louvre, excavated by van Berchem's team

Still in 1946, van Berchem undertook a journey to Morocco and Algeria. In Algiers, her interest was sparked by stuccos at the National Museum of Antiquities and Islamic Art. The artworks were from , a historical site some 800 km South of Algiers near the oasis of Ouargla in the Algerian Sahara, which had been a prospering Berber city during the 10th and 11th centuries. French archaeologists had excavated parts of it at the end of the 19th century, but the ruins were covered by the desert sands and largely forgotten again.[18]

In 1949 van Berchem undertook a second trip to Algeria and another year later a first reconnaissance mission to Sedrata. It was followed by two systematic archaeological expeditions: in the course of the first one, which took place from the end of 1950 to the beginning of 1951, she had the means of aerial archaeology used to examine the extent of the site with its streets and channels. A hydro-survey was conducted as well. Limited excavations discovered a large building that was decorated with columns and arches. The second campaign, which took place from late 1951 to early 1952 discovered a residential complex with finely decorated stucco panels. Some fifty boxes of finds were sent to Algiers. However, van Berchem had to give up the project altogether after the beginning of the Algerian Revolution in 1954. A large part of her findings was only published posthumously in 2017.[33][34]

The graves of Gautier-van Berchem (left) and her husband with the grave of her father in the background, marked by a white obelisk

In 1951, van Berchem was elected a member of the ICRC,[24] joining her cousin , a banker, who was an ICRC member from 1946 to 1955.[1][35] In contrast, Marguerite van Berchem remained a regular member for 18 years[24] and thus a pioneer for gender equality in the ICRC governing body which was strongly dominated by men until a few years ago. During her tenure, she undertook missions to a number of countries, e.g. to Nepal and Jordan.[18] In 1963, the ICRC received its third Nobel Peace Prize after 1917 and 1944, making it the only organisation to be honoured thrice. It may be argued that van Berchem contributed to this award as well.

In 1966, she married the banker Bernard Gautier,[1] a grandson of Augusta Berthout van Berchem and thus a cousin of Marguerite van Berchem's half-siblings. A great-grand-mother of Marguerite van Berchem's was born Gautier.[36]

Three years later, the banker – a grandson of the ICRC's former vice-president Edouard Naville, whose daughter was married to Gautier-van Berchem's uncle Victor van Berchem – was elected president of the ICRC. Also in 1969 and in her own right, Gautier-van Berchem became an honorary member of the ICRC. Until a few years before her death, and

«in spite of her age, she faithfully attended every Assembly, where her points of view, which reflected so much culture, experience and wisdom, were always well received. She also made generous donations to the staff pension fund, in aid of retired employees in need.»[24]

When Gautier-van Berchem died in January 1984 at the age of almost 92, the former Vice-President of the ICRC Jean Pictet, who is considered the "father" of the 1949 Geneva Conventions for the protection of victims of war and hailed from Geneva's oldest family, wrote in an obituary which was published by the Journal de Genève:

«A native of Geneva, she admirably embodied this ‹Geneva spirit›, thoughtful and reserved, willingly rebellious and caustic, but also generous and capable of igniting good causes. She was the heiress to this scientific and humanist tradition, which, aristocratic or popular, is the common heritage of all Genevans.»[37]

Her husband died on 10 December of the same year at the age of 92.[38] Their graves are at the Ancien Cimetière de Cologny, where her father is buried as well.[39]

Legacy[]

The Villa Saladin-van Berchem
West side (centre)
East side

In 1973, Gautier-van Berchem, who did not have immediate heirs of her own, donated the Villa Saladin-van Berchem to the Swiss Confederation. Though it had been the property of the Saladin family for seven generations, Gautier-van Berchem had not inherited it from that part of her family, but purchased it in 1955. Since she did not want the estate, which was built in 1715 at the Plateau de Frontenex in Cologny overlooking Lake Geneva, to fall into foreign hands, she gave it to the government under the condition that the state of the architectural ensemble would stay inalienable.[3] The villa has served since then as the residence of the permanent representative of Switzerland to the United Nations Office at Geneva.[4]

In the same year, upon the initiative of Gautier-van Berchem, the was established. It is based in the Champel quarter of Geneva. On the one hand side, it serves in cooperation with the Bibliothèque de Genève as the archives for the academic papers of Max van Berchem and with its specialised library as a documentation centre for Arabic epigraphy. One the other side, it also funds archaeological missions, research programs and study projects about Islamic art and architecture in a multitude of countries, not only in the Arabic world.[40] As of 2021, the Foundation's Board is made up of four members of the van Berchem and Gautier families. The president of the foundation's scientific committee is a member as well.[41] The scientific committee, which was created in 1985, advises the board on project proposals. It consists of ten international experts, including one family member.[42]

On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Max van Berchem's death, Geneva's Musée d’art et d’histoire (MAH) honoured Gautier-van Berchem's father in cooperation with his namesake foundation and the Bibliothèque de Genève from 16 April until 6 June 2021 by hosting the exposition

«The adventure of Arabic epigraphy».[43]

Selected works[]

Algerian stamp from 1967 honouring the Sedrata excavations
  • Mosaïques Chrétiennes du IVme au Xme Siècles, with Etienne Clouzot. Geneva 1924
  • The Mosaics of the Dome of the Rock at Jerusalem and of the Great Mosque at Damascus. In: Keppel Archibald Cameron Creswell: Early Muslim Architecture Vol. 1. Oxford 1932, pp. 152–252
  • Les Sections auxiliaires du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, Geneva 1947
  • Deux campagnes de fouilles à Sedrata en Algérie. In: Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1952, pp. 242–246
  • Sedrata. Un chapitre nouveau de l'histoire de l'art Musulman. Campagnes de 1951 et 1952, in: Ars Orientalis, Vol. 1 (1954), pp. 157–172
  • Sedrata et les anciennes villes berbères du Sahara dans les récits des explorateurs du XIXème siècle, in: Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, Vol. 59 (1960), pp. 289–308
  • Palmettes, rosaces et bordures dans les décors de Sedrata, L.A. Mayer Memorial Volume (1895–1959), in: Eretz Israël : Archæological, Historical and Geographical Studies, Vol. 7 (1964), pp. 6–16.
  • Le palais de Sedrata dans le désert saharien. In: Studies in Islamic Art and Architecture, in honour of Professor K.A.C. Creswell. Cairo 1965, pp. 8–29
  • Anciens décors de mosaïques de la salle de prière dans la Mosquée des Omayyades à Damas. In: Mélange offerts à M. Maurice Dunand (= Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph 46). Beirut 1970, pp. 287–304
  • La Jérusalem musulmane dans l'œuvre de Max van Berchem, with Solange Ory, Lausanne 1978
  • Muslim Jerusalem In The Work Of Max van Berchem, with Solange Ory, Fondation Max van Berchem, Geneva 1982

A comprehensive list of her publications containing 31 titles can be found in the catalogue of the Max van Berchem Foundation's library (PDF).

External links[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Fiscalini, Diego (1985). Des élites au service d'une cause humanitaire : le Comité International de la Croix-Rouge (in French). Geneva: Université de Genève, faculté des lettres, département d'histoire. pp. 18, 119.
  2. ^ "Marguerite van Berchem (1892–1984)". Bibliothèque nationale de France (in French). Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b d’Ivernois, Roger (6 March 1973). "Mme Gautier-van Berchem lègue sa belle maison du plateau de Frontenex à la Confédération". Journal de Genève : Le quotidien suisse d'audience internationale (in French): 15.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b van Berchem, Costin (June 2012). "Généalogie de la Maison de Ranst et de Berchem. Chapitre X: Les Berchem à Genève (XVIIIe – XXIe siècles)" (PDF) (in French). Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Santschi, Catherine (12 April 2012). "Berchem, van". Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (in German). Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  6. ^ van Berchem, Costin. "Portrait de Famille". Ranst-Berchem.org. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  7. ^ Herzfeld, Ernst (1922). "Max van Berchem". Der Islam. XII: 206–213.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c Santschi, Catherine (11 May 2004). "Berchem, Max van". Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (in German). Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  9. ^ "Cimetière des Rois (Plainpalais)". www.geneve.ch (in French). Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  10. ^ Meyre, Camille (12 March 2020). "Renée-Marguerite Frick-Cramer". Cross-Files | ICRC Archives, audiovisual and library. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  11. ^ Rossellat, Lionel. "Family tree of Edouard Jean Frossard de Saugy". Geneanet. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  12. ^ Rossellat, Lionel. "Family tree of Pauline Natalie de Rotenhan". Geneanet. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Genequand, Charles (2021). Max van Berchem, un orientaliste (in French). Geneva: Librairie Droz. pp. 53, 59–61, 91–92, 154, 179. ISBN 978-2600062671.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c Allemann, Marie (3 May 2021). "Marguerite Gautier-Van Berchem – an emblematic figure". Cross-Files | ICRC Archives, audiovisual and library. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  15. ^ "Albert Naville (1841-1912)". Bibliothèque nationale de France (in French). Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  16. ^ Rossellat, Lionel. "Family tree of Maximilien Edmond Berthout van Berchem". Geneanet. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  17. ^ Cooper, Lisa (2013). "Archaeology and Acrimony: Gertrude Bell, Ernst Herzfeld and the Study of Pre-Modern Mesopotamia" (PDF). Iraq. 75: 143–169. doi:10.1017/S0021088900000449. JSTOR 43307255. S2CID 163122475.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Zayadine, Fawzi (1984). "Islamic Art and Archaeology in the Publications of Marguerite Gautier-Van Berchem" (PDF). Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan. 28: 203–210.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b Zweig, Stefan (1921). Romain Rolland; the man and his work. Translated by Eden, Paul; Cedar, Paul. New York: T. Seltzer. p. 268.CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  20. ^ Schazmann, Paul-Emile (February 1955). "Romain Rolland et la Croix-Rouge: Romain Rolland, Collaborateur de l'Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre" (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross (in French). 37 (434): 140–143. doi:10.1017/S1026881200125735.
  21. ^ "Reference : V-P-HIST-03557-02". ICRC Audiovisual archives. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  22. ^ "Reference : V-P-HIST-00569-15". ICRC Audiovisual archives. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  23. ^ "Reference : V-P-HIST-03557-06". ICRC Audiovisual archives (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Death of Mrs. M. Gautier-van Berchem" (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross. 24 (238): 32–33. February 1984. doi:10.1017/S0020860400069679.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b "Genève, hôtel Beau-Séjour: portrait de groupe dans le parc". Bibliothèque de Genève Iconographie (in French). Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  26. ^ Vuilleumier, Sandrine (25 October 2019). "Naville, Edouard". Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (in German). Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  27. ^ Naville, Edouard; Van Berchem, Victor (1915). Documents publiés à l'occasion de la guerre de 1914–1915 : rapport de MM. Ed. Naville & V. Van Berchem sur leur visite aux camps de prisonniers en Angleterre en janvier 1915 (PDF) (in French). Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross.
  28. ^ "Marguerite van Berchem". Fondation Max van Berchem. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b van Berchem, Marguerite (1946). Les sections auxiliaires du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (in French). Geneva. pp. 3–5.
  30. ^ Allemann, Marie (5 May 2016). "Marguerite Gautier-Van Berchem, une figure emblématique". Cross-Files | ICRC Archives, audiovisual and library (in French). Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  31. ^ Rauh, Cornelia (2009). Schweizer Aluminium für Hitlers Krieg? Zur Geschichte der "Alusuisse" 1918–1950 (in German). Munich: Beck. ISBN 9783406522017.
  32. ^ Favez, Jean-Claude (1999). The Red Cross and the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press.
  33. ^ Aillet, Cyrille (2016). "La dame de Sedrata: retour sur l'entreprise archéologique de Marguerite van Berchem (1946–1965)". Ikosim (in French). Association algérienne pour la protection et la sauvegarde du patrimoine archéologique. 5: 93–124 – via Academia.edu.
  34. ^ Soubira, Thomas (1 April 2019). "Sedrata. Histoire et archéologie d'un carrefour du Sahara médiéval à la lumière des archives inédites de Marguerite van Berchem". Cahiers de civilisation médiévale. Xe-XIIe siècle (in French) (246): 214–216. doi:10.4000/ccm.4804. ISSN 0007-9731.
  35. ^ van Berchem, Costin (June 2012). "René van Berchem, banquier (1898–1985)" (PDF). Ranst-Berchem.org (in French). Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  36. ^ de Candolle, Pierre. "Family tree of Marguerite van Berchem". Geneanet. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  37. ^ Pictet, Jean (25 January 1984). "Hommage: Marguerite Gautier-van Berchem" (PDF). Journal de Genève (in French). Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  38. ^ de Candolle, Pierre. "Family tree of Bernard GAUTIER". Geneanet. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  39. ^ "Signalétique de l'ancien et du nouveau cimetière" (PDF). Commune de Cologny (in French). Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  40. ^ "Introduction". Fondation Max van Berchem. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  41. ^ "Foundation's Board". Fondation Max van Berchem. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  42. ^ "Scientific Committee". Fondation Max van Berchem. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  43. ^ "Max van Berchem – The adventure of Arabic epigraphy". Musée d'Art et d'histoire – Ville de Genève : Sites des institutions. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
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