Suzanne Ferrière

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Suzanne Ferrière
SuzanneFerriere1924 ByArthur ICRC AV-ArchivesV-P-HIST-02909-05.jpg
Signature
Signature SuzanneFerriere 23031966 ICRC-Archives-ACICR-BAG004-022.jpg

Anne Suzanne "Lili" Ferrière (22 March 1886, Geneva – 13 March 1970, Geneva) was a Swiss dance teacher of Dalcroze eurhythmics and a humanitarian activist from a prominent Genevan family. As only the second female member of the governing body of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) she helped to pave the way towards gender equality in the organisation which itself has historically been a pioneer of international humanitarian law.[1]

Ferrière also contributed to establishing the Save the Children International Union, the International Social Service for migrants, and the .

During the Second World War she became an outspoken advocate inside the ICRC leadership to publicly denounce Nazi Germany's system of extermination and concentration camps.

Life[]

Family background and early years[]

Ferrière doing eurhythmics (1910), photo by Frédéric Boissonnas

The Ferrière-family reportedly originated from the Normandy and moved to Besançon in Eastern France, close to the Jura Mountains and the border with Switzerland, around 1700.[2] From there they arrived in the republic of Geneva some forty years later. Since they were a family of Protestant pastors, it seems plausbile that they escaped repressions which arose after Louis XIV in 1685 revoked the 1598 Edict of Nantes, which had restored some civil rights to the Huguenots. In 1781, the family obtained Genevan citizenship.[1]

Ferrière in Hellerau (2nd from right)

Suzanne Ferrière's father Louis (1842–1928) was a pastor as well, who supported the philanthropic and the social Christianity movement.[1] His wife Hedwig Marie Therese, née Faber (1859–1928), hailed from Vienna,[3] and her older sister Adolphine was married to his younger brother .[4] Suzanne was the second-oldest child of five. She had two brothers and two sisters: Jean Auguste (1884–1968), Louis Emmanuel (1887–1963), Marguerite Louise Hedwige (1890–1984), and Juliette Jeanne Adolphine (1895–1970).[5] Anne Suzanne was apparently named after her great-aunts Anna (1803–1890) and Suzanne Ferrière (1806–1883), who were teachers.[6][7] She grew up and lived all of her life in the Florissant part of Geneva's Champel quarter,[5] where the family was traditionally based.[8] In 1904, she finished school at Geneva's .[9]

In subsequent years, Suzanne Ferrière became a student of the Swiss composer Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, who was Professor of Harmony at the Conservatoire de Musique de Genève since 1892. In his solfège courses he tested many of his influential and revolutionary pedagogical ideas. In 1910, he left and established his own academy in Hellerau, near Dresden, where many great exponents of modern dance in the twentieth century spent time at the school. Suzanne Ferrière was one of the 46 students from Geneva who joined Jaques-Dalcroze.[10] In July 1913 she obtained her diploma in rythmic and plastic gymnastic with a special mention.[11] She immediately started teaching[12] and developed in her class her own variant of the eurhythmics, which was inspired by dancing elements and became known as exercices de plastique animée.[13][14]

In May 1914, Ferrière co-directed a eurythmic performance in the great vestibule of Geneva's Musée d’art et d’histoire (MAH) to celebrate the cenentiary of the city's and canton's admission to the Swiss Confederation at the Vienna Congress.[15]

At around the same time, Jaques-Dalcroze sent Ferriere to the US.[16] There she worked to establish the New York Dalcroze School of Music, which started its activities in 1915. Ferrière was supposed to be its first directress,[17] but had to return to Geneva.

First World War[]

Ferrière (right) at the IWPA

Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the ICRC under its president Gustave Ador established the International Prisoners-of-War Agency (IPWA) to trace POWs and to re-establish communications with their respective families. The Austrian writer and pacifist Stefan Zweig described the situation at the Geneva headquarters of the ICRC as follows:

«Hardly had the first blows been struck when cries of anguish from all lands began to be heard in Switzerland. Thousands who were without news of fathers, husbands, and sons in the battlefields, stretched despairing arms into the void. By hundreds, by thousands, by tens of thousands, letters and telegrams poured into the little House of the Red Cross in Geneva, the only international rallying point that still remained. Isolated, like stormy petrels, came the first inquiries for missing relatives; then these inquiries themselves became a storm. The letters arrived in sackfuls. Nothing had been prepared for dealing with such an inundation of misery. The Red Cross had no space, no organization, no system, and above all no helpers.»[18]

Already at the end of the same year though, the Agency had some 1,200 volunteers who worked in the Musée Rath of Geneva, amongst them the French writer and pacifist Romain Rolland. When he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature for 1915, he donated half of the prize money to the Agency.[19] Most of the staff were women though. Some of them came from the Patrician class of Geneva and joined the IPWA because of male relatives in high ICRC positions, which was all-male for more than half century. This group included female pioneers like Marguerite Cramer, Marguerite van Berchem, Lucie Odier, and Suzanne Ferrière.

The IPWA mandate was based on resolution VI of the 9th Red Cross movement conference of Washington in 1912 and hence limited to military personnel. However, Suzanne's uncle, the committee member and medical doctor Frédéric Ferrière, founded a civilian section against the advice of other committee members. It soon became commonly associated with the ICRC and significantly contributed to its positive image, thus also to its first Nobel Peace Prize in 1917 (ICRC founder Henry Dunant had been ousted because of his personal bankruptcy by co-founder Gustave Moynier and hence received the first Noble Peace Prize in 1901 as an individual).[20]

Suzanne Ferrière had contributed to the honour, since she worked in the IPWA under the supervision of her uncle until 1915 and subsequently served in the ICRC relief section.[21]

Between the World Wars[]

Eglantyne Jebb around 1920

Through her work in the ICRC relief section Suzanne Ferrière got in contact with Eglantyne Jebb (1876–1928) in 1919. The British social reformer had founded the Save the Children Fund (SCF) organisation at the end of the war to relieve the effects of famine in Austria-Hungary and Germany.[21] In September 1919, Ferrière arranged a meeting between her uncle Frederic and Jebb, who explained her goal to create a neutral international institution for the administration of child welfare:

«In November with Ferriere's support the ICRC took three unusual steps. It offered the SCF its ‘patronage’, it consented ‘to receive the funds’ on the SCF's behalf and it allowed the SCF to retain ‘independence of appeal and independence of allocation’. The patronage of the ICRC enabled Eglantyne to create an international ‘central agency’, which she called the Save the Children Fund International Union (SCIU).»[22]

Men-only society: the ICRC founders in a 1914 collage, including Ferrière's uncle (bottom center), Marguerite Cramer's uncle (bottom left), and Lucie Odier's uncle (left, second row from top)

In addition, Ferrière worked with Jebb to found the International Union for Child Welfare (IUCW), of which she became the assistant secretary-general.[21] Both women developed such a close relationship that Jebb called Ferrière her "international sister".[23][22]

In 1920, Ferrière also played a key role when the Young Women Christian Association founded the International Migration Service (IMS) – later renamed the International Social Service (ISS) – as a network of social work agencies helping migrant women and children. The ISS gained its status as an international non-governmental organization (NGO) in 1924 and moved its headquarters from London to Geneva in the following year. It has built up a presence in over 120 countries since then. Ferrière became its secretary-general and especially advocated for an international socio-legal framework for cross-border family maintenance claims.[24]

In her capacities as a leading representative for the ICRC, the IUCW, and the IMS, Ferrière conducted a number of missions to foreign countries during the 1920s:

Drawing of Suzanne Ferrière by Oscar Lázár, published in 1925

In January and February 1921, she went to Scandinavia in her capacity as assistant secretary-general of the IUCW. In January and February 1922, she likewise travelled to Moscow and Saratov in Russia to assess the situation in the famine-stricken region.[25] From September until December of that year, she explored the conditions in Ukraine as well.[26] In April 1923, she visited the French-occupied Ruhr area of Germany.[25]

Starting from December 1923, Ferrière toured Latin America for ten months as a delegate of the ICRC to visit the newly founded national red ross societies, crossing over the Andes on donkey-back. The trip led her from Brazil to Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela. As the main overall result she stressed the social role that women played in those countries.[27]

In August 1925, Ferrière was elected a member of the ICRC as successor to her uncle Frédéric Ferrière, who had died in the year before. She was only the second woman ever to join the governing body of the organisation after Marguerite Cramer had been elected in 1919. Since Frick-Cramer had moved to Germany and therefore stepped down in late 1922, Ferrière was the only female ICRC member for five years.[1] In 1926, Ferrière was also elected a General Council Member of the Save the Children Fund, which she remained until 1937.[22]

In May 1929, Ferrière visited the French colonies of Lebanon and Syria to evaluate the situation with regard to the many Armenian genocide survivors who newly arrived from Turkey.[28]

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Ferrière was also chosen on several occasions by Giuseppe Motta, who headed the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs during those two decades, to be part of the delegations that represented Switzerland at the League of Nations in Geneva.[29][30] She was the first female member[31] and served as their expert on social[32] and humanitarian issue.[33]

When Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party came to power in Germany in January 1933, the ICRC was increasingly faced with the question how to deal with the repressive system. Suzanne Ferrière belonged to the faction within the ICRC leadership that pushed for interventions in favour of political detainees. Her brother Louis had inspected the conditions in a Vienna prison in 1934 on behalf of the ICRC and thus created a precedence to which she pointed during a meeting of the ICRC members in February 1935. One month later, the committee transformed its working group for civilians into one for political detainees. Both Ferrière and Frick-Cramer, who was still an honorary member of the ICRC, were members of that team.[34] Yet, their faction of idealists within the ICRC leadership gradually lost influence vis-à-vis the "pragmatists" around ICRC president Max Huber, who at the same time did private business in the arms industry.[35]

In September 1935, during a meeting of the ICRC leadership in which the upcoming visit of an ICRC delegation to Nazi Germany was discussed,

«the two women in the meeting, Suzanne Ferrière and Renée-Marguerite Frick-Cramer, stated that the ICRC should at least do everything to give news to the families of the inmates.»

However, the delegation led by Carl Jacob Burckhardt only recorded a "mild critique" to its Nazi hosts.[36]

In late 1938, Ferrière started an initiative in favour of Jewish refugees in various countries, but faced internal opposition.In February 1939, she visited Czechoslovakia in her capacity as secretary-general of the IMS and upon her return doubled down on her pledges to support the refugees in their quest for safe havens. However, the ICRC top-leaders once more opposed her recommendations.[34]

Second World War[]

The IWPA was re-opened two weeks after the beginning of the Second World War as the Central Agency for Prisoners of War, now based on the mandate from the 1929 Geneva Convention. Suzanne Ferrière once again succeeded her late uncle Frédéric Ferrière and became the director of the department for missing civilians. She also instituted a new family messaging system.[21]

In autumn 1941, Ferrière in her capacity as vice-president of the IMS informed the British Red Cross that Jewish emigration from Nazi-occupied Europe had been halted.[34]

In May 1942, Ferriére, Frick-Cramer (who had returned in 1939 as a regular member after 17 years) and fellow member Alec Cramer presented a memorandum to the committee in which they promoted increased support for Jews in Europe. Subsequently, the ICRC revived its working group for POWs and detained civilians with Ferrière holding the dossier for non-detained civilians. By autumn of that year, the ICRC leadership – including Ferrière – received reports about the systematic extermination of Jews by Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe, the so-called Final Solution. While a large majority of the ICRC's about two dozen members at its general assembly on 14 October 1942 was in favour of a public protest, Burckhardt and Switzerland's President Philipp Etter firmly denied that request.[34]

In early 1943, Ferrière and her fellow female ICRC pioneer Lucie Odier – a nursing expert, who had become the third ever female member of the ICRC in 1930 – conducted a joint mission to the Middle East and Africa to assess the situation of civilian detainees. Their tour of three months duration included stops in Istanbul, Ankara, Cairo, Jerusalem, Beirut, Johannesburg, Salisbury, and Nairobi.[37]

However, Ferrière's standing inside the organisation got diminished: when the executive committee established a department for special assistance to civilian detainees in early 1944, Ferrière as well as her fellow experts Frick-Cramer and Odier were left out of it.[34]

In late 1944, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that it awarded the ICRC its second Nobel Peace Prize after 1917. As in World War I, it was the only recipient during the war years. While the then top-leadership of the ICRC was later sharply criticized for not publicly denouncing Nazi Germany's system of extermination and concentration camps, it may be argued that Ferrière all the more made her distinct contribution to what the Norwegian Nobel Committee credited the ICRC with, i.e.

«the great work it has performed during the war on behalf of Humanity.»

Post-WWII[]

In 1945, Ferrière gave up her post as the secretary-general of the IMS/ISS, but remained active in the organisation as a deputy-director.[29] In September 1951, Ferrière resigned as ICRC member for age reasons[1] and was appointed an honorary member instead.[34] In 1955, she also resigned as deputy-director of the IMS/ISS, but remained an adviser of the organisation.[29]

When she died in March 1970 at the age of 83 years, the obituary in the International Review of the Red Cross honoured her as a

«a warmhearted woman who had devoted her life to her fellow men with calm courage and exemplary modesty.»[21]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Fiscalini, Diego (1985). Des élites au service d'une cause humanitaire : le Comité International de la Croix-Rouge (in French). Geneva: Université de Genève, faculté des lettres, département d'histoire. pp. 24, 160–162.
  2. ^ Ferrière, François. "Généalogie de la famille Ferrière (de Genève)". archives-ferriere.nexgate.ch. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  3. ^ Ferrière, François. "Family tree of Hedwige _ , Marie, Thérese, C." Geneanet. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  4. ^ Ferrière, François. "Family tree of Adolphine _ , Thérèse, Caroline, Katharine Faber". Geneanet. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Ferrière, François. "Family tree of Anne Suzanne (Lili) Ferriere". Geneanet. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  6. ^ Ferrière, François. "Family tree of Anna [ Ferrière ] Ferriere". Geneanet. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  7. ^ Ferrière, François. "Family tree of Louise _Susanne_[ Ferrière ] Ferriere". Geneanet. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  8. ^ El Wakil, Leila (1989). Bâtir la campagne: Genève 1800–1860. Geneva.
  9. ^ "Chronique locale: Promotions — Ecole secondaire et supérieure des jeunes filles". La Tribune de Genève. 26 (155). 7 July 1904 – via e-newspaperarchives.ch.
  10. ^ Kamp, Johannes-Martin (1995). Kinderrepubliken (in German). Opladen: Leske + Budrich. p. 332. ISBN 3-8100-1357-9.
  11. ^ "Institut Jaques-Dalcroze à Hellerau". La Tribune de Genève. 35 (162): 5. 15 July 1913.
  12. ^ Berchtold, Alfred (2000). Emile Jaques-Dalcroze et son temps. Lausanne: L'AGE D'HOMME. pp. 118, 185. ISBN 978-2825113547.
  13. ^ "Methode Jaques-Dalcroze (MJD) – Orff-Schulwerk" (in German). Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  14. ^ Jaques-Dalcroze, Émile (1917). Méthode Jaques-Dalcroze: Exercices de plastique animée – En collaboration pour le classement des exercices et principes avec Mlle Suzanne Ferrière. Lausanne: Jobin & Cie, Sandoz, Jobin.
  15. ^ "La fête de juin - les débuts de la rythmique". La Tribune de Genève. 36 (108): 4. 12 May 1914.
  16. ^ Thomas, Nathan (1995). Dalcroze Eurhythmics and Rhythm Training for Actors in American Universities. East Lansing: Michigan State University. Department of Theatre. p. 48.
  17. ^ Wieland Howe, Sondra (2014). Women Music Educators in the United States: A History. Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press. p. 246. ISBN 9780810888470.
  18. ^ Zweig, Stefan (1921). Romain Rolland; the man and his work. Translated by Eden, Paul; Cedar, Paul. Translated by Eden, Paul; Cedar, Paul. New York: T. Seltzer. p. 268.
  19. ^ Schazmann, Paul-Emile (February 1955). "Romain Rolland et la Croix-Rouge: Romain Rolland, Collaborateur de l'Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre" (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross (in French). 37 (434): 140–143. doi:10.1017/S1026881200125735.
  20. ^ Ferrière, Adolphe (1948). Le Dr Frédéric Ferrière. Son action à la Croix-Rouge internationale en faveur des civils victimes de la guerre (in French). Geneva: Editions Suzerenne, Sarl. pp. 27–41.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Death of Miss S. Ferriere, Honorary Member of the ICRC" (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross. 109: 210–211. April 1970.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b c Mahood, Linda (2009). Feminism and Voluntary Action: Eglantyne Jebb and Save the Children, 1876–1928. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 173, 218, 257–258. ISBN 9780230525603.
  23. ^ Library, Cadbury Research (9 February 2017), Suzanne Ferriere (d 1970), ICRC, IUCW, Save the Children Fund supporter, SCF/P/2/2 page 204, Cadbury Research Library, retrieved 30 June 2021
  24. ^ Banu, Roxana (3 March 2021). "The Role of the International Social Service in the History of Private International Law". International Social Service USA. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b "Fonds: Union internationale de secours aux enfants – UISE – Union internationale de protection de l'enfance – UIPE – Série 35 / 123". Les Archives d'Etat de Genève. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  26. ^ "Fonds: Union internationale de secours aux enfants – UISE – Union internationale de protection de l'enfance – UIPE – Série 107 / 123". Les Archives d'Etat de Genève (in French). Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  27. ^ Ferrière, Suzanne (September 1924). "Les Croix-Rouges de l'Amérique du Sud" (PDF). Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge (in French). 6 (71): 853–870. doi:10.1017/S1026881200073402.
  28. ^ Ferrière, Suzanne (January 1930). "Voyage en Syrie" (PDF). Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge (in French). 12 (133): 7–14. doi:10.1017/S1026881200043543.
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Suzanne Ferrière". Journal de Geneve. 63: 15. 17 March 1970.
  30. ^ "La délégation suisse à la S.D.N". Le Jura. 88 (109): 2. 13 September 1938.
  31. ^ "Congres Internationaux". Journal et feuille d’avis du Valais et du Sion: 2. 6 September 1937.
  32. ^ "Die Delegation für die Völkerbundsversammlung". Neue Zürcher Nachrichten (in German). 145. 24 June 1939.
  33. ^ "La Suisse à la Société des nations". La Liberté. 145: 6. 24 June 1939.
  34. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Favez, Jean-Claude (1989). Das Internationale Rote Kreuz und das Dritte Reich – War der Holocaust aufzuhalten? (in German). Zurich: Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung. pp. 28, 78–79, 102–107, 112, 131, 135–136, 153, 156–157, 174, 180, 183–184, 187, 213–214, 225, 237, 256, 271–273, 375, 434, 455–456, 463–464. ISBN 3858231967.
  35. ^ Rauh, Cornelia (2009). Schweizer Aluminium für Hitlers Krieg? Zur Geschichte der "Alusuisse" 1918–1950 (in German). Munich: Beck. ISBN 9783406522017.
  36. ^ Steinacher, Gerald (29 July 2017). "The Red Cross in Nazi Germany". OUPblog. Oxford University Press's Academic Insights for the Thinking World. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  37. ^ Odier, Lucie (September 1943). "Mission en Afrique" (PDF). Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge et Bulletin international des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge (in French). 25 (297): 730–743. doi:10.1017/S1026881200015919.

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