McLaren MCL35

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McLaren MCL35
McLaren MCL35M
Lando Norris-McLaren MCL35 (3).jpg
An MCL35 driven by Lando Norris during 2020 pre-season testing.
CategoryFormula One
ConstructorMcLaren
Designer(s)James Key (Technical Director)[1]
More
PredecessorMcLaren MCL34
Technical specifications[3][4][5][6][7]
ChassisCarbon fibre composite
Suspension (front)Carbon fibre wishbone and pushrod suspension elements operating inboard torsion bar and damper system
Suspension (rear)Carbon fibre wishbone and pullrod suspension elements operating inboard torsion bar and damper system
LengthOver 5,400 mm (213 in)
Width2,000 mm (79 in)
Height950 mm (37 in)
Wheelbase3,600 mm (142 in) adjustable ±25 mm (1 in)
EngineRenault E-Tech 20 (2020)
Mercedes-AMG F1 M12 E Performance (2021)
1.6 L (98 cu in) direct injection V6 turbocharged engine limited to 15,000 RPM in a mid-mounted, rear-wheel drive layout
Electric motorRenault (2020)
Mercedes-AMG (2021)
Kinetic and thermal energy recovery systems
TransmissionMcLaren Applied Technologies 8-speed + 1 reverse sequential seamless semi-automatic paddle shift with epicyclic differential and multi-plate limited slip clutch
BatteryLithium-ion battery
Weight746 kg (2020)
752 kg (2021)
including driver, excluding fuel
BrakesAkebono
TyresPirelli P Zero (dry) and Pirelli Cinturato (wet)
Clutchelectro-hydraulically operated, carbon multi-plate
Competition history
Notable entrantsMcLaren F1 Team
Notable drivers
  • 03. Daniel Ricciardo
  • 04. Lando Norris
  • 55. Carlos Sainz Jr.
Debut2020 Austrian Grand Prix
Last event2021 Belgian Grand Prix
RacesWinsPodiumsPolesF.Laps
290503

The McLaren MCL35 is a Formula One car designed under the direction of James Key and constructed by McLaren to compete in the Formula One World Championship. The car was originally intended to compete in the 2020 season only, but as the championship was heavily disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic the lifespan of all 2020 cars was extended into 2021. McLaren have produced an upgraded version of the car, the McLaren MCL35M,[8] for the 2021 championship as the team returned to using Mercedes engines.[9]

The MCL35 made its début at the 2020 Austrian Grand Prix after the start of the season was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic. It was driven by Carlos Sainz Jr. and Lando Norris in 2020, with McLaren finishing in third place in the World Constructors' Championship for the first time since 2012 and achieving podiums at the Austrian and Italian Grands Prix while claiming three fastest laps and setting one track record.

In 2021, the MCL35M is driven by Norris and Daniel Ricciardo, as Sainz departed for Ferrari. The updated car made its competitive début at the first race of the season, the 2021 Bahrain Grand Prix. So far, three podiums have been achieved with the updated car, at the Emilia Romagna, Monaco, and Austrian Grands Prix.

Background[]

Initial design and development[]

James Key was recruited from Scuderia Toro Rosso in 2019 to replace the outgoing Tim Goss,[10][11] and was named as the MCL35's lead designer.[1] In October 2019 team principal Andreas Seidl stated very little of the MCL34 would be carried over to the MCL35,[12] with the aim of reducing the pace deficit to the top three teams which at that point was still over a second.[13] Norris stated that one of the team's major areas of focus was to improve the MCL35's cornering ability.[14][15]

Compared to the MCL34, the MCL35 had a greater emphasis on the outwash effect – moving air around the tyre rather than over it – and a higher rear rake.[16] The front wing also had increased outboard loading in order to maximise downforce.[17] The MCL35 featured a thinner nose and a more complex bargeboard,[16][18] with more space between the front axle and the sidepods to better meet the cooling requirements of the Renault engine.[17] The car also utilised a much slimmer sidepod profile as well as a new front nose design,[19][20] with re-designed brake ducts to increase cooling ability over its predecessor.[21][22] Key explained that the suspension geometry of the MCL35 had been redesigned to incorporate developments the team had not been able to implement on the MCL34,[21][23] which include the repositioning of both the upper and lower wishbone elements to influence airflow over the bargeboards and floor.[22]

Livery[]

See also: 2020 Formula One World Championship § Solidarity campaign, and Formula One sponsorship liveries § McLaren

The MCL35 and its livery were originally unveiled in February 2020, featuring the McLaren corporate colours[24] of papaya and blue.[25] Prior to the first race of the season in Austria, McLaren revealed the addition of a rainbow graphic on the sidepod and halo in recognition of Formula One's #WeRaceAsOne campaign.[26][27][28] The changes were interpreted by some as representing the LGBT+ rainbow flag, but McLaren stated the rainbow represented their support for diversity in general and provided recognition for essential workers rather than any specific cause.[26][29]

In contrast to the MCL34 and its gloss paintwork, the MCL35 is the first McLaren car to be wrapped in vinyl rather than painted,[30] featuring a matte finish and greater use of black in order to lower the overall weight of the car and reduce the time required to prepare bodywork.[19][31]

Engine supplier change and preparation for the MCL35M[]

See also: 2021 Formula One World Championship § Regulation changes

Aside from minor upgrades, 2020-specification cars were meant to be kept largely unchanged for the 2021 season in order to limit the financial strain on teams that would be incurred by developing a new car under the already fragile financial conditions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that McLaren had already signed a contract to use Mercedes engines in 2021 before the decision to reuse 2020 cars was made, they received special permission – subject to FIA inspection – to modify their chassis to accommodate the new engine.[32] This requirement led directly to Formula One's adoption of a token-based system for 2021 vehicle development.[33] Despite switching engines, McLaren did not switch gearboxes and will continue to design and manufacture their own.[34]

Key stated in November 2020 that the planning for the switch had gone smoothly, with the MCL35M to feature "a couple of changes to architecture necessary by the shape of the engine compared to this year's. But it's not fundamentally different." However, Key also stated that the aerodynamic potential of the car could not be maximised due to the FIA's token system,[8] leading McLaren to implement most aerodynamic upgrades for the switch in the 2020 season.[35] In a post-season statement, Key said that knowing the team would be restricted for development in 2021 "changed our approach when it came to developments this [2020] season."[36]

Competition and development history[]

MCL35: 2020 season[]

Pre-season[]

See also: 2020 Formula One pre-season testing and 2020 Australian Grand Prix
Sainz during pre-season testing.
Sainz during pre-season testing.
Norris during pre-season testing.
Norris during pre-season testing.

Prior to the beginning of the 2020 season, the team established their aim to defend their status as 'best of the rest' – fourth place in the Constructors' Championship behind the then-leading trio of Mercedes, Ferrari and Red Bull – and close the gap to those respective teams.[37][13][38][39] In preseason testing however, Racing Point, whose car strongly resembled the 2019 Mercedes car,[40] was very quick compared to the other midfield teams, and caused McLaren to be less than optimistic about their chances to secure fourth place.[41] Despite this, Sainz said that he was "shocked in a good way" by the MCL35's performance compared to its predecessor,[42][43] and the team stated they were happy with the car's pace.[44] Key would later say that "we [McLaren] didn't really show our pace in winter testing."[45]

After McLaren's withdrawal from the Australian Grand Prix and the race's subsequent cancellation,[46] the season was heavily disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the calendar was reorganised which delayed the car's début for several months.

Prior the opening round, Renault stated that they would not provide any upgrades to the E-Tech 20 engine.[a] Therefore, the MCL35 used the same specification engine for the entire 2020 season.[50]

Opening rounds and double-header events[]

McLaren used a new floor, diffuser, and brake ducts at the Austrian Grand Prix as well as a tweaked front wing.[51][52] Norris qualified in fourth and was promoted to third after a penalty was given to Lewis Hamilton,[53] while Sainz qualified in eighth. This was McLaren's best grid start since the 2016 Austrian Grand Prix.[54] After Norris lost positions in the opening laps to Hamilton and Alex Albon, both McLarens ran comfortably in the top ten for the remainder of the race. In the closing laps, Hamilton collided with Albon and was given a five-second penalty.[55] Norris, running in fifth, was required to close the gap between himself and Hamilton (running in second place) to under five seconds in order to finish in the top three, overtaking Sergio Pérez (who also had a five-second penalty after a pit lane incident involving Norris) and setting his first fastest lap on the last lap of the race in the process, as well as achieving his first ever Formula One podium.[56] Sainz finished in fifth after also overtaking Pérez. This was McLaren's second podium in three races after the 2019 Brazilian Grand Prix, in sharp contrast to their previous gap of 118 races.[57] The result placed McLaren second in the World Constructors' Championship behind Mercedes, with Norris in third and Sainz in fifth in the World Drivers' Championship.[58] In an article on strategy calls published in 2021, the team said Norris' podium finish was possible because of the "flawless" double-stacked pit stop allowing him to be in position to capitalise on Hamilton's penalty.[59]

McLaren used a new chin spoiler design during the Styrian Grand Prix.[60][61] Sainz qualified in third, the best outright qualifying position for McLaren since 2014.[62] Norris qualified in sixth but was demoted to ninth after a penalty from free practice was applied.[63] Norris would go on to finish fifth after overtaking both Racing Point drivers on the final lap,[64] while Sainz would finish ninth and set the fastest lap and a new track record in the process,[65] a record which still stands as of the 2021 Austrian Grand Prix. Sainz dropped to seventh in the Drivers' Championship.[66]

McLaren used a new engine cover and T-wing[b] design during the Hungarian Grand Prix.[61][68][69] McLaren had a poor showing in Hungary compared to the Austrian rounds. While Sainz did manage third in second practice,[70] McLaren would only manage to qualify eighth and ninth.[71] Both Sainz and Norris dropped positions while changing tyres on lap four, being held up by traffic in the pit lane.[72] Norris could only recover to thirteenth after being passed by Charles Leclerc. Sainz finished tenth, and was later promoted to ninth after Haas driver Kevin Magnussen received a penalty.[73] Norris dropped to fourth and Sainz to ninth in the Drivers' Championship, while the team was overtaken by Red Bull in the Constructors' Championship and fell to third.[74]

At the British Grand Prix, McLaren removed the T-wing and reverted their engine cover design to the pre-Hungarian version, while using a new front wing, rear wing, and floor design.[75][76] Norris and Sainz would go on to qualify fifth and seventh respectively,[77] and would then run in seventh and fourth in the final laps before a tyre puncture for Sainz dropped him to fourteenth.[78][79] He finished fourteenth but was promoted to thirteenth after Alfa Romeo driver Antonio Giovinazzi was penalised for violating safety car conditions,[80] while Norris finished in fifth. Sainz dropped to tenth in the Drivers' Championship.[81]

The following week at the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix, Norris qualified tenth and Sainz thirteenth, the latter being the first time a McLaren had failed to reach the final part of qualifying (Q3) in 2020.[82] Sainz later stated that the team had discovered an overheating issue in third practice, and in order to be able to complete the race the car was required to undergo bodywork changes that in turn compromised his qualifying pace.[83] During the race, Sainz's pitstop was compromised by a wheel gun malfunction. Both drivers listed tyre management as their main challenge as Norris and Sainz went on to finish ninth and thirteenth respectively.[84] McLaren was overtaken by Ferrari in the Constructors' Championship and finished the round in fourth, two points behind Ferrari. Meanwhile, Norris fell to fifth from fourth in the Drivers' Championship after being overtaken by Charles Leclerc, with Sainz dropped to from tenth to eleventh by Esteban Ocon.[85]

Mid-season European rounds[]

At the Spanish Grand Prix, Sainz continued to experience cooling problems on his MCL35 and was issued with a new chassis.[86] When this failed to solve the problem,[87] the power unit on his car was replaced:[88] McLaren later stated the issue had no relation to the chassis.[89] This was the first power unit change for an MCL35 in the 2020 season and successfully fixed the issue.[90][91] Sainz and Norris would go on to qualify in seventh and eighth respectively,[92][93] but were concerned over the impacts of a high temperature race.[91] Despite this, Sainz would finish in sixth and Norris in tenth.[94] The team maintained their fourth place in the standings, with Sainz improving to ninth and Norris falling to seventh. Having scored 62 points already in the Constructors' Championship, they matched their 2018 total in six races. Despite concerns during pre-season testing over the pace of the Racing Point RP20, McLaren became more confident with the performance of the car, with Seidl stating the team could fight for third place in the Constructors' Championship.[95]

McLaren installed a new rear wing and rear brake duct at the Belgian Grand Prix,[96][97] as well as using a new bargeboard.[98] During free practice, the team tested a new floor and diffuser compliant with 2021 regulations (less aerodynamic parts and slimmer compared to the 2020 regulations).[99][100] Sainz qualified seventh and Norris tenth.[101] After qualifying, Sainz expressed concern at the possibility of a wet race, stating that the car was set up for lower downforce and that McLaren would be "in trouble" should it rain during the Grand Prix.[102][103] Sainz would not start the race after an issue with his Renault power unit failed and "destroyed the right exhaust bank" before the race,[104][105][106] resulting in the first non-finish for McLaren in 2020.[106] Norris climbed three places to finish seventh, 1.062 seconds behind Albon in sixth.[107] The result meant that Norris overtook Lance Stroll in the Driver's Championship for sixth, while Sainz fell to eleventh in the standings. McLaren recovered third place from Racing Point.[108]

The MCL35 was equipped with low downforce front and rear wings for the Italian Grand Prix at Autodromo Nazionale di Monza.[109] Despite being third in the second free practice session, Norris was concerned for his race pace after missing the majority of the session with what was later identified as a sensor issue.[110][111] The Italian Grand Prix was also the first race at which the FIA imposed a ban on qualifying engine modes,[112] with both McLaren drivers uncertain of the impact this would have on the team.[113] Sainz would go on to qualify in third and Norris in sixth.[114] Both Sainz and Norris would overtake others on the first lap to end the first lap in second and third respectively, positions they held until the first safety car of the race.[115] After the yellow and red flags caused by Kevin Magnussen of Haas and Leclerc of Ferrari, the McLarens would restart the race in seventh and eighth. Norris would go on to finish fourth while Sainz attempted to catch Pierre Gasly in the lead, reducing the gap down to 0.415 seconds on the final lap but Sainz would finish second.[116] This was Sainz's second career podium and McLaren's second podium of the season. Seidl stated that McLaren had been the second-quickest team behind Mercedes and that the team would have finished in second and third had the race been less chaotic.[115] Sainz later credited the red flag caused by Leclerc's crash for his second place, saying that without the red flag and the tyre change advantage it gave to those ahead of him after the safety car, he would have been able to claim first.[117][118] AlphaTauri team principal Franz Tost later stated that it was the AlphaTauri team's decision to run a higher downforce on their AT01 and the resulting advantage it gave Gasly through the second sector that allowed him to hold off Sainz over the last laps of the race.[119] Norris also claimed that the red flag and the advantage it gave to Lance Stroll was the reason he could not reclaim third place.[120] The race resulted in McLaren's best finish since 2014,[121] and increased their lead for third place in the Constructors' Championship, while Norris would take fifth and Sainz ninth in the Drivers' Championship.[122] In an article on strategy published in 2021, McLaren said the team "could have won [...] had we not pitted under the Safety Car and instead changed tyres when the race was brought to temporary halt by a red flag" but Director of Sporting and Strategy Randy Singh said the team "made the right call at the right time."[59]

Lando Norris driving the MCL35 during the 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix.
Norris during the 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix.

Both drivers as well as Key expressed uncertainty regarding the team's performance at the Tuscan Grand Prix given that Formula One cars have never raced at the Mugello Circuit before.[123] During the first free practice session, McLaren tested a new nose intended to be raced later in the season in order for it to be applied to the 2021 chassis.[124] After the second free practice session, Sainz commented that the car lacked rear stability, but "if we manage to achieve a better balance tomorrow morning, our performance can improve considerably".[125] In qualifying, Sainz would qualify in ninth and Norris in eleventh, the first time in 2020 the latter had not made it to the final stage of qualifying.[126] Both drivers explained that the MCL35 was highly sensitive to wind, particularly tailwinds, but were happy with the performance of the car compared to the practice sessions.[127] During the race, Stroll collided with Sainz on the opening lap causing him to spin.[128] He was then hit by Sebastian Vettel who could not take evasive action, but unlike Vettel, Sainz did not take any vehicle damage. After the safety car restart Sainz collided heavily with Antonio Giovinazzi's Alfa Romeo after Giovinazzi collided with the suddenly slowing Williams of Nicholas Latifi and Magnussen, triggering the first red flag of the race.[128][129] Sainz became the first McLaren race retirement of the 2020 season. Norris would finish the race in sixth.[130] McLaren maintained third place in the Constructors' Championship, while Norris would take fourth in the Drivers' Championship as Sainz dropped to eleventh.[131] At the conclusion of this race McLaren had scored in excess of 100 points in nine Grands Prix, much quicker than the 16 races it took in 2019. After the race Piers Thynne, McLaren's production director, stated that the team had "lost significant parts" in the race.[132][133][134]

At the Russian Grand Prix, McLaren ran the MCL35 with a new front wing,[135] and continued to test the new nose design introduced at the previous race.[136] Sainz reverted to the chassis he had used up until the Spanish Grand Prix after the restart incident at the Tuscan Grand Prix.[89] During the first free practice session, Sainz spun in turn seven and triggered a virtual safety car after damage to his rear wing.[137] Sainz and Norris went on to qualify sixth and eighth respectively.[138] When questioned about his drop from third in free practice three to sixth in qualifying, Sainz explained after qualifying that the team had again experienced issues with the MCL35's wind sensitivity, as they had at the previous race.[139] Seidl also stated that the new nose was "not a step forward really" but that the team was "quite restricted at the moment, with the number of parts" after the incidents at the previous race and in free practice; the new nose would form part of a future upgrade package introduced at the following race.[140][141] Both McLarens had poor starts from the dirty side of the grid.[142] At turn two, Sainz ran off the track and "misjudged [his] entry speed around the bollard" trying to re-join the track, causing him to collide with the wall and retire from the race.[143] Norris was forced to run over debris from Sainz's car, causing a steering issue that compromised his performance for the rest of the race.[144] Norris pitted during the safety car period, but his hard tyres would not last the entire race distance as hoped; forcing him to pit again and dropping him out of the points.[145] McLaren stated this was done since Norris was already likely to drop out of the points on the aging tyres, and was thus aiming to take the fastest lap point away from other teams.[89] This was McLaren's first pointless race since the 2019 Mexican Grand Prix, ending a 12 race point-scoring streak,[146] which reduced their lead for third place in the Constructors' Championship.[147] Neither driver lost positions in the Drivers' Championship but both had their lead reduced.[148] The Russian Grand Prix was the team's only point-less race in 2020.

McLaren announced ahead of the Eifel Grand Prix that the rest of the aerodynamic upgrade which the new nose was a part of would be installed on the car at that race.[141] It was later clarified only Sainz would run the new package,[149] a decision taken because the cancellation of free practice one and two limited opportunities to compare the old and new packages.[150] Norris qualified eighth and Sainz tenth,[151] with Sainz saying he was unhappy with the upgrade package.[152][153] McLaren credited Sainz's difficulties to the cancellation of the first two free practice sessions, stating the package had not been properly set up for the track.[149] Despite installing a new power unit overnight,[154] Norris would run in third before an issue arose with his Renault power unit and dropped several positions until he was forced to retire, triggering a safety car.[155] Sainz would finish in fifth.[156] McLaren lost third in the Constructors' Championship to Racing Point, while Norris dropped to sixth in the Drivers' Championship.[157]

The team continued to develop the new aerodynamics package at the Portuguese Grand Prix, as well as introducing additional upgrades to the car.[158][159] The team opted to run the MCL35 with the new nose box, delaying the rest of the package to future races.[160] Despite further issues with wind sensitivity in qualifying,[161] Sainz qualified seventh and Norris eighth.[162] Both McLarens overtook on the opening lap, with Sainz taking the lead from laps two through to five and Norris moving up to fourth.[163] This early advantage was partially attributed to the speed at which the MCL35 brought the soft tyres into the operating window.[164] However, both McLarens began to lose positions as the medium tyre came into its operating window and the drag reduction system was enabled. Lance Stroll attempted to overtake Norris in to turn one, but turned in on him on the apex of the corner,[165] causing damage to both cars and dropping Norris to second-last after his pit stop.[166] Sainz struggled with tyre graining[167] but would finish in sixth, with Norris finishing thirteenth.[168] McLaren maintained fourth place in the Constructors' Championship, with Sainz improving to tenth and Norris dropping to seventh in the Drivers' Championship.[169]

Closing rounds in the Middle East[]

Norris and Sainz qualified ninth and tenth respectively at the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix.[170] Sainz would finish seventh and Norris in eighth,[171] with Sainz saying the evasive action required after Albon spun in front of him prevented him from attacking during the final few laps.[172] McLaren drew level with Racing Point in the Constructors' Championship, but both were overtaken by Renault. Sainz improved to eighth in the Drivers' Championship.[173] Seidl stated that the team's race was limited by their qualifying position, while Norris said that the team still had competitive pace but were on a run of bad luck.[174]

Several components on the MCL35 were re-designed to account for the high-load nature of the Turkish Grand Prix.[175] Sainz suffered an issue with his power unit's electronics in the first practice session, triggering a virtual safety car and causing him to miss most of the session.[176][177] Norris and Sainz originally qualified eleventh and thirteenth respectively.[178] However, Norris was given a five-place grid penalty for breaching yellow flag conditions,[179] with stewards saying "Car 4 was not attempting to set a quick lap time, due to the changing track conditions he nevertheless did so and thereby breached the referenced regulations."[180] Sainz was given a three-place grid penalty for impeding Pérez, which Sainz said was partially due to the weather conditions.[181] Sainz recovered to fifth and Norris recovered to eighth while the latter also set the fastest lap of the race.[182] Sainz overtook Norris for seventh in the Drivers' Championship.[183] The result meant that they exceeded their 2019 total of 145 Constructors' Championship points over 21 races, having scored 149 points in fourteen races.

McLaren spent a portion of free practice at the Bahrain Grand Prix continuing tests with their 2021 floor and diffuser.[100][184] Norris stated he was lacking confidence with the car, alluding to the MCL35's wind sensitivity issues, saying "I didn't feel the most confident throughout today [...] Just because it's quite tricky with the wind, even though it's not very windy."[185] During the second part of qualifying (Q2), Sainz's rear axle locked as his rear brakes failed, ending his qualifying session early and limiting his choice of tyre compounds for the race.[186] Norris would go on to qualify ninth, leaving Sainz in fifteenth.[187] Both McLarens exhibited strong race pace, and Norris would ultimately finish fourth in the race with Sainz fifth, meaning McLaren re-took third in the Constructors' Championship by 17 points after both Racing Point cars retired.[188][189][190] Norris overtook Sainz for seventh in the Drivers' Championship.[191]

Sainz predicted ahead of the Sakhir Grand Prix (also held at Bahrain International Circuit, but on a different layout) that choosing the correct setup – particularly downforce levels – would be challenging.[192] McLaren ultimately ran the MCL35 with a lower downforce aerodynamics kit, featuring a "spoon-shaped" rear wing.[193] During the second practice session, Sainz experienced an issue with his gearbox that interrupted his running. Norris damaged the floor of his MCL35 on a kerb and then experienced power issues. Both drivers expressed surprise at their apparent loss of pace from the week before.[194] Sainz qualified in eighth, which he said was "the maximum our car could do",[195] while Norris qualified in fifteenth which he attributed to poor out-lap timing and his own error.[196][197] Norris was required to start nineteenth after replacing his internal combustion engine and turbocharger, exceeding his component limits.[198] In the race, Sainz had a good start and was running in third by the end of the first lap, and briefly challenged Valtteri Bottas of Mercedes for second place.[199] However, shortly after Sainz's second pitstop, a safety car gave rivals who passed him after his pitstop an advantage over him, limiting his ability to challenge the cars in front of him.[200] At the restart, Sainz overtook Bottas to take fourth place, but was disappointed that he did not reach the podium.[201] Norris recovered to finish tenth after being passed by George Russell's Mercedes on the last lap, and said that he lacked the pace to challenge for higher positions,[201] which he attributed to the MCL35's struggle with dirty air.[202] McLaren dropped to fourth in the Constructors' Championship after Racing Point finished first and third, while Sainz took seventh and Albon overtook Norris for eighth in the Drivers' Championship.[203]

Norris qualified fourth and Sainz sixth for the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.[204][205] Norris said that he was surprised by the small difference between himself and polesitter Max Verstappen, which was only 0.251 seconds, calling it his best lap of the year.[206] Norris finished fifth and Sainz in sixth, scoring enough points to take third place in the Constructors' Championship,[207][208] McLaren's best finish since the 2012 season.[209] Sainz took sixth in the Drivers' Championship, while Norris finished the season in ninth.[210] The team later called the race "quite possibly our smoothest" of the year in terms of strategy.[211] McLaren did not participate in the post-season young drivers' test, making the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix the final outing for the MCL35.[212][213]

Assessment and characteristics[]

Although taking third in the Constructors' Championship, the MCL35 was rarely the third fastest car on pure pace and was usually outperformed by the Racing Point RP20 and often the Renault R.S.20.[214][215] Lawrence Barretto summarised the car as "lack[ing] downforce, lack[ing] low speed balance and [not] a fan of a tailwind", but also said that "the overall package was better, with a key strength lying in the high-speed corners", and pointed to Sainz's opening lap performance in Portugal as evidence of the MCL35's capability in cold conditions.[216] McLaren would later label the car's wind sensitivity "the MCL35's Achilles' heel."[217] Overall, the majority of McLaren's retirements in 2020 where not due to the chassis or driver error; usually retirements were due to incidents caused by other drivers or issues with the Renault E-Tech 20 engine.[45][216][215]

Journalist David Tremayne described the MCL35 as "a consistent points scorer", a characteristic that enabled McLaren to remain competitive in seeking third place in the Constructors' Championship.[218] Barretto made a similar assessment, saying that the MCL35 allowed its drivers "to get the very best out of it more consistently – something Renault or Racing Point could not replicate."[216]

In a reflection on the 2020 season, McLaren Sporting Director Andrea Stella stated that the car's performance early in the season allowed the team to be "very competitive and at the front of the midfield" but this advantage was not retained over the second half of the season, while Key said "Certain tracks and conditions, particularly in the latter part of the season, have not played to our strengths."[45] Comparing the MCL35 to the MCL34, Key said the team had been "only around 50% successful in addressing the [MCL34's] weak spots" but "there's nothing fundamental about the car that is preventing us doing that [improving the car]. It's predominantly aero-related, with some set-up aspects."[219]

MCL35M: 2021 season[]

Ricciardo during practice for the Austrian Grand Prix.

Development from the MCL35 to the MCL35M[]

See also: 2021 Formula One World Championship § Technical regulations

Due to the restrictions imposed by the FIA's token system for 2021 development, most of the aerodynamic changes for the MCL35M were introduced in the 2021 season.[35][216][220] McLaren has "substantially re-engineer[ed] some areas" of the MCL35 to adapt to 2021 regulations that reduce the overall downforce of the car, while the switch to the Mercedes power unit necessitated the redesign of hydraulics,[221] cooling, electronics,[45] pipework for air and fluids, and control boxes.[222] These changes were driven by the different layout of the M12 over the E-Tech 20, since the Mercedes engine's turbine and compressor are in different locations:[223] the E-Tech 20 had both the turbine and compressor at the rear of the engine, while the M12 places the compressor at the front and turbine at the rear to allow for a larger and more efficient power unit.[224] The MCL35M also saw the introduction of a new gearbox,[45] which McLaren continues to develop independently.[34] This new gearbox necessitated the extension of the car's wheelbase.[221] Key described the MCL35M as "akin to a new car".[45]

The rear end of the chassis and the gearbox housing were changed significantly, hence McLaren was the only team required to re-homologate their chassis due to the changes in car architecture.[222] The MCL35M passed FIA crash tests in December 2020.[225][226]

Key identified two target areas for improvement with the MCL35M: low-speed cornering performance and wind sensitivity, two areas in which the MCL35 struggled.[227] Production Director Piers Thynne said that "[t]he number of new parts on the MCL35M is about the same as when we built the MCL35," meaning "essentially, we've been building a new car." However, gearbox internals were not changed, nor were some suspension components as these were allowed to be carried over from 2020 outside of the 2021 budget cap.[222]

The air intake of the MCL35M was significantly changed from the MCL35's, becoming a more conventional design similar to that seen on the Mercedes vehicles. The sidepods also adopted a more sloping design in order to dump air onto the floor and into the diffuser to create more downforce and counter the effects of the 2021 technical regulations designed to reduce downforce.[228]

The MCL35M's diffuser was a point of discussion during pre-season testing, since the car appeared to have diffuser strakes significantly longer than permitted under the 2021 rules.[229] By attaching the inboard strakes to the floor of the car, the team can effectively run a larger diffuser.[230] Key said he was surprised no other team had implemented the workaround, but characterised it as part of a larger aerodynamic concept and did not expect it to be copied or a continuing point of controversy.[231]

2021 livery[]

See also: Formula One sponsorship liveries § McLaren

Unlike most customer teams, McLaren elected not to include any Mercedes branding on the 2021 livery, in contrast to the MCL35 which featured Renault branding.[232][233] Other than the removal of the #WeRaceAsOne graphic on the MCL35 halo (but the retention of the sidepod graphic) the MCL35M livery remains largely the same.[234]

For the Monaco Grand Prix, McLaren received special permission from the FIA and Formula One to run the MCL35M with a one-off Gulf livery (a light blue livery with an orange stripe, featured by many Gulf Oil-sponsored teams). The branding was also applied to driver overalls and team uniforms,[235][236] and both drivers used matching helmet designs for the Grand Prix.[237]

Pre-season[]

After the conclusion of the 2020 season, Seidl stated he did not believe McLaren could directly compete with Mercedes and Red Bull (who finished first and second in the 2020 Constructors' Championship) in the 2021 season, and that the team would instead work to reduce their pace deficit over multiple seasons.[238][239] Brown said that the more competitive midfield meant McLaren "could find ourselves closer to Mercedes [...] but slipping to fifth in the Championship".[240] When questioned on the possibility of McLaren challenging for podiums more regularly in the 2021 season, Norris said "that’s too much" and that "The Mercedes engine and back-end is a good step forward but it won't sort everything out. We won't be able to just get podiums in every race."[241]

Hywel Thomas, Managing Director of Mercedes Powertrains, said they "have got some issues with the power units" mainly due to the restricted dynamometer use, but was confident these issues would be resolved by the start of the season. He also announced that Mercedes would deliver only one upgrade to the power unit throughout the 2021 season.[242] Key said that McLaren had not encountered these issues in its own dyno testing.[243]

The MCL35M had its first shakedown on 16 February 2021 in a filming day at Silverstone Circuit.[243]

McLaren was generally quick in pre-season testing, setting several fastest laps without any major reliability issues. Norris said the test had "gone well" and that the team was "maybe a little more confident than we were last year."[244]

Opening rounds[]

Both drivers appeared quick in free practice for the Bahrain Grand Prix, but said they were dissatisfied with the MCL35M's handling and balance, and expected the team would be slower than Mercedes and Red Bull when it came to qualifying and the race and closer to the rest of the field.[245][246][247] Ricciardo and Norris qualified sixth and seventh respectively.[248] In the race, Norris overtook Ricciardo and Leclerc in the opening laps and would maintain position to finish fourth. Ricciardo struggled with tyre temperature[249] and went on to finish seventh.[250] Ricciardo's lack of pace was later attributed to damage to his car's floor after he was hit by Gasly in the opening laps.[251] The result left McLaren third in the Constructors' Championship after Red Bull and ahead of Ferrari, with Norris fourth and Ricciardo seventh in the Drivers' Championship.[252]

Ricciardo qualified in sixth and Norris in seventh for the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix, a result Norris was disappointed with given his final qualifying lap was third quickest but was struck for a track limits violation.[253] In the wet race, team orders were used to allow Norris to pass Ricciardo early in the race after the latter continued to struggle with pace.[254] Norris finished third after losing second place to Hamilton after an extended battle in the closing laps, while Ricciardo would finish the race in sixth.[255] McLaren remained third in the Constructors' Championship, with Norris moving up to third in the Drivers' Championship and Ricciardo remaining in seventh.[256] Seidl later said the team was pleased neither MCL35M chassis had sustained notable damage in the first two races, which would help ensure McLaren remained within their cost cap for the season.[257]

Norris and Ricciardo qualified in seventh and sixteenth, respectively, for the Portuguese Grand Prix.[258] Ricciardo's elimination in the first qualifying stage (Q1) was the first for a McLaren since the 2019 Brazilian Grand Prix.[259] In the race, Norris finished in fifth while Ricciardo recovered to ninth. The result meant McLaren extended their lead for third place over Ferrari, with both Norris and Ricciardo maintaining their Drivers' Championship positions.[260] After this race, McLaren was the only team to have had both drivers score points in every race of the season.[261]

McLaren ran the MCL35M with a T-wing[262] and introduced a new front wing and floor for the Spanish Grand Prix.[263] The new front wing is optimised to suit a higher-downforce configuration, while McLaren became the eighth team to implement a Z-shaped floor cutout.[c][265] The overall effect of the upgrades was to reduce the pitch sensitivity[d] of the car.[266] Ricciardo qualified in seventh and stated he felt more confident in the MCL35M with the upgrade package.[267] Norris qualified in ninth, a result he was disappointed with after he was impeded by Haas driver Nikita Mazepin in Q1 and had to use an extra set of soft tyres, limiting the running he could do in Q3.[268][269] The issue was compounded by floor damage Norris incurred after running wide in turns eight and nine in his first Q3 lap.[270] Ricciardo went on to finish the race in sixth and Norris in eighth, a result Seidl said he was happy with given the difficulty of overtaking on the circuit.[271] McLaren retained third place in the Constructors' Championship but had their lead over Ferrari reduced. Meanwhile in the Drivers' Championship, Norris lost third place to Bottas and Ricciardo maintained his seventh place.[272]

The MCL35M featured a one-off Gulf livery for the Monaco Grand Prix (see § 2021 livery). Norris qualified for the race in fifth, but Ricciardo was eliminated in Q2 and was classified twelfth.[273] Ricciardo described the MCL35M as having a much narrower operating window than other cars he had driven, which was contributing to his struggles.[274] In the race, Norris defended his position from Pérez to finish third after Leclerc did not start and Bottas retired.[275] Ricciardo lost places on the race start before eventually being lapped by Norris and finishing twelfth.[276] This was the first time a McLaren had been classified outside the top ten since the 2020 Portuguese Grand Prix, and ended McLaren's streak of both drivers scoring points at every race in 2021. The team retained third place in the Constructors' Championship, but their lead was reduced to only two points over Ferrari. Norris regained third in the Drivers' Championship, while Ricciardo fell to eighth.[277]

In a qualifying session interrupted with many yellow and red flags, Norris qualified in sixth and Ricciardo in thirteenth for the Azerbaijan Grand Prix, with the latter's qualifying ending after colliding with the barriers.[278] Norris was awarded a three-place grid penalty for violating red flag procedures and started the race ninth.[279] Norris had a poor start and fell to twelfth,[280] but both drivers avoided the incidents occurring on track and worked their way up to fifth and ninth.[281] Norris lost third place in the Drivers' Championship to race winner Pérez, while Ricciardo fell to tenth after being outscored by podium finishers Gasly and Vettel. The team lost third place in the Constructors' Championship to Ferrari.[282]

European stint[]

The MCL35M featured a new rear wing endplate at the French Grand Prix with horizontal louvres rather than vertical strakes to better control turbulence at the rear of the car.[283] The upgrade package also included a new, slimmer engine cover, and introduced 'horns' (fins mounted at the front of the car, just ahead of the halo) to redirect airflow over the top of the car.[284][285] Norris qualified for the race in eighth and Ricciardo in tenth.[286] Norris had a poor start and fell to tenth, but finished fifth; Ricciardo finished in sixth.[287] McLaren reclaimed third place in the Constructors' Championship as Ferrari struggled with tyre degradation on their car, while Ricciardo moved up to ninth in the Drivers' Championship.[288]

At the Styrian Grand Prix, Norris qualified in fourth but was promoted to third on the grid due to a penalty issued to Bottas, while Ricciardo qualified thirteenth.[289] Norris allowed Pérez and Bottas to pass him in the opening laps, as McLaren did not believe the MCL35M had the pace to maintain position ahead of the Red Bull and Mercedes cars, and finished fifth.[290] Ricciardo made up four places on the race start until he suffered a power unit issue and fell to twelfth. Although the issue was fixed, Ricciardo finished thirteenth.[291]

Norris qualified second for the Austrian Grand Prix, his career-best grid start and McLaren's best since 2012, and finished on the podium for the second consecutive year.

The car featured a new floor and additional guide vanes near the Z-shape cutout for the Austrian Grand Prix (also held at the Red Bull Ring),[292] and the cut-out's area was reduced.[293][283] Norris qualified second for the race, 0.048 seconds off polesitter Verstappen's time and out-qualifying both works Mercedes cars – the first time a McLaren had qualified on the front row since 2012, and Norris' career-best qualifying result.[294] Ricciardo qualified in thirteenth.[295] Norris held position for the first 20 laps, and in doing so attracted a five-second penalty for forcing Pérez to run wide. The penalty was served on-track at Norris' scheduled pit stop, and he recovered to overtake Hamilton for third place on lap 52 and finished on the podium for the third time in the 2021 season.[296] Both Seidl and Norris said they believed the team would have been able to challenge for second place had they not been awarded a penalty.[297][298] Ricciardo finished in seventh,[299] and improved to eighth in the Drivers' Championship.[300]

Ricciardo pursuing the Ferrari SF21 of Charles Leclerc during the British Grand Prix.

Norris qualified sixth and Ricciardo seventh for Formula One's first trial of sprint qualifying at the British Grand Prix.[301] Both drivers improved by one place to start the race in fifth and sixth.[302] Norris overtook Bottas on the race start and inherited third place after Verstappen and Hamilton collided, with the former crashing out of the race. He finished the race fourth but was disappointed after a slow pit stop allowed Bottas to recover his position.[303] Ricciardo moved up to and finished in fifth, defending his position from Sainz after both completed their scheduled pit stops.[304] Norris moved up to third place in the Drivers' Championship.[305] After the race, Norris suggested that the Ferrari SF21 was a faster car than the MCL35M, and singled out the SF21's tyre management and high-temperature performance over the McLaren.[306]

McLaren delivered their final major upgrade to the MCL35M at the Hungarian Grand Prix in order to focus on the car's successor;[307][308] the package featured revised bargeboards.[309] Norris qualified sixth for the race and Ricciardo started eleventh.[310] Both drivers had strong starts: Norris had made his way up to third place by the first corner, but was hit from behind by Bottas and then collided with Verstappen.[311] At the same time, Stroll collided with Leclerc who was forced into Ricciardo.[312] Bottas and Stroll would be issued five-place grid penalties for the next race and two super license points for the incidents.[313] Both MCL35Ms suffered heavy damage, and Norris retired during the red flag, becoming the first McLaren retirement since the 2020 Eifel Grand Prix and ending his fifteen race point-scoring streak. Ricciardo's damage was estimated to cost him approximately 0.8 seconds per lap.[312] He finished the race in twelfth and was promoted to eleventh after the disqualification of Vettel, making the Hungarian Grand Prix the team's first point-less race in seventeen Grands Prix. Ferrari drew level with McLaren on points in the Constructors' Championship, and took third place after the count-back. Ricciardo lost eighth in the Drivers' Championship to Gasly.

New brake ducts were introduced to the MCL35M at the Belgian Grand Prix.[314] The car performed well in a wet qualifying session, with Ricciardo qualifying for the race in fourth, his best qualifying result with McLaren. Norris set the fastest times in Q1 and Q2, but lost control of his car at Eau Rouge and crashed heavily, ending his qualifying session and damaging his gearbox. After penalties for Bottas from the previous race and for Norris's gearbox change were applied, he would start the race in fifteenth.[315] Heavy rain prevented the race from starting, with three laps completed under safety car conditions before the Grand Prix was abandoned. Ricciardo was classified fourth, his best result at McLaren, and Norris in fourteenth. Half points were awarded, allowing McLaren to take third place from Ferrari.

Complete Formula One results[]

(key)

Year Entrant Chassis Power unit Tyres Drivers Grands Prix Points WCC
2020 McLaren F1 Team MCL35 Renault
E-Tech 20
1.6 V6 t 		P AUT STY HUN GBR 70A ESP BEL ITA TUS RUS EIF POR EMI TUR BHR SKH ABU 202 3rd
United Kingdom Lando Norris 3F 5 13 5 9 10 7 4 6 15 Ret 13 8 8F 4 10 5
Spain Carlos Sainz Jr. 5 9F 9 13 13 6 DNS 2 Ret Ret 5 6 7 5 5 4 6
2021 McLaren F1 Team MCL35M Mercedes-AMG
F1 M12 E Performance
1.6 V6 t 		P BHR EMI POR ESP MON AZE FRA STY AUT GBR HUN BEL‡ NED ITA RUS TUR USA MXC SAP TBA SAU ABU 169* 3rd*
United Kingdom Lando Norris 4 3 5 8 3 5 5 5 3 4 Ret 14
Australia Daniel Ricciardo 7 6 9 6 12 9 6 13 7 5 11 4
Sources:[316]
Notes
  • * – Championship in progress.
  • ‡ – Half points were awarded at the 2021 Belgian Grand Prix as less than 75% of the scheduled distance was completed due to heavy rain.

Notes[]

  1. ^ In comparison, both the Mercedes M11[47] and Honda RA620H[48] received upgrades at the Austrian Grand Prix, while the Ferrari 065 did not receive any upgrades.[49]
  2. ^ A T-wing is a smaller, secondary wing which is attached to the rear engine cover to improve airflow to the rear wing and diffuser.[67]
  3. ^ The Z-shape cutout involves the removal of a portion of the edge of the car's floor, designed to create a vortex at the edge of the floor to increase negative pressure under the car. This increases the downforce produced by the floor, lessening the downforce lost due to the 2021 regulation changes.[264]
  4. ^ Pitch sensitivity refers to the instability in the car caused by unbalanced downforce as the ride height of the car changes under braking.

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Works cited[]

Youson, Matt (2021). Robinson, Stuart; Holmes, Robert (eds.). McLaren Racing 2020 Yearbook. Woking, United Kingdom: McLaren Racing Ltd.

External links[]

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