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NSO Group
![]() | |
Type | Private |
---|---|
Industry | Technology |
Founded | 2010 |
Founders |
(Left the company one month after its inception) |
Headquarters | , Israel |
Key people | Shalev Hulio (CEO)[1] |
Products | Pegasus |
Revenue | 243,000,000 United States dollar (2020) ![]() |
99,000,000 United States dollar (2020) ![]() | |
Owner |
|
Number of employees | 750 (2021) ![]() |
Website | nsogroup.com |
NSO Group Technologies (NSO standing for Niv, Shalev and Omri, the names of the company's founders) is an Israeli technology firm primarily known for its proprietary spyware Pegasus, which is capable of remote zero-click surveillance of smartphones.[2] It was founded in 2010 by Niv Karmi, Omri Lavie, and Shalev Hulio.[3][4][5] It is based in Herzliya, near Tel Aviv, Israel. It employed almost 500 people as of 2017.[1][6][7]
NSO deals with government clients only.[8] NSO claims that it provides authorized governments with technology that helps them combat terror and crime.[9][10] Pegasus spyware is classified as a weapon by Israel and any export of the technology must be approved by the government.[11]
According to several reports, software created by NSO Group was used in targeted attacks against human rights activists and journalists in various countries,[12][13][14] was used in state espionage against Pakistan,[15] and played a role in the murder of Saudi dissident Jamal Khashoggi by agents of the Saudi government.[16] In 2019, instant messaging company WhatsApp and its parent company Meta Platforms (then known as Facebook) sued NSO under the US Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA).[9][10]
Corporate profile
Overview
NSO Group is a subsidiary of the group of companies.[10] Q Cyber Technologies is the name the NSO Group uses in Israel, OSY Technologies in Luxembourg, and in North America it has a subsidiary formerly known as Westbridge. It has operated through other companies around the world.[17]
Founding
NSO Group was founded in 2010 by Niv Karmi, Omri Lavie, and Shalev Hulio.[3][4][5] Hulio and Lavie were school friends who went into the technology start-up sector during the mid-2000s. The pair founded a company - CommuniTake - which offered a tool that let cellphone tech support workers access the devices of costumers (with the costumers permission). After an European intelligence agency expressed interest in the product, the pair realised they could instead develop a tool that could access phones without authorisation and market it to security and intelligence agencies. Karmi, who served in military intelligence and the Mossad, was brought onboard to help market the tool with the help of his contacts. The first iteration of NSO's Pegasus spyware was finalised in 2011.[8]
Operations
NSO Group has come to employ over 700 personnel globally. Almost all of NSO's research team is made up of former Israeli military intelligence personnel, most of them having served in Israel's Military Intelligence Directorate, and many of these in its Unit 8200. The company's most valuable staff are graduates of the military intelligence's highly selective advanced cyberweapons training programs. NSO seeks to uncover a surfeit of zero-day exploits in target devices to ensure smooth continuous access even as some of the security vulnerabilities exploited by NSO are inevitably discovered and patched, with labs in the company's Herzliya headquarters featuring racks stacked with phones being tested against new exploits.[8]
Relationship with the Israeli state
Pegasus spyware is classified as a military export by Israel, and it's sale is consequently controlled by the government.[11] Israel has used NSO products as a diplomatic bargaining chip to advance its foreign policy interests. Israel, wary of angering the U.S. in the wake of the Snowden revelations, required NSO to program Pegasus in such a way as to prevent their clients from deploying it in the U.S. Israel has used Pegasus to advance its interests in the region, with Pegasus playing a role in negotiating the Abraham Accords. A New York Times investigation also highlighted several instances in which the sale of Pegasus to a particular government coincided with a shift in the government's foreign policy orientation to align with that of Israel's.[8]
Corporate history
The company's start-up funding came from a group of investors headed by Eddy Shalev, a partner in venture capital fund Genesis Partners which invested a total of $1.8 million for a 30% stake.[18][3]
In 2013, NSO's annual revenues were around US$40 million.[3][19]
In 2014, the U.S.-based private equity firm Francisco Partners bought the company for $130 million.[20]
In 2014, the surveillance firm Circles (which produces is a phone geolocation tool) was acquired by Francisco Parterns for $130 million, and thus became a corporate affiliate of NSO's.[21]
In 2015 Francisco was seeking to sell the company for up to $1 billion.[19]
Annual revenues were around $150 million in 2015.[3][19]
In June 2017, the company was put up for sale for more than $1 billion by Francisco Partners (roughly ten times what Francisco originally paid to acquire it in 2014).[6] At the time it was put up for sale, NSO had almost 500 employees (up from around 50 in 2014).[6]
On February 14, 2019, Francisco Partners sold a majority (60%) stake of NSO back to co-founders Shalev Hulio and Omri Lavie, who were supported in the purchase by European private equity fund Novalpina Capital.[22] Hulio and Lavie invested $100 million, with Novalpina acquiring the remaining portion of the majority stake, thus valuing the company at approximately $1 billion.[23] The day after the acquisition, Novalpina attempted to address the concerns raised by Citizen Lab with a letter, stating their belief that NSO operates with sufficient integrity and caution.[24]
Foreign offices and export controls
In late 2020, Vice Media published an article in which it reported that NSO group had closed the Cyprus-based offices of Circles, the company it had acquired in 2014. The article, based on interviews with two former employees, described the integration between the two companies as "awful" and stated that NSO would rely on Circles' Bulgarian office instead. According to Vice, this came just over a year after an activist group known as Access Now wrote to authorities in both Cyprus and Bulgaria, asking them to further scrutinise NSO exports.[25] Access now had stated that they had received denials from both the Bulgarian and Cypriot authorities, with both countries stating that they had not provided export licenses to the NSO group.[26] Despite this, an article written by The Guardian during the 2021 Pegasus scandal quoted NSO Group as saying that it had been "regulated by the export control regimes of Israel, Cyprus and Bulgaria".[27] NSO's own "Transparency and Responsibility Report 2021", published about a month before the scandal, makes the same statement, adding that those were the three countries through which NSO exported its products.[28] Circles' Bulgarian office, in particular, was stated to have been founded as a "bogus phone company" in 2015 by Citizen Lab citing IntelligenceOnline, a part of Indigo Publications.[29] This report was reprinted by the Bulgarian investigation publication Bivol in December 2020, which appended it with public registry documents which indicated that the company's Bulgarian office had grown to employ up to 150 people and had received two loans worth about 275 million American dollars in 2017 from two offshore companies and a Swiss bank registered in the Cayman Islands.[30]
History
In 2012, the Federal government of Mexico announced the signing of a $20 million contract with NSO.[3] It was later revealed by a New York Times investigation that NSO's product was used to target journalists and human rights activists in the country.[31]
In 2015, the company sold surveillance technology to the government of Panama. The contract later became the subject of a Panamanian anti-corruption investigation following its disclosure in a leak of confidential information from Italian firm Hacking Team.[32]
Around 2016, NSO Group reportedly sold Pegasus software to Ghana.[33]
In June 2018, an Israeli court indicted a former employee of NSO Group for allegedly stealing a copy of Pegasus and attempting to sell it online for $50 million worth of cryptocurrency.[34]
In August 2018, the Human Rights Group Amnesty International accused NSO Group of helping Saudi Arabia spy on a member of the organization's staff.[35]
In October 2018, Citizen Lab researchers reported that they were being targeted by undercover operatives connected to NSO. In response to an Associated Press report, NSO denied any involvement.[36][37] One of the operatives targeting Citizen Lab researchers was later identified as Aharon Almog-Assouline, a "former Israeli security official living in the Tel Aviv suburb of Ramat Hasharon."[38][39]
In April 2019, NSO froze its deals with Saudi Arabia over a scandal alleging NSO software's role in tracking murdered journalist Jamal Khashoggi in the months before his death.[40]
In May 2019, messaging service WhatsApp alleged that a spyware injection exploit targeting its calling feature was developed by NSO.[41][42] WhatsApp stated that the exploit targeted 1,400 users in 20 countries, including "at least 100 human-rights defenders, journalists and other members of civil society".[43][44][45] NSO denied involvement in selecting or targeting victims, but did not explicitly deny creating the exploit.[42] In response to the alleged cyberattack, WhatsApp sued NSO.[46]
In June 2019, NSO began setting up a test facility in New Jersey for the FBI which had procured NSO's services, and began testing a version of Pegasus developed for U.S. government agencies to be used on U.S. phones. After two years of deliberations in the FBI and Department of Justice, the FBI decided not to deploy the tools for domestic use in the summer of 2021, with the New Jersey facility laying dormant as of early 2022. The DEA, Secret Service, and United States Africa Command had also held discussions with NSO which however did not proceed beyond that stage.[8]
In April 2020, Motherboard reported about an incident that occurred several years prior in which an NSO employee used a client's Pegasus tool to spy on a love interest (a female personal acquaintance) during a work trip to the UAE. The employee broke into the client's office outside of office hours to use the tool, prompted an alert and an investigation by the client. The employee was detained by authorities, and fired by NSO, Motherboard's sources said. Sources also told Motherboard that NSO leadership held a meeting to prevent similar incidents in the future, and subsequently adopted more rigorous screening of employees that interact with clients.[47]
In July 2020, Motherboard reported that the US branch of NSO Group was pitching its brand of Pegasus to the US Secret Service during 2018.[48]
In November 2021, the United States added the NSO Group to its Entity List, for acting "contrary to the foreign policy and national security interests of the US" and it effectively bans the sale of hardware and software to the company.[49] The listing deprived NSO of U.S. technology on which NSO relies, imperiling its operations.[8]
In December 2021, 86 human rights organisations sent a joint letter calling on the EU to impose global sanctions against NSO Group and seek to "prohibit the sale, transfer, export and import of the Israeli company’s surveillance technology" due to the risks NSO's technology poses for human rights globally.[50]
Products and services
Pegasus
NSO Groups offers the smartphone spyware tool Pegasus to government clients for the exclusive intended purpose of combating crime and terrorism.[51] The first version of Pegasus was finalised in 2011.[8] Pegasus spyware is classified as a weapon by Israel and any export of the technology must be approved by the government.[11] The Israeli Ministry of Defense licenses the export of Pegasus to foreign governments, but not to private entities.[52]
Pegasus is compatible with iPhone and Android devices. It can be deployed remotely. Once deployed, it allows the client to access the target phone's data and sensors, including: location data, texts, emails, social media messages, files, camera, and microphone. The client-facing side of the tool is user friendly, and all that may be required (depending upon the case) of the client to begin deployment of Pegasus is to enter the target's phone number into the tool.[51]
Phantom
Phantom is a phone hacking product marketed by Westbridge, the United States branch of NSO Group. According to a former NSO employee, "Phantom" is the brand name for the Pegasus in the U.S., but that the two tools are otherwise identical.[53] Israel required NSO Group to program Pegasus so as not to be able to target US phone numbers. NSO then launched Phantom for the U.S. market for use on U.S. targets, receiving permission from Israel to develop it as a specialty tool for exclusive use by U.S. governmental agencies.[8]
Circles
In 2014, the surveillance firm Circles was acquired by Francisco Partners, becoming a corporate affiliate of NSO Group. Circles' product is a phone geolocation tool.[21] The firm has two systems. One operates by connecting to the purchasing country's local telecommunications companies’ infrastructure. The other separate system, known as the “Circles Cloud”, is capable of interconnecting with telecommunications companies across the globe.[54][55]
In December 2020, the Citizen Lab reported that (SCNS) of the United Arab Emirates was set to receive both these systems. In a lawsuit filed against the NSO group in Israel, email exchanges revealed links between Circles and several customers in the United Arab Emirates. Documents also revealed that Circles sent targets’ locations and phone records to the UAE SCNS. Aside from Israel and the UAE, the report named the governments of Australia, Belgium, Botswana, Chile, Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, Peru, Serbia, Vietnam, Zambia, and Zimbabwe as likely customers of Circles surveillance technology.[54][55]
In September 2021, Forensic News published shipping records showing that in 2020 Circles supplied equipment to Uzbekistan's State Security Service (SGB).[56]
Criticism and controversies
Whatsapp lawsuit
In May 2019, messaging service WhatsApp alleged that a spyware injection exploit targeting its calling feature was developed by NSO.[41][42] Victims were exposed to the spyware payload even if they did not answer the call.[57] WhatsApp told the Financial Times that "the attack has all the hallmarks of a private company known to work with governments to deliver spyware that reportedly takes over the functions of mobile phone operating systems."[58] NSO denied involvement in selecting or targeting victims, but did not explicitly deny creating the exploit.[42] In response to the alleged cyberattack, WhatsApp sued NSO under the CFAA and other US laws in a San Francisco court on October 29.[46] WhatsApp stated that the exploit targeted 1,400 users in 20 countries, including "at least 100 human-rights defenders, journalists and other members of civil society".[43][44][45] WhatsApp alerted the 1,400 targeted users. In at least one case, the surveillance was authorized by a judge.[59]
NSO employees had complained to WhatsApp about improved security, according to the court filings by WhatsApp and its parent company Facebook:[60]
On or about May 13, 2019, Facebook publicly announced that it had investigated and identified a vulnerability involving the WhatsApp Service (CVE-2019-3568). WhatsApp and Facebook closed the vulnerability, contacted law enforcement, and advised users to update the WhatsApp app. Defendants subsequently complained that WhatsApp had closed the vulnerability. Specifically, NSO Employee 1 stated, "You just closed our biggest remote for cellular ... It's on the news all over the world."
In April 2020, NSO group blamed its government clients for the hacking of 1,400 WhatsApp users, including journalists and human rights activists. However, the firm did not disclose the names of the clients which, as Citizen Lab stated, include authorities in Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, Kazakhstan, Morocco, and Mexico.[61] In court filings WhatsApp alleged that its investigation showed that the hacks originated from NSO Group servers rather than its clients'. WhatsApp said "NSO used a network of computers to monitor and update Pegasus after it was implanted on users' devices. These NSO-controlled computers served as the nerve centre through which NSO controlled its customers' operation and use of Pegasus." WhatsApp said that NSO gained "unauthorised access" to WhatsApp servers by reverse-engineering the WhatsApp app to be able to evade security features. NSO responded "NSO Group does not operate the Pegasus software for its clients".[62]
Apple lawsuit
In November 2021, Apple Inc. filed a complaint against NSO Group and its parent company in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California in relation to the FORCEDENTRY exploit used to deploy the Pegasus spyware package, requesting injunctive relief, compensatory damages, punitive damages, and disgorgement of profits.[63][64][65]
See also
- DarkMatter (Emirati company)
- Israeli technology
- SCL Group
- WhatsApp snooping scandal
References
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- ^ Timberg, Craig; Albergotti, Reed; Guéguen, Elodie (July 19, 2021). "Despite the hype, Apple security no match for NSO spyware - International investigation finds 23 Apple devices that were successfully hacked". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Hirschauge, Orr; Orpaz, Inbal (February 17, 2014). "U.S. Fund to Buy NSO and Its Smartphone-snooping Software". Retrieved August 26, 2016.
- ^ a b Coppola, Gabrielle (September 29, 2014). "Israeli Entrepreneurs Play Both Sides of the Cyber Wars". Bloomberg News. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
- ^ a b Nicole Perlroth (February 11, 2017). "Spyware's Odd Targets: Backers of Mexico's Soda Tax". The New York Times. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
- ^ a b c Oneill, Patrick Howard (June 12, 2017). "Israeli hacking company NSO Group is on sale for more than $1 billion". Cyberscoop. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
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- ^ "Transparency and Responsibility Report 2021" (PDF). NSO Group. June 30, 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Running in Circles: Uncovering the Clients of Cyberespionage Firm Circles". The Citizen Lab. December 1, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
- ^ Биволъ, Екип (December 12, 2020). "Citizen Lab: Кръгов маратон с държавни клиенти на фирма за кибершпионаж". Bivol.bg (in Bulgarian). Retrieved July 19, 2021.
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- ^ Raising Concerns Over Press Freedom, Israel's NSO Reportedly Sold Ghana Surveillance Tech
- ^ Steinberg, Joseph (July 9, 2018). "Rogue CyberSecurity Company Employee Tried To Sell Powerful, Stolen iPhone Malware For $50-Million". Retrieved July 10, 2018.
- ^ "Amnesty International Among Targets of NSO-powered Campaign". Amnesty International. August 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
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- ^ a b "Running in Circles: Uncovering the Clients of Cyberespionage Firm Circles". The Citizen Lab. December 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
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- ^ Leblanc, Travis; Mornin, Joseph; Grooms, Daniel (October 29, 2019). "Facebook Inc. v. NSO Group Technologies Limited (3:19-cv-07123)" (PDF). Retrieved October 29, 2019.
- ^ Stephanie Kirchgaessner (April 7, 2020). "NSO Group points finger at state clients in WhatsApp spying case". The Guardian.
- ^ Stephanie Kirchgaessner (April 29, 2020). "WhatsApp: Israeli firm 'deeply involved' in hacking our users". The Guardian.
- ^ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (November 23, 2021). "Apple sues Israeli spyware firm NSO Group for surveillance of users". the Guardian. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Apple sues NSO Group to curb the abuse of state-sponsored spyware". Apple Newsroom. November 23, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
- ^ "APPLE INC., v. NSO GROUP TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED, and Q CYBER TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED" (PDF). Retrieved November 23, 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
External links
- Companies based in Herzliya
- Espionage scandals and incidents
- Hacker groups
- Israeli companies established in 2010
- Mergers and acquisitions of Israeli companies
- Security companies of Israel
- Spyware companies
- Technology companies established in 2010
- Private intelligence agencies