Music of Virginia

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Virginia's musical contribution to American culture has been diverse, and includes Piedmont blues, jazz, folk, brass, hip-hop, and rock and roll bands, as well as the founding origins of country music in the Bristol sessions by Appalachian Virginians.

The origin of music from within the state is very diverse, including cities such as Richmond, college towns such as Charlottesville and Fredericksburg, and the rural areas of Southwestern Virginia along "The Crooked Road”.

State song[]

"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" by James A. Bland was Virginia's state song from 1940 until 1997; it now has emeritus status. "Oh Shenandoah" was the interim state song from January 2006, and its melody was used for "Our Great Virginia," with lyrics by Mike Greenly, which became the official state song in 2015. The same year, "Sweet Virginia Breeze," written in 1978 by Steve Bassett and Robbin Thompson became the official popular state song; the runner-up was "Virginia, the Home of My Heart".

Birthplace of Southern shape note music[]

Singing Davisson's "Retirement" at his graveside in Cross Keys, following an all-day singing from the Shenandoah Harmony (June 7, 2015).

In 1816 Ananias Davisson of Rockingham County published a shape note tunebook containing folk melodies collected during his travels, entitled Kentucky Harmony. At a time when the musicians in the North were turning to Europe and ridiculing the composers of the First New England School, Davisson's focus on grassroots regional music was widely imitated in the South.

Notable music artists from Virginia by genre[]

One of Virginia's most famous musical contributions is the country singer Patsy Cline. Several towns claim her as their own, including Gore and Winchester. Winchester is home to several Patsy Cline attractions, including a driving tour published by the local Chamber of Commerce, and the Kurtz Cultural Center/Old Town Visitor's Center, which shows various Cline memorabilia.^[1] The Golden Gate Quartet founded in 1931 are widely regarded as the founders of jubilee and the sound of many male vocal groups that came after them. Their musical influence crosses multiple genres including gospel, jazz, blues, hip hop, soul and R&B. The legacy continues on through a new version of the Golden Gate in France and former lead singer Charles West from Chesapeake, Virginia.^[2]

Jim & Jesse McReynolds and the Virginia Boys, Ralph Stanley, Hobart Smith, The Statler Brothers, and The Carter Family are award-winning bluegrass and country musicians from Virginia. Ella Fitzgerald and Pearl Bailey were both from Newport News. Hip hop and rhythm and blues acts like Missy Elliott, Timbaland, The Neptunes, Clipse, Chad Hugo, Nottz, and Bink hail from the commonwealth. The Neptunes produced 43% of all songs on American radio in 2003.^[3] Singer-songwriters from Virginia include Jason Mraz and jam bands like the Pat McGee Band and Dave Matthews Band (violinist Boyd Tinsley attended the University of Virginia), who continue their strong charitable connection to Charlottesville, Virginia.^[4] Influential stage-rock group GWAR as well as heavy metal group Lamb of God began at Virginia Commonwealth University. Alternative Rock group Seven Mary Three formed at The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg.

Multi-Platinum certified artists are in bold.^[5]

Blues and jazz[]

• Pearl Mae Bailey – vocalist, actress, Newport News
• James "Plunky" Branch – saxophonist; Oneness of JuJu, Ornette Coleman, Sun Ra, from Richmond
• Karen Briggs – improvising violinist (featured with Yanni), Portsmouth
• Rob Brown – saxophonist and composer, Hampton
• Ruth Brown – singer, songwriter, actress, musician, Portsmouth
• Charlie Byrd – jazz guitarist, Suffolk
• Robert Cray – blues guitarist, Newport News
• Walter Davis Jr. – bebop and hard bop pianist, Richmond
• Archie Edwards – Piedmont blues guitarist from Union Hall
• Ella Fitzgerald – jazz singer, Newport News
• Tiny Grimes – jazz and R&B guitarist, Newport News
• The Holmes Brothers – blues, jazz, gospel, from Christchurch
• Claude Hopkins – jazz stride pianist, from Alexandria
• Cliff Jackson – jazz stride pianist, from Culpeper
• John Jackson – Piedmont blues musician, Woodville
• René Marie – vocalist, Warrenton
• Tommy Newsom – musician in Johnny Carson's The Tonight Show Band, Portsmouth
• Don Pullen – avant-garde jazz pianist from Roanoke
• Keely Smith – jazz singer, actress, Louis Prima collaborator, Norfolk
• Lonnie Liston Smith – pianist, keyboardist; Pharoah Sanders, Miles Davis, Stanley Turrentine, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Betty Carter, Max Roach, from Richmond
• Steve Wilson – saxophonist; Chick Corea, Dave Holland, Lionel Hampton, from Hampton
• Victor Wooten – bass virtuoso, member of Béla Fleck and the Flecktones, Hampton

Country and bluegrass[]

The Steel Wheels play at the Jefferson Theater in Charlottesville

• Kenny Alphin – of the country group Big & Rich, b. Culpeper
• Tim Barry – frontman of Avail, and country/folk singer-songwriter, Richmond
• Dock Boggs – singer, banjo player, Norton
• The Carter Family – highly influential 1920s and 1930s country trio, known as the "First Family of Country Music", Maces Spring
• Neko Case – country singer, b. Alexandria
• Roy Clark – country music artist, Meherrin
• Patsy Cline – country music singer, b. Winchester (d.1963, buried in Winchester)
• Steve Earle – country-rock musician and songwriter, b. Hampton
• Grit City Grass – A bluegrass band that pulls influences from modern and classic bluegrass sources, Charlottesville
• Jim & Jesse – bluegrass duo, Coeburn
• Scott Miller – alternative country singer-songwriter, also of The V-Roys and Scott Miller & The Commonwealth, Augusta County
• Old Crow Medicine Show – Americana/folk band formed by Ketch Secor and Critter Fuqua in Harrisonburg
• Old Dominion – country band, Roanoke
• River City Gang – country-rock band, Richmond
• Gary Ruley and Mule Train – Rockbridge County
• Mary Simpson – violinist, Charlottesville
• Canaan Smith – country singer, Williamsburg
• Hobart Smith – banjo virtuoso, Saltville
• Kilby Snow – autoharpist, Grayson County
• The Stanley Brothers – influential bluegrass duo made up of brothers Carter Stanley and Ralph Stanley, Dickenson County
• The Statler Brothers – country-rock-gospel band, Staunton
• The Steel Wheels - folk and Americana, Harrisonburg
• Ricky Van Shelton – country singer, Pittsylvania County
• Phil Vassar – country singer and songwriter, Lynchburg
• Walker's Run, Lexington
• Wade Ward – banjo player, fiddler, Independence
• Mac Wiseman, born in Crimora

Pop, rock and heavy metal[]

• Alabama Thunderpussy – mainstream rock, metal band, Richmond
• Arsis – death metal band, Virginia Beach
• Artful Dodger – power pop, Fairfax
• Avail – punk band, Richmond
• Bad Omens - metalcore, Richmond
• Broadside – pop-punk band, Richmond
• Carbon Leaf – Celtic-infused rock, Richmond
• City of Caterpillar – screamo/post rock, Richmond
• Clarence Clemons – saxophonist for Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band, Norfolk
• Stewart Copeland – drummer for rock band The Police and jazz ensemble Animal Logic, Alexandria
• Days Difference – pop-rock band, Virginia Beach
• Parachute – indie-rock band, Charlottesville
• Tim Be Told – contemporary Christian-rock band, Charlottesville
• Dave Matthews Band – jam band, Charlottesville. Had 7 consecutive No. 1 albums on the Billboard 200.
• The Dreamscapes Project – acoustic rock, Reston
• The Downtown Fiction – Fairfax
• Mark Oliver Everett – lead singer, guitarist, and keyboardist of Eels
• Neil Fallon – stoner rock, singer for the band Clutch
• The Friday Night Boys – Fairfax
• Glass Cloud – metalcore Hampton
• Dave Grohl – Nirvana and Foo Fighters drummer, guitarist and lead singer – grew up in Burke/Springfield
• Down To Nothing – hardcore-punk band, Richmond
• Eternal Summers – dream pop band, Roanoke
• Gigantic Brain – experimental metal-grindcore band
• GWAR – thrash metal, art rock band, Richmond
• The Last Bison – indie-folk band, Chesapeake
• Labradford – ambient/drone/post-rock band, Richmond
• Lamb of God – heavy-metal band, Richmond
• Jake E. Lee – heavy/glam metal guitarist, Ratt, Dio, Ozzy Osbourne, Mandy Lion
• Bill Leverty – guitarist for Firehouse, Richmond
• Michael Foster— drummer for Firehouse, Richmond
• Mae – pop-rock, Norfolk
• Aimee Mann – punk, new wave, adult contemporary, Richmond
• Janis Martin – rockabilly, country, rock and roll, Sutherlin
• Scott McKenzie – mainstream folk, singer-songwriter, Alexandria
• Moutheater – noise rock/sludge/punk, Norfolk
• Jason Mraz – acoustic pop-rock, Mechanicsville
• Municipal Waste – Thrash Crossover band, Richmond
• Pig Destroyer – grindcore band, Alexandria
• RDGLDGRN, rap-rock, Reston
• Suzy Saxon and the Anglos – new wave band, Richmond
• Seven Mary Three – alternative rock, post-grunge band, Williamsburg
• Matt Sharp – original Weezer bass guitarist, The Rentals, grew up in Arlington
• Strike Anywhere – punk rock/melodic hardcore band, Richmond
• Scott Travis – heavy metal drummer for Judas Priest, Norfolk
• Kali Uchis – singer and songwriter, Alexandria
• Gene Vincent and the Blue Caps from Norfolk
• The Ziggurat – heavy metal, Radford
• Will Toledo – Car seat headrest – grew up in Leesburg
• Windhand – Doom Metal band, Richmond
• Melvin "Wah Wah Watson" Ranglin. (session Guitarist) Motown's Funk Brothers,The Temptations,Herbie Hancock ect..(Richmond,Va)
• Ernest "Drummie Zeb" Williams (Drummer) The Awareness Art Ensemble,The Wailers,Kenny Chesney (Richmond,Va_
• Jerome Brailey (Drummer) Rock n Roll Hall of Fame,Parliament Funkadelic,The Chambers Brothers,The Five Stairsteps,The Unifics,Mutiny,Quazar. (Richmond,Va)
• The Awareness Art Ensemble (Roots Reggae) [Richmond,Va]
• The Good Guys (Ska,Reggae,Funk,Rock) [Richmond,Va]
• Melvin "Ras Mel" Glover (Guitarist) Oneness of Juju,The Awareness Art Ensemble,The Wailers[Richmond,Va]
• Yvonne Fair (vocalist) James Brown. (Richmond,Va)
• Martha High (vocalist) James Brown (Victoria ,Va)
• The Whole Darn Family (Funk/R&B Band) [Richmond,Va]
• Major Harris (Vocalist) The Delfonics {Richmond,Va]
• Sterling Harrison (Vocalist) Motown records. [Richmond,Va]
• Joseph B. Jefferson (Vocalist,songwriter) Nat Turner's Rebellion,songwriter for the Spinners "Mighty",Brandy","Games People Play" (Petersburg)

Hip Hop[]

• Nick Mira – producer and songwriter, Richmond
• Skillz – rapper and songwriter, Richmond
• Chris Brown – Hip-hop and R&B singer, actor, dancer/entertainer "The Prince of R&B", Tappahannock, Virginia. Had 2 No. 1 Hot 100 hits, like "Run It!" in 2005.
• Clipse (Malice and Pusha T) – rap/hip-hop duo, Virginia Beach
• Danja – record producer/songwriter,Virginia Beach
• D'Angelo – R&B singer, Richmond. Had a No. 1 Billboard 200 album in 2000.
• DeVante Swing – producer/singer, founder of R&B group Jodeci, Hampton
• Dalvin DeGrate – singer, member of Jodeci, Hampton
• Krohme - record producer/songwriter, Alexandria
• – Record producer, recording artist , singer-songwriter, Pop/hip-hop duo P.M. Dawn , Virginia Beach
• Missy Elliott – hip-hop and R&B singer "The Queen of Rap", Portsmouth
• Nickelus F – rapper, Richmond
• Lex Luger – producer, Suffolk
• Nottz – producer and rapper, Norfolk
• Big Pooh – rapper (Little Brother), Dumfries
• Pharrell Williams – producer, rapper, singer-songwriter, Virginia Beach. Had a No. 1 Hot 100 hit with "Happy" in 2014.
• Eric Stanley – violinist and composer, Chesapeake
• Solciety – producer/artist group
• The Neptunes (Pharrell and Chad Hugo) – hip hop, R&B and pop producer/artist duo
• N.E.R.D (Pharrell, Chad Hugo, and Shay Haley) – rock, funk, and hip hop band
• Trey Songz – R&B singer, Petersburg. Had 2 No. 1 Billboard 200 albums in 2012 and 2014.
• Timbaland – rapper and producer, Norfolk. Had two No. 1 Hot 100 hits, like "Give It to Me" in 2007.
• Pusha T – rapper and songwriter, Virginia Beach
• Lady Of Rage – rapper, Farmville
• Bink! - record producer/songwriter, Norfolk
• Trey Songz (Vocalist) Petersburg.

Other[]

• Pearl Bailey – Broadway singer, Newport News
• Gary "U.S." Bonds – singer and songwriter, Norfolk
• Ann Marie Calhoun – violinist, Gordonsville
• Bill Deal and the Rhondels are from Virginia Beach
• Bruce Hornsby – singer, pianist and songwriter, Williamsburg. Had a No. 1 Hot 100 hit with "The Way It Is" in 1986. He went to the University of Richmond.
• Toby Mac – of DC Talk, Christian hip hop, rap, rock, Fairfax. Had a No. 1 Billboard 200 album in 2012.
• Michael Tait – of DC Talk (1997–2001), Newsboys (2009–present). Contemporary Christian artist, Washington DC.
• Undine Smith Moore – composer, Jarratt
• Wayne Newton – a.k.a. "Mr. Las Vegas"; singer and songwriter, Roanoke
• Ketch Secor and Critter Fuqua of Old Crow Medicine Show, Harrisonburg
• Robbin Thompson – Richmond
• Keller Williams – one-man jam band from Fredericksburg
• Hilary Hahn – Grammy-award-winning classical violin soloist, Lexington
• (Flip Damon) Pop Vocal Producer/Music Artist

Music venues and institutions[]

For larger concerts and events, Virginia has the Ferguson Center for the Arts (Christopher Newport University) in Newport News, Va, Jiffy Lube Live in Bristow (marketed as D.C. for most tours), the Veterans United Home Loans Amphitheater at Virginia Beach in Virginia Beach, the Richmond Coliseum, the Hampton Coliseum and the Norfolk Scope. Vienna is home to the Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts, the only national park for the arts in the United States. Wolf Trap features a large outdoor amphitheatre, the 7,000 seat Filene Center, as well as a smaller indoor venue called The Barns. The Old Dominion Opry is another major venue, located near Colonial Williamsburg, a popular tourist attraction.^[1]

Virginia's other prominent music venues include The Birchmere in Alexandria, a local country and bluegrass club where Mary Chapin Carpenter performed early in her career. The Landmark Theater in Richmond and the Harrison Opera House in Norfolk both host the Virginia Opera. Phase 2 (the former Cattle Annie's, but significantly remodeling in 2010) is a popular, large club venue in Lynchburg with a reputation for attracting prominent performers. Garth Newel Music Center in Hot Springs was once a farm that is now known for classical, jazz, and blues concerts with gourmet meals and views from the side of Warm Springs Mountain. The Shenandoah Valley Music Festival celebrated its 50th anniversary of summer concert in 2013 and continues to draw people to the tiny Shenandoah County village of Orkney Springs.

Richmond's 929 West Grace Street has housed a punk and rock-oriented club nearly uninterrupted for nearly three decades. Most famously known as Twisters throughout the 1990s, more recently the building has been known as Club 929, The Nanci Raygun, and Bagel Czar before re-opening in 2009 as Strange Matter. Like its predecessors, Strange Matter hosts up-and-coming local and national touring acts nearly every night. Alley Katz in Richmond continues to have regular shows. Toad's Place accommodated midsized bands in 2007 and 2008 but closed shortly after that time. Another midsized venue is The National, which holds around 1,500 people.

The Hampton Roads area also has several more intimate venues. The most prominent of them is the Norva Theatre, which is a small club-style venue for smaller to mid-size acts.

The Shenandoah Valley hosts a few smaller venues. The mockingbird in downtown Staunton hosted a 168-seat newly renovated grass roots and acoustic music hall, but closed early in 2013.^[6] Clementine café in downtown Harrisonburg has cemented itself as the premier venue in the valley.^{[citation needed]}

In the late 1960s and the 1970s, the Alexandria Roller Rink hosted many festival style concerts, among which, bands like Yes, Jethro Tull, and many others appeared.

The Virginia Musical Museum & Virginia Music Hall of Fame in Williamsburg, VA. opened in 2013. The museum and hall of fame displays instruments, memorabilia, pictures and history of Virginia music artists. New Virginia artists are inducted into the Virginia Music Hall of Fame each year.

Music festivals[]

FloydFest is a popular music festival which is not actually within Floyd County but in the county just next to Floyd called Patrick County. This is a bit of FloydFest trivia that mostly the locals know about. The festival began in 2002 and features camping and a wide range of music from bluegrass, rock, reggae, folk, zydeco, African, and Appalachian.

In 2005, 2006, and 2007, Richmond hosted the National Folk Festival that features Virginia-area regional folk music as well as folk musicians from around the world. Many previous NFF sites have continued to conduct a regional folk festival when the NFF moves to the next site and Richmond has done the same in the form of the Richmond Folk Festival.

The Virginia Blues & Jazz Festival was started in 2006 at Garth Newel Music Center in Hot Springs. It is held each June and has featured national acts like Taj Mahal, The Dirty Dozen Brass Band, Buckwheat Zydeco, and Eric Lindell.

The MACRoCk festival happens the beginning of April every year in Harrisonburg VA. It has featured national acts like MewithoutYou, Q and Not U, Fugazi, The Faint, Archers of Loaf, Dismemberment Plan, Sufjan Stevens, Prefuse 73, Mates of State, The Wrens, Converge, Antibalas Afrobeat Orchestra, Of Montreal, Norma Jean, The Dillinger Escape Plan, Superchunk, Elliott Smith, An Albatross, Coheed and Cambria, Avail, and Engine Down.

Blue Ridge mountain music[]

Southwest Virginia is, along with western North Carolina, part of the Blue Ridge area, home to a distinctive style of old-time music sometimes called "mountain music", which is a vibrant tradition most famously celebrated through an annual series of festivals. Galax is a small town that is home to the Old Fiddlers' Convention, held since 1935; it is the largest and oldest festival of old-time Appalachian music in the country. The Convention has given Galax the nickname the "Capital of Old-Time Mountain Music".^[1] The Convention attracts upwards of 20,000 visitors to witness many of the most renowned American folk, country and bluegrass performers, as well as regional stars. Galax and the surrounding area has long been a rich part of American, and Virginian music, and is known for an intricate fiddling style and instrumental and vocal traditions; music collectors like Peter Seeger and Alan Lomax visited Galax and recorded the region's music.^[7]

Though the Galax Old Fiddlers' Convention is a major focal point for the Blue Ridge's vibrant folk music scene, the region is home to a major music festival season, which is inaugurated by the late March Fairview Ruritan Club Fiddlers' Convention, which hosts a major regional competition in several categories. Ferrum College in Ferrum, is home to the annual Blue Ridge Folklife Festival, which has been held every October since 1973. The White Top Mountain–Mount Rogers area is home to the Wayne Henderson Music Festival & Guitar Competition, as well as a number of regional festivals, with mountain music as a major part of the White Top Mountain Molasses Festival, the White Top Mountain Maple Festival, and the White Top Mountain Ramp Festival. The aforementioned, FloydFest always features bluegrass and traditional Appalachian mountain music. Local mountain music festivals in Virginia abound in small towns like Fries, Wytheville, Troutdale, Vesta, Stuart, Bassett, Baywood and Elk Creek, as well as at the Grayson Highlands State Park near Mouth of Wilson.^[8]

Farther southwest, The Carter Family Fold, in the Carter Family hometown of Hiltons hosts an annual folk music festival as well as weekly concerts. Johnny Cash often visited the Hiltons area and The Fold with his wife, June Carter Cash. In fact, Johnny Cash's last public performance was at The Fold in the summer of 2003. The area around the Virginia and Kentucky border, folk, country and bluegrass remains a vital regional tradition. Norton is home to the Virginia Kentucky Opry and a historic music venue called the Country Cabin, while local festivals include the Doc Boggs Festival (in Wise), and the Ralph Stanley's Annual Memorial Weekend Bluegrass Festival.[1]

Country music[]

Virginia's contributions to country music include the legendary singer Patsy Cline, pioneering performers The Carter Family and Staunton's Statler Brothers, who were one of the most popular country acts in the country in the 1970s and 1980s.

Bristol, TN/VA has been designated by Congress as the 'Birthplace of Country Music'. In 1927 record producer Ralph Peer of Victor Records began recording local musicians in Bristol, to attempt to capture the local sound of traditional "folk" music of the region. One of these local sounds was created by the Carter Family, which got its start on July 31, 1927, when A.P. Carter and his family journeyed from Maces Spring, Virginia, to Bristol to audition for Ralph Peer, who was seeking new talent for the relatively embryonic recording industry. They received $50 for each song they recorded. That same visit by Peer to Bristol also resulted in the first recordings by Jimmie Rodgers. These 1927 sessions became known as the Big Bang of Country Music. Since 1994, the Birthplace of Country Music Alliance has promoted the city as a destination to learn about country music and the city's role in the creation of an entire music genre. Currently, the Alliance is organizing the building of a new Cultural Heritage Center to help educate the public about the history of country music in the region.

The Bristol Rhythm & Roots Reunion is held every September on State Street in Downtown Bristol and celebrates the city's contribution to country music. It has grown to become one of the more popular music festivals in Virginia and the Appalachia region, as close to 50,000 people attended the festival in 2012.

Hardcore punk and heavy metal[]

The city of Richmond has long had one of the more active punk rock scenes on the East Coast. The city is perhaps best known for shock-punk-metal band GWAR, known for wild on-stage antics. GWAR grew out of Death Piggy, a hardcore punk band that followed in the footsteps of local scene leaders White Cross, Beex, and . However Richmond punk became big with Avail. The Richmond punk scene grew, including: Inquisition, Fun Size, Knucklehed, Uphill Down, Four Walls Falling, The Social Dropouts, Ann Beretta, Sixer, River City High, BraceWar, Smoke or Fire (originally from Boston), Strike Anywhere,and many underground bands. Richmond punk is often mistakenly considered to be an offshoot of the D.C. scene, however Richmond punk bands have developed a unique sound, often influenced by country, folk, and southern rock (particularly prevalent in Avail, Sixer, and Ann Beretta, and to a lesser degree in Strike Anywhere). This is most likely due to the fact that Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy during most of the Civil War, is arguably the oldest and most lively punk scene in the South. Richmond punk has a close relationship with punk from Gainesville, Florida, particularly between Avail and the now-disbanded Hot Water Music. Other hardcore bands from Richmond included Unseen Force, God's Will, Graven Image, and Honor Role.^[9] Richmond also has an active metal scene that includes, in addition to GWAR, Lamb of God, Alabama Thunderpussy, Municipal Waste. The metal scene is closely related the city's punk rockers, and, like the punks, there is a Southern influence in the music of Lamb of God and particularly in Alabama Thunderpussy. Richmond still harbors an extremely strong hardcore scene, emerging from the shadows of the mid-1980s Four Walls Falling, Fed Up, Set Straight, Step Above, Count Me Out and Dead Serious. More recently a resurgence of old school hardcore punk has risen from Richmond with such bands as Direct Control, Government Warning, Wasted Time, etc. Richmond also has a small post-hardcore scene with bands such as Remaniscense, Wow, Owls! and Ultra Dolphins.

Norfolk was known, during hardcore's heyday, for violent clashes between punks and local military personnel from the Navy base. Ray Barbieri (Agnostic Front, Warzone) and John Joseph McGeown (Cro-Mags) became punks while serving in Norfolk after a judge's order.

See also[]

• Indigenous music of North America#Eastern Woodlands

The Virginia Musical Museum & Virginia Music Hall of Fame opened in 2013. Patsy Cline, Wayne Newton, Ella Fitzgerald, The Carter Family, Roy Clark, Bruce Hornsby, Pearl Baily and Ralph Stanley were the founding inductees.

Notes[]

References[]

• Blush, Steven (October 1, 2001). Petros, George (ed.). American Hardcore: A Tribal History. Feral House. ISBN 9780922915712.
• Byron, Janet (1996). Country Music Lover's Guide to the U.S.A. (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-14300-1.
• Fussell, Fred C. (2003). Blue Ridge Music Trails: Finding a Place in the Circle. North Carolina Folklife Institute. ISBN 0-8078-5459-X.