Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Turkish: Hariciye Nezâreti; French: Ministère des Affaires Étrangères[1]) was the department of the Imperial Government responsible for the foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire, from its establishment in 1836 to its abolition in 1922. Before 1836, foreign relations were managed by the Reis ül-Küttab, who was replaced by a Western-style ministry as part of the Tanzimat modernization reforms. The successor of the Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Turkish Republic.
French was officially the working language of the ministry in the period after the Crimean War.[2]
Organisation[]
It was headed by a minister representing the Réis Effendi and a six-member council with sub-secretary of state (mustéchar) leading it. Other major figures included the Grand Master of Ceremonies of the head of the Drogmanat of the Imperial Divan and the Grand Master of Ceremonies (Techrifati-Hardjié) directed by the Introducer of Ambassadors.[1]
Departments included:[1]
- Accounting (Direction de Comptabilité)
- Chamber of Jurists (Bab-i-ali Istikharé Odassi, Chambre des Conseillers légistes)
- Commercial Affairs (Tidjarié, Direction des Affaires Commerciales)
- Consulates (Chehpendéri, Direction des Consulats)
- Foreign Correspondence (Tahrirat-i-Hardjié, Direction de la Correspondance étrangère)
- Foreign Press (Direction de la presse étrangère)
- Litigation (Oumori-Houkoukié-i-Muhtélita, Direction du Contentieux)
- Nationalities (Direction des Nationalités)
- Personnel (Sigilli Ahwal, Direction du Personnel)
- Translation (Terdjumé, Direction de Traduction)
- Turkish Correspondence (Mektoubi-Hardjié, Direction de la Correspondance turque)
List of ministers[]
- (1836)
- (1836-1837)
- Mustafa Reshid Pasha (1837-1838)
- (1838-1839)
- Mustafa Reshid Pasha (1839-1841)
- Sadık Rıfat Pasha (1841)
- Ibrahim Sarim Pasha (1841-1843)
- Sadık Rıfat Pasha (1843-1844)
- (1844)
- Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1844-1845)
- Mustafa Reshid Pasha (1845-1846)
- Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1846-1848)
- Sadık Rıfat Pasha (1848-1848)
- Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1848-1852)
- Keçecizade Fuad Pasha (1852-1853)
- Sadık Rıfat Pasha (1853)
- Mustafa Reshid Pasha (1853-1854)
- Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1854)
- (1854-1855) substitute minister
- Keçecizade Fuad Pasha (1855-1856)
- Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1856)
- İbrahim Edhem Pasha (1856-1857)
- Ali Galib Pasha (1857)
- Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1857)
- Keçecizade Fuad Pasha (1857-1858)
- Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1858-1860) substitute minister
- (1860) substitute minister
- Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1860-1861)
- Keçecizade Fuad Pasha (1861)
- Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1861-1867)
- Keçecizade Fuad Pasha (1867-1869)
- (1869)
- Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1869-1871)
- (1871-1872)
- (1872)
- Halil Şerif Pasha (1872-1873)
- Mehmed Esad Saffet Pasha (1873)
- Mehmed Rashid Pasha (1873-1874)
- Ahmed Arifi Pasha (1874)
- Mehmed Esad Saffet Pasha (1874-1875)
- Mehmed Rashid Pasha (1875-1876)
- Mehmed Esad Saffet Pasha (1876-1877)
- Ahmed Arifi Pasha (1877)
- (1877-1878)
- Mehmed Esad Saffet Pasha (1878)
- (1878)
- Alexander Karatheodori Pasha (1878-1879)
- Mehmed Esad Saffet Pasha (1879)
- (1879-1880)
- (1880)
- (1880-1881)
- Said Halim Pasha (1881-1882)
- (1882)
- Mehmed Esad Saffet Pasha (1882)
- Ahmed Arifi Pasha (1882-1884)
- (1884-1885)
- Said Halim Pasha (1885-1896)
- Turhan Pasha (1896-1899)
- Said Halim Pasha (1899)
- Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (1899-1909)[3]
- (1909-1911)
- İbrahim Hakkı Pasha (1911)
- (1911-1912)
- Gabriel Noradunkyan (1912-1913)
- Said Halim Pasha (1913-1915)
- Halil Bey (1915-1917)
- (1917-1918)
- (1918)
- (1918-1919)
- (1919)
- Damat Ferid Pasha (1919)
- (1919)
- (1919-1920)
- (1920)
- Damat Ferid Pasha (1920)
- (1920-1921)
- Ahmed İzzet Pasha (1921-1922)
See also[]
- Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire
- Ottoman Empire-United States relations
- Persian-Ottoman relations
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Young, George (1905). Corps de droit ottoman; recueil des codes, lois, règlements, ordonnances et actes les plus importants du droit intérieur, et d'études sur le droit coutumier de l'Empire ottoman (in French). 3. Clarendon Press. p. 1.
- ^ Turkish Yearbook of International Relations. Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Munasebetler Enstitüsü, 2000. (head book says 2000/2 Special Issue of Turkish-American Relations. Issue 31, p. 13. "Chambre des Conseillers Légistes de la Porte as was their title in French, which had, after the Crimean War become the official working language of the Ottoman Foreign Ministry."
- ^ Wasti, Syed Tanvir (2012). "Ahmed Rüstem Bey and the End of an Era". Middle Eastern Studies. 48 (5): 781–796. doi:10.1080/00263206.2012.703616. - Published online 14 August 2012 - Content from notes section specifies the years he was active.
External links[]
- Genell, Aimee M. (November 2016). "The Well-Defended Domains: Eurocentric International Law and the Making of the Ottoman Office of Legal Counsel". Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association. Indiana University Press. 3 (2): 255–275. doi:10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.04. JSTOR 10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.04. - The abstract states that this was a department of the Ottoman Foreign Ministry
- Findley, Carter V. (October 1972). "The Foundation of the Ottoman Foreign Ministry: The Beginnings of Bureaucratic Reform under Selîm III and Maḥmûd II". International Journal of Middle East Studies. Cambridge University Press. 3 (4): 388–416. doi:10.1017/S0020743800025186. JSTOR 162489.
- Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire
- Foreign affairs ministries
- Government ministries of the Ottoman Empire
- 1836 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
- 1922 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire