National selections for the Eurovision Song Contest

National selections refer to the processes in which the broadcasters of the countries participating in the annual Eurovision Song Contest select the artist and song that will represent them in the contest.^[1]

The two principal ways for broadcasters to select their entries are open selections (national finals) and closed selections (internal selections).^[1] Since the introduction of semi-finals in the 2004 contest – due to the extensive amount of participating countries – and the rule of the "Big Five" countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom),^[2]^[3] a wide range of countries have often alternated between national finals and internal selections based on final placing at the contest.

National finals[]

Loreen, who won the 2012 contest with her song "Euphoria", was chosen in the Swedish annual national final, Melodifestivalen.^[4]

National finals are the process in which the public of a country can choose the artist with their song, often combining public televoting with the vote of an expert jury.^[1]

Organised by the broadcaster, these national finals (consisting of one or more shows) can be televised or non-televised, however, most of the time they are televised as prime-time television shows.^[1] On several occasions, the artist is selected internally and the public of the country chooses a song for them through a national final. Alternatively, the broadcaster can select a song and make the public choose the artist that will perform the song through a national final.^[1]

Among the most well-known national finals is Melodifestivalen in Sweden, which features six live shows (four semi-finals, a "Second Chance" show and a final in Stockholm) in different cities across the country.^[5] In 2012, over an estimated four million people in Sweden watched the final, almost half of the Swedish population.^[6]^[7]

Saara Aalto, the Finnish representative in the 2018 contest, was selected under a mixed format; she was internally selected by the Finnish public broadcaster Yle, and her song "Monsters" was chosen at the Finnish national final, UMK, among her other songs "Domino" and "Queens".^[8]

Another example of a long-running national final format is Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu (UMK) in Finland; in 2018 and 2019, each participant wanting to represent Finland sent three songs to the Finnish public broadcaster Yle, which would select the entrant, and the public of the country would then choose one song among the three that the selected entrant had presented to the broadcaster previously, through a televised final.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] In 2020, this format was abandoned in favour of a return to the open format seen between 2012 and 2017.^[13]^[14]

Note that Albania, Denmark, Estonia and Finland are the only countries that have always selected their entries via the national final. Yugoslavia also selected all of its entries via the national final during its existence.

Internal selections[]

Duncan Laurence, who won the 2019 contest with his song "Arcade", was internally selected by the Dutch broadcaster AVROTROS.^[15]

Internal selections are the process in which the broadcaster of a country appoints a committee or expert panel to select both the artist and the song, without holding a public vote.^[1]

Even though the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) "strongly" encourages countries to hold their own national finals,^[1] several countries such as Russia, Bulgaria and Austria are among those that have opted for internal selections for most of their entries in the contest.^[16] Choosing this method is also common for countries that have failed to qualify for the final on several occasions.

Participants[]

As of 2021, 52 countries have participated among the potential list of 56 active members (plus one associate member) of the EBU,^[17] and a record 43 countries participated in 2008, 2011 and 2018.^[18]^[19]^[20]

Table key

Inactive – Countries that have participated in the past, but have not recently participated.

Former – Former countries that have been dissolved.

Selection history of the participating countries hide
Country	Debut year	Latest entry	Absent years	National final^[a]	Internal selection^[a]	Broadcaster(s)
Belgium	1956	2021	1994 1997 2001 2020^[b] Total: 4	Eurosong 1957–1963 1965–1984 1986–1989 1991–1993 1995–1996 1998–2000 2002 2004–2006 2008 2011–2014 2016 Total: 49	1956 1964 1985 1990 2003 2007 2009–2010 2015 2017–2021 Total: 14	VRT (Dutch) RTBF (French)^[c]
France	1956	2021	1974^[d] 1982 2020^[b] Total: 3	1958 1961 1970 1973 1976–1979 1980–1981 1983–1987 1999–2000 2005–2007 2014 2021 Destination Eurovision 2018–2019 Eurovision France, c'est vous qui décidez! [fr] 2021 Total: 25	1956 1957 1959 1960 1962–1969 1971–1972 1974–1975 1988–1989 1990–1998 2001–2004 2008–2009 2000–2013 2015–2017 2020 Total: 51	RTF (1956–1964) ORTF (1965–1974) TF1 (1975–1981) FT (1983–present)
Germany	1956	2021	1996^[e] 2020^[b] Total: 2	1956–1958 1960–1965 1969–1973 1975–1976 1978–1992 1996–2008 [de] 2010–2019 Total: 54	1959 1966–1968 1974 1977 1993–1995 2009 2020–2021 Total: 12	HR (1956–1976) (ARD) BR (1977–1991) (ARD) MDR (1992–1995) (ARD) ARD/NDR (1996–present)
Italy	1956	2021	1981–1982 1986 1994–1996 1998–2010 2020^[b] Total: 20	Sanremo Music Festival 1956–1969 1987–1990 1992–1993 1997 2011–2013 2015–2021 Canzonissima 1970–1975 Total: 47	1976–1980 1983–1985 1991 2014 Total: 10	RAI
Luxembourg	1956	1993	1959 1994–2021 Total: 29	1976 1978 1989 1992 Total: 4	1956–1958 1960–1975 1977 1979–1988 1990–1991 1993 Total: 33	CLT
Switzerland	1956	2021	1995 1999 2001 2003 2020^[b] Total: 5	Concours Eurovision 1956–1957 1959–1961 1963–1970 1972–1993 1998 2000 2002 2004 Die Grosse Entscheidungsshow 2011–2018 Total: 38	1958 1962 1971 1994 1996–1997 2005–2010 2019–2021 Total: 15
Netherlands	1956	2021	1985 1991 1995 2002 2020^[b] Total: 5	Nationaal Songfestival 1956–1960 1962–1979 1981–1984 1986–1990 1992–1994 1996–2001 2003–2006 2007 2009–2012 Total: 50	1961 1980 2008 2013–2021 Total: 12	NTS (1956–1969) NOS (1970–2009) TROS (2010–2013) AVROTROS (2014–present)
Austria	1957	2021	1969–1970 1973–1975 1998 2001 2006 2008–2010 2020^[b] Total: 12	1981–1984 1990–1991 1993–1994 2002–2005 2011–2013 2015–2016 Total: 16	1957–1968 1971–1972 1976–1980 1985–1989 1992 1995–1997 1999–2000 2007 2014 2017–2021 Total: 38	ORF
Denmark	1957	2021	1967–1977 1994 1996^[e] 1998 2003 2020^[b] Total: 16	Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1957–1966 1978–1993 1995–1997 1999–2002 2004–2021 Total: 51	N/A	DR
United Kingdom	1957	2021	1958 2020^[b] Total: 2	Festival of British Popular Songs 1957 A Song for Europe 1959–1963 1964–1975 1976–1991 1992–1994 1995 2000–2003 The Great British Song Contest 1996–1999 Eurovision: Making Your Mind Up 2004–2007 Eurovision: Your Decision 2008 Eurovision: Your Country Needs You 2009–2010 Eurovision: You Decide 2016–2019 Total: 57	2011–2015 2020–2021 Total: 7	BBC
Sweden	1958	2021	1964 1970 1976 2020^[b] Total: 4	Melodifestivalen 1959–1963 1965–1969 1971–1975 1977–2021 Total: 60	1958 Total: 1	Sveriges Radiotjänst (1958) SR (1959–1979) SVT (1980–present)
Monaco	1959	2006	1980–2003 2007–2021 Total: 39	N/A	1959–1979 2004–2006 Total: 24	TMC
Norway	1960	2021	1970 2002 2020^[b] Total: 3	Melodi Grand Prix 1960–1969 1971–1990 1992–2001 2003–2021 Total: 49	1991 Total: 1	NRK
Finland	1961	2021	1970 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2020^[b] Total: 7	Euroviisukarsinta 1961–1969 1971–1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004–2011 Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu (UMK) 2012–2021 (song selection only in 2018 and 2019) Total: 45	2018–2019 (artist) Total: 2	YLE
Spain	1961	2021	2020^[b] Total: 1	1961–1962 1964–1965 1969–1971 1976 2000–2001 2005 2007–2010 2012 2014 Operación Triunfo (OT) 2002–2004 2018–2019 [es] 2011 2013 2021 (song) [es] 2016–2017 Total: 26	1963 1966–1968 1972–1975 1977–1999 2006 2015 2020 2021 (artist) Total: 34	TVE
Yugoslavia	1961	1992	1977–1980 1985^[d] Total: 5 1993–present	Jugovizija 1961–1972 1981–1992 1973–1976 Total: 28	N/A	JRT
Portugal	1964	2021	1970 2000 2002 2013 2016 2020^[b] Total: 6	Festival da Canção 1964–1969 1971–1999 2001 2003–2004 2006–2012 2014–2015 2017–2021 Total: 52	2005^[f] Total: 1	RTP
Ireland	1965	2021	1983 2002 2020^[b] Total: 3	National Song Contest 1965–1982 1984–1986 1987–2001 2008–2015 You're a Star 2003–2005 The Late Late Show 2006–2007 Total: 49	2016–2021 Total: 6	RTÉ
Malta	1971	2021	1973^[d] 1974^[d] 1976^[d] 1977–1990 2020^[b] Total: 18	Malta Song for Europe 1971–1976 1991–2018 X Factor Malta 2019–2020 (artist) Total: 36	2019–2020 (song) 2021 Total: 3	PBS
Israel	1973	2021	1980^[d] 1984^[d] 1994 1996^[e] 1997 2020^[b] Total: 6	Israel Song Festival 1978–1979 Kdam Eurovision 1980–1989 1991–1993 1995–1996 2001 2005–2006 2008–2011 2013 2014 HaKokhav HaBa 2015; 2017–2020 (artist) 2016 HaShir HaBa L'Eurovizion 2020 (song) HaShir Shelanu L'Eurovizion 2021 (song) Total: 33	1973–1977 1990 1998–2000 2002–2004 2007 2012 2015; 2017–2019 (song) 2021 (artist) Total: 19	IBA (1973–2017) KAN (2018–present)
Greece	1974	2021	1975 1982^[d] 1984 1986^[d] 1999–2000 2020^[b] Total: 7	Ellinikós Telikós 1979–1980 1982–1983 1986–1991 1998 2001–2003 2007–2012 Eurosong - A MAD Show 2013–2015 Total: 22	1974 1976–1978 1981 1985 1992–1997 2004–2006 2016–2021 Total: 21	ERT (1974–2013, 2016–present) NERIT (2014–2015)
Turkey	1975	2012	1976–1977 1979^[d] 1994 2013–2021 Total: 13	1975 1978–1979 1980–1993 1995–2002 2004–2005 Total: 29	2003 2006–2012 Total: 8	TRT
Morocco	1980	1980	1981–2021 Total: 41	N/A	1980 Total: 1	SNRT
Cyprus	1981	2021	1988^[d] 2001 2014 2020^[b] Total: 4	1984 1990–2000 2004–2006 2008–2012 2015 Total: 21	1981–1983 1985–1989 2002–2003 2007 2013 2016–2021 Total: 18	CyBC
Iceland	1986	2021	1998 2002 2020^[b] Total: 3	Söngvakeppnin 1986–1994 2000–2001 2003 2006–2020 Total: 27	1995–1997 1999 2004–2005 2021 Total: 7	RÚV
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1993	2016	1998 2000 2013–2015 2017–2021 Total: 10	BH Eurosong 1993–1997 1999 2001–2005 Total: 11	2006–2012 2016 Total: 8	BHRT
Croatia	1993	2021	2014–2015 2020^[b] Total: 3	Dora 1993–2011 2019–2021 Total: 22	2012–2013 2016–2018 Total: 5	HRT
Estonia	1994^[g]	2021	1995 2020^[b] Total: 2	Eurolaul 1993–1994 1996–2008 Eesti Laul 2009–2021 Total: 28	N/A	ERR
Hungary	1994^[g]	2019	1996^[e] 1999–2004 2006 2010 2020^[b]–2021 Total: 11	1994 1997 2005 2007–2008 A Dal 2012–2019 Total: 13	1993 1995 1998 2009 2011 Total: 5	MTVA
Romania	1994^[g]	2021	1995 1996^[e] 1997 1999 2001 2016^[d] 2020^[b] Total: 7	Selecția Națională 1993–1994 1996 1998 2000 2002–2019 2020 (song) Total: 24	2020 (artist) 2021 Total: 2	TVR
Slovakia	1994^[g]	2012	1995 1997 1999–2008 2013–2021 Total: 21	Bratislavská lýra 1998 Eurosong 2009–2010 Total: 3	1993–1994 1996 2011–2012 Total: 5	STV (1994–2010) RTVS (2011–2012)
Slovenia	1993	2021	1994 2000 2020^[b] Total: 3	1993 1995 Evrovizijska Melodija (EMA) 1996–1999 2001–2011 2014–2020 [sl] 2012 Total: 25	2013 2021 Total: 2	RTVSLO
Lithuania	1994	2021	1995–1998 2000 2003 2020^[b] Total: 7	1999 2001–2002 2004–2008 2009 Eurovizija 2010–2012 2013–2019 Pabandom iš naujo! 2020–2021 Total: 21	1994 Total: 1	LRT
Poland	1994	2021	2000 2002 2012–2013 2020^[b] Total: 5	Krajowe Eliminacje 2003–2004 Piosenka dla Europy 2006–2009 Krajowe Eliminacje 2010–2011 2016–2018 Szansa na Sukces 2020 Total: 11	1994–1999 2001 2005 2014–2015 2019 2021 Total: 12	TVP
Russia	1994	2021	1996^[e] 1998��1999 2017^[d] 2020^[b] Total: 5	Evrovidenie 1994-1996 2005 2008–2010 2012 2021 Total: 9	1997 2000–2004 2006–2007 2011 2013–2020 Total: 17	RTR (1994, 1996, 2008–present) C1R (1995–present)^[h]
North Macedonia^[i]	1998^[e]	2021	1999 2001 2003 2020^[b] Total: 4	Skopje Fest 1996 1998 2000 2002 2005 2008–2011 2015 Nacionalen Evrosong 2006–2007 Total: 12	2004 2012–2014 2016–2021 Total: 9	MKRTV
Latvia	2000	2021	2020^[b] Total: 1	Eirodziesma 2000–2012 Dziesma 2013–2014 Supernova 2015–2020 Total: 21	2021 Total: 1	LTV
Ukraine	2003	2021	2015 2019^[d] 2020^[b] Total: 3	2005–2014 Vidbir 2016–2020 Total: 15	2003–2004 2021 Total: 3	UA:PBC
Albania	2004	2021	2020^[b] Total:	Festivali i Këngës 2004–2021 Total: 18	N/A	RTSH
Andorra	2004	2009	2010–2021 Total: 12	2004–2005 2009 Total: 3	2006–2008 Total: 3	RTVA
Belarus	2004	2019	2020^[b] 2021^[d] Total: 2	2004–2009 2012 2013–2020 Total: 15	2010–2011 2021 Total: 13	BTRC
Serbia and Montenegro	2004	2005	2006^[d] Total: 1 2007–present	Evropesma 2004–2006 Total: 2	N/A	UJRT
Bulgaria	2005	2021	2014–2015 2019 2020^[b] Total: 4	2005–2013 Total: 9	2016–2018 2020–2021 Total: 5	BNT
Moldova	2005	2021	2020^[b] Total: 1	2005–2006 2008–2020 Total: 15	2007 2021 Total: 2	TRM
Armenia	2006	2019	2012^[d] 2020^[b] 2021^[d] Total: 3	2007–2011 2013 Depi Evratesil 2017–2018 2020 Total: 9	2006 2008 2014–2016 2019 Total: 6	AMPTV
Czech Republic	2007	2021	2010–2014 2020^[b] Total: 6	Eurosong 2007–2008 2018–2020 Total: 5	2009 2015–2017 2021 Total: 5	ČT
Georgia	2007	2021	2009^[d] 2020^[b] Total: 2	2007–2012 2015–2017 Georgian Idol 2019 2020 (artist) Total: 10	2013–2014 2018 2020 (song) 2021 Total: 4	GPB
Montenegro	2007	2019	2010–2011 2020^[b]–2021 Total: 4	MontenegroSong 2007–2008 2018–2019 Total: 4	2009 2012–2017 Total: 7	RTCG
Serbia	2007	2021	2014 2020^[b] Total: 2	Beovizija 2007–2009 2018–2020 Internally selected composers 2010–2011 2015 2013 Total: 10	2012 2016–2017 2021 Total: 4	RTS
Azerbaijan	2008	2021	2020^[b] Total: 1	2008–2010 2011–2013 2014 Total: 7	2015–2021 Total: 7	İTV
San Marino	2008	2021	2009–2010 2020^[b] Total: 3	1in360 2018 Total: 1	2008 2011–2017 2019–2021 Total: 11	SMRTV
Australia	2015	2021	2020^[b] Total: 1	Eurovision – Australia Decides 2019–2020 Total: 2	2015–2018 2021 Total: 5	SBS
Country	Debut year	Latest entry	Absent years	National Final	Internal Selection	Broadcaster(s)

Unsuccessful attempts to participate[]

Country	Year	National Final	Internal Selection	Broadcaster(s)
Liechtenstein	1976^[j]^[21]		Y	1FLTV
Tunisia	1977^[j]^[22]^[23]		Y	ERTT
Serbia and Montenegro	2003^[j]^[24]	Beovizija		UJRT
Lebanon	2005^[j]^[25]		Y	Télé Liban

Notes and references[]

Notes[]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b The list includes years in which the country planned to participate, but later withdrew.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq The 2020 contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Italic indicates the country that planned to participate.
^ VRT and RTBF alternate responsibilities for the contest.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s The country initially planned to participate, but later withdrew.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Did not qualify from the non-televised audio-only preselection round of 1996.
^ Despite the fact that was an internal selection, it counts as an edition of Festival da Canção.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Did not qualify from the preselection round of 1993.
^ RTR and C1R alternate responsibilities for the contest since 2008.
^ Until 2018 participated as F.Y.R. Macedonia.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d The country decided to withdraw after the national selection took place.

References[]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "National Selections - Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
^ "In a Nutshell - Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
^ "How it works - Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
^ "Sweden: Loreen winner of Melodifestivalen!". Eurovision.tv. 10 March 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
^ Rosney, Daniel (7 March 2020). "Sweden's Melfest: Why a national Eurovision show won global fans". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
^ "Månadsrapport Februari 2012" (PDF). MMS – Mediamätning i Skandinavien. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
^ Lindström, Therese (12 March 2012). "Över fyra miljoner såg finalen". Aftonbladet. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
^ "Saara Aalto's song for Lisbon is... Monsters! - Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
^ "Tässä ovat euroviisuehdokkaat Monsters, Domino ja Queens - mikä lähtee Viisuihin? Edustuskappale valitaan suorassa lähetyksessä 3.3". yle.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ Karhunen, Anna; Leskinen, Lauri (3 March 2018). "Monsters on UMK18-voittaja ja Suomen euroviisuedustaja – show nousee pimeydestä neon- ja laser-ilotulitukseksi". yle.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ "Darude announced as Finnish entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 - watch and listen here the three competing songs". yle.fi. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ "Darude feat. Sebastian Rejman: Look Away on Suomen euroviisuedustaja – Ympäristöteema siivitti selvään voittoon". yle.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ Jiandani, Sanjay (3 June 2019). "Finland: YLE confirms participation in Eurovision 2020". esctoday.
^ "Finland: UMK 2020 dates announced, search for songs opens". ESCXTRA.com. 1 November 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
^ "Duncan Laurence wins Eurovision 2019 for the Netherlands". Eurovision.tv. 18 May 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
^ "Bulgaria's artist reveal set for November 25…suggesting plans are well underway". Wiwibloggs. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
^ (EBU), European Broadcasting Union. "EBU – Members". www.ebu.ch. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
^ "Belgrade 2008 - Eurovision Song Contest". Eurovision Song Contest.
^ "43 nations on 2011 participants list! - Eurovision Song Test". Eurovision Song Contest. 31 December 2010.
^ "NEWS: 43 Countries will participate and tickets will go on sale on 30th November! - Eurovision Song Contest". Eurovision Song Contest. 17 November 2017.
^ "The Eurovision Song Contest 1956 – present". BBC. 26 April 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
^ Kuipers, Michael (20 June 2007). "Tunisia will not participate "in the forseeable future"". ESCToday.
^ Cobb, Ryan (22 May 2018). "Israeli Minister "to invite" Arabic nations, including Tunisia, to take part in Eurovision 2019". ESCXtra.
^ Bakker, Sietse (27 November 2002). "No new countries at next Eurovision Song Contest". ESCToday. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
^ Bakker, Sietse (18 March 2005). "BREAKING NEWS: LEBANON WITHDRAWS". Esctoday.com. Retrieved 9 August 2008.

External links[]

Media related to Eurovision Song Contest selection events at Wikimedia Commons

[AbsentYears-21] Jump up to: ^a ^b The list includes years in which the country planned to participate, but later withdrew.

[2020Cancellation-22] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq The 2020 contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Italic indicates the country that planned to participate.

[RTBF-23] VRT and RTBF alternate responsibilities for the contest.

[Absent-24] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s The country initially planned to participate, but later withdrew.

[Oslo96-25] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Did not qualify from the non-televised audio-only preselection round of 1996.

[26] Despite the fact that was an internal selection, it counts as an edition of Festival da Canção.

[Millstreet93-27] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Did not qualify from the preselection round of 1993.

[C1R-28] RTR and C1R alternate responsibilities for the contest since 2008.

[FYROM-29] Until 2018 participated as F.Y.R. Macedonia.

[Withdrawn-30] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d The country decided to withdraw after the national selection took place.

[auto1-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "National Selections - Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 24 January 2019.

[2] "In a Nutshell - Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9 June 2019.

[3] "How it works - Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9 June 2019.

[4] "Sweden: Loreen winner of Melodifestivalen!". Eurovision.tv. 10 March 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2021.

[5] Rosney, Daniel (7 March 2020). "Sweden's Melfest: Why a national Eurovision show won global fans". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 7 July 2020.

[6] "Månadsrapport Februari 2012" (PDF). MMS – Mediamätning i Skandinavien. Retrieved 12 March 2012.

[7] Lindström, Therese (12 March 2012). "Över fyra miljoner såg finalen". Aftonbladet. Retrieved 12 March 2012.

[8] "Saara Aalto's song for Lisbon is... Monsters! - Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 3 June 2019.

[9] "Tässä ovat euroviisuehdokkaat Monsters, Domino ja Queens - mikä lähtee Viisuihin? Edustuskappale valitaan suorassa lähetyksessä 3.3". yle.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 30 July 2019.

[10] Karhunen, Anna; Leskinen, Lauri (3 March 2018). "Monsters on UMK18-voittaja ja Suomen euroviisuedustaja – show nousee pimeydestä neon- ja laser-ilotulitukseksi". yle.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 June 2020.

[11] "Darude announced as Finnish entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 - watch and listen here the three competing songs". yle.fi. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2020.

[12] "Darude feat. Sebastian Rejman: Look Away on Suomen euroviisuedustaja – Ympäristöteema siivitti selvään voittoon". yle.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 30 July 2019.

[:02-13] Jiandani, Sanjay (3 June 2019). "Finland: YLE confirms participation in Eurovision 2020". esctoday.

[14] "Finland: UMK 2020 dates announced, search for songs opens". ESCXTRA.com. 1 November 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2021.

[15] "Duncan Laurence wins Eurovision 2019 for the Netherlands". Eurovision.tv. 18 May 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2021.

[16] "Bulgaria's artist reveal set for November 25…suggesting plans are well underway". Wiwibloggs. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2021.

[:0-17] (EBU), European Broadcasting Union. "EBU – Members". www.ebu.ch. Retrieved 29 April 2018.

[18] "Belgrade 2008 - Eurovision Song Contest". Eurovision Song Contest.

[19] "43 nations on 2011 participants list! - Eurovision Song Test". Eurovision Song Contest. 31 December 2010.

[20] "NEWS: 43 Countries will participate and tickets will go on sale on 30th November! - Eurovision Song Contest". Eurovision Song Contest. 17 November 2017.

[31] "The Eurovision Song Contest 1956 – present". BBC. 26 April 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2009.

[ESCToday_Tunisia-32] Kuipers, Michael (20 June 2007). "Tunisia will not participate "in the forseeable future"". ESCToday.

[ESCXtra_Tunisia-33] Cobb, Ryan (22 May 2018). "Israeli Minister "to invite" Arabic nations, including Tunisia, to take part in Eurovision 2019". ESCXtra.

[34] Bakker, Sietse (27 November 2002). "No new countries at next Eurovision Song Contest". ESCToday. Retrieved 23 July 2009.

[35] Bakker, Sietse (18 March 2005). "BREAKING NEWS: LEBANON WITHDRAWS". Esctoday.com. Retrieved 9 August 2008.

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