Near North Side, Chicago

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Near North Side
Community area
Community Area 08 - Near North Side
Near North Side Skyline
Near North Side Skyline
Streetmap
Streetmap
Location within the city of Chicago
Location within the city of Chicago
Coordinates: 41°54′00″N 87°38′04″W / 41.90000°N 87.63444°W / 41.90000; -87.63444Coordinates: 41°54′00″N 87°38′04″W / 41.90000°N 87.63444°W / 41.90000; -87.63444[1]
CountryUnited States
StateIllinois
CountyCook
CityChicago
Neighborhoods
hide
List
Area
 • Total2.72 sq mi (7.04 km2)
Elevation
[1]
587 ft (179 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total105,481
 • Density39,000/sq mi (15,000/km2)
 population up 44.9% from 2000
Demographics 2019[2]
 • White70.1%
 • Black8.2%
 • Hispanic5.6%
 • Asian13.4%
 • Other2.7%
Educational Attainment 2019[2]
 • High School Diploma or Higher98.2%
 • Bachelor's Degree or Higher81.6%
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP codes
60611, most of 60610, and parts of 60654 and 60642
Median household income[2]$106,026
Source: U.S. Census, Record Information Services

The Near North Side is the eighth of Chicago's 77 community areas. It is the northernmost of the three areas that constitute central Chicago, the others being the Loop and the Near South Side. The community area is located north and east of the Chicago River. To its east is Lake Michigan, and its northern boundary is the early 19th-century city limit of Chicago, North Avenue. Of the downtown community areas, the Near North Side has the second-largest total area after the Near West Side, the second highest number of skyscrapers (after the Loop) and the largest population. The 2020 population of the Near North Side was 105,481, making it the largest of the Chicago community areas by population. With the exception of Goose Island (which is undergoing development with upscale residences) to the west, the Near North Side is known for its extreme affluence, typified by the Magnificent Mile, Gold Coast, Navy Pier, and its world-famous skyscrapers.

The Near North Side is the oldest part of Chicago. In the 1780s, in what is now the Near North Side, on the northern banks of the Chicago River near today's Michigan Avenue Bridge, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable built the first known permanent settlement in what was called "Eschecagou." Today, this is marked by Pioneer Court.

Especially in the vicinity of Rush and Erie streets, the Near North Side was once known as McCormickville; so named because it is here where many branches of the famous McCormick family of mechanical reaper fame built their mansions in the late 1800s and early 1900s.[3]

Neighborhoods[]

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
193079,554—
194076,954−3.3%
195089,19615.9%
196075,509−15.3%
197070,329−6.9%
198067,167−4.5%
199062,842−6.4%
200072,90316.0%
201080,48410.4%
2020105,48131.1%
[2]

Gold Coast[]

Main article: Gold Coast Historic District (Chicago)

The Gold Coast consists mostly of luxury high-rise apartment towers and buildings and stone mansions throughout. Its borders are generally defined as North Avenue to the north, Lake Michigan to the east, Chicago Avenue to the south, and Clark Street to the west.

The Gold Coast became the home of the super-rich in 1885, when Potter Palmer, former dry goods merchant and owner of the Palmer House hotel, built a fanciful castle on Lake Shore Drive. Over the next few decades, Chicago's elite gradually migrated from Prairie Avenue to their new homes north of the Loop.

Along almost every boulevard of the Gold Coast has upscale boutiques and shops. Giorgio Armani, Barney's, Brioni, Brunello Cucinelli, Bulgari, Tory Burch, Cartier SA, Chanel, Jimmy Choo, Christian Dior, Dolce & Gabbana, Escada, Tom Ford, Gucci, Hermès, Lanvin, Christian Louboutin, Marc Jacobs, Max Mara, Moncler, Prada, Yves Saint Laurent, Paul Stuart, Van Cleef & Arpels, Versace, Louis Vuitton, Vera Wang, and Harry Winston are just a few of the dozens of designers that have locations in the exclusive neighborhood. Also, Aston Martin, BMW, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Maserati, Rolls-Royce, and Tesla all have dealerships in the Gold Coast.

Many of Chicago's best known and highly rated restaurants are located here as well. Also in the area are Lou Malnati's Pizzeria and the original .

The "Gold Coast Historic District" was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 30, 1978.

The Gold Coast is zoned to the following Chicago Public Schools schools: Ogden School and the prestigious Latin School of Chicago.

Old Town[]

Main article: Old Town, Chicago

Old Town is a Chicago neighborhood bounded by North Avenue on the north, Larrabee Street on the northwest, Division Street on the south, Clybourn Avenue on the southwest, and LaSalle Street on the east. It crosses portions of the community areas of southern Lincoln Park, as well as the northern Near North Side, and is part of Chicago's 43rd ward. Old Town includes the Old Town Triangle Historic District which is bounded on its northwest side by the former Ogden Avenue right-of-way, its northeast side by Lincoln Avenue and Wells Street, and on its south side by North Avenue. This historic district sits within the Old Town Triangle Association (OTTA), a Lincoln Park neighborhood bounded by the former Ogden Avenue right-of-way, Clark Street, and North Avenue. It sits inside the community area of Lincoln Park and is part of Chicago's 43rd ward. Old Town north of North Avenue is in Lincoln Park, and south of North Avenue is part of the Near North Side. It is now an affluent neighborhood.

Old Town is now an affluent and historic neighborhood, home to many of Chicago's older Victorian-era buildings. However, in the 1950s, most of this area was an enclave to the first emigrants from Puerto Rico to Chicago, who referred to it as part of "La Clark" until commercialization decorated late 1960s shop signs with the name of Old Town. The neighborhood is home to St. Michael's Church, originally built to serve German immigrants,[4] and one of only 7 to survive the great Chicago fire. St. Michael's, Holy Name Cathedral, Immaculate Conception, and St. Joseph's Catholic churches all catered to Latinos with a Mass in Spanish.

Many of the streets and alleys, particularly in the Old Town Triangle section, predate the Great Chicago Fire and do not all adhere to the city's typical grid pattern. In 1927, sculptors and Edgar Miller purchased and subsequently rehabilitated a house on Burton Place, near Wells Street, into the Carl Street Studios. Through the 1930s, an art colony emerged in the neighborhood as artists moved from the Towertown neighborhood near Washington Square Park.

Old Town was home to many gays and lesbians from the 1950s through the 1980s. This was the first "gay ghetto" in Chicago, predating the current large Lake View neighborhood which also contains the Boystown district. There were numerous gay establishments in Old Town (now mostly closed as Lake View is now the main gayborhood) along Wells Street and Old Town was home to the longstanding gay-themed Bijou Theater until it closed in September 2015. As Old Town gentrified, the LGBT population of the nearby Lake View neighborhood continued to increase, as well as the LGBT populations of the Lincoln Park and Andersonville areas.

Old Town is home to the famous Second City improvisational comedy troupe which has launched the careers of many successful comedians and actors.

Old Town has three "L" rapid transit stations: North/Clybourn, Sedgwick, and Clark/Division.

Goose Island[]

Main article: Goose Island (Chicago)

Goose Island is an island in Chicago covering 160 acres on the Chicago River that is completely surrounded by the rest of the city. It is separated from the mainland by the North Branch of the Chicago River on the west and by the North Branch Canal on the east. The canal was dug in 1853 by mayor William Butler Ogden's administration and was dug for industrial purposes, thus forming the island. After Irish immigrants settled on the island, it took the name Goose Island, as well as that of Kilgubbin, which was the immigrants' original home in Ireland. The Goose Island Brewery makes Kilgubbin Red Ale, in honor of this name.[5]

The large facility on the north end of Goose Island (visible from North Avenue, but by car only reachable from the south: Division Street to North Branch to 1132 W. Blackhawk) is the Wrigley Global Innovation Center, a 193,000-square-foot (17,900 m2) facility, which opened in September 2005 and was designed by Gyo Obata of Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum. While cars are able to approach from the south, trains, bicycles, and pedestrians can reach the site via the rail/pedestrian Cherry Avenue Bridge spanning from North Avenue to Goose Island.[6] Additionally, there is seasonal access from the north via the Chicago Water Taxi service dock at the south end of the Cherry Avenue Bridge.[7]

On the south end of the island is Kendall College's Riverworks campus. The southern end of the island is currently undergoing redevelopment with upscale condominiums, townhouses, and apartments.

River North[]

Main article: River North Gallery District, Near North Side, Chicago
The former Chicago Sun-Times Building (site of current Trump International Hotel and Tower), Wrigley Building and Tribune Tower

River North is a neighborhood known for its fine dining, galleries, nightlife, and riverwalk amenities. It is home to the world headquarters of ConAgra, Groupon, Motorola Mobility, and the regional offices of Yelp. It is bounded by Michigan Avenue to the east, Chicago Avenue to the north, and the Chicago River to the south and west. River North has many towers and high-rises and some of its other famous structures include the Merchandise Mart, the Wrigley Building, Holy Name Cathedral, the Marina City towers, and the House of Blues.

Smokey Hollow[]

River North was previously named Smokey Hollow, at the turn of the 20th century, due to the many factories and forges in the area. Smoke from the factories was often so thick that it blocked the sunlight. At the time, Smokey Hollow was a major transportation hub, with railroad tracks linking the ports along the Chicago River to the surrounding areas. The now mixed-use Merchandise Mart was once a major storage warehouse for goods, and it still has railroad tracks underneath its sprawling structure. Former major retailer Montgomery Ward also had a major transportation and storage facility in River North. Massive coal bins were formerly located throughout the neighborhood, for storage of coal transported by ship.

Little Sicily[]

Little Sicily in Chicago was also located in River North. The first Italian Roman Catholic Church in Chicago was Assumption, on Illinois Street, with a mandate to be the parish church for all Italians from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River. Later, Sicilians began to move north from the immediate vicinity of Assumption and began to form their own parishes. Italians whose family roots were from other parts of Italy tended to move west along Grand Street and form parishes west of Assumption.

Cabrini–Green[]
Main article: Cabrini–Green

The Near North Side formerly included the now demolished Cabrini–Green public housing project that once housed 15,000 subsidized tenants.[8] It was made up primarily of high-rise and mid-rise buildings. The apartment buildings opened in 1958 and 1962, while the shuttered rowhouses (called the Frances Cabrini Homes, a few of which still exist) had opened in 1942. Cabrini–Green stood in what once was the former Italian enclave called the Little Sicily neighborhood, and the former site of St. Dominic's Church. In the 1920s, Little Sicily developed a reputation for poverty and crime.[9] As gentrification began to take hold in the 1990s, the buildings made way for new upscale developments. The final Cabrini-Green tower was demolished in 2011. Following the conclusion of a civil lawsuit, the former Cabrini-Green site was transformed and revitalized with new upscale development spurred by the growth of Old Town to the north, and the already upscale/luxurious areas of the Gold Coast to the east and River North to the south. Goose Island, which sits to the west, is currently undergoing new upscale development.

River North[]

The River North neighborhood got its name from Chicago real estate developer Albert Friedman (chief executive of Friedman Properties Ltd.), who in 1974 started to buy, restore, and build commercial property in the southeast sector.[10] Much of the area was a shabby urban neighborhood. In an effort to attract tenants Friedman began calling the area "River North".[10] Within a few years, Friedman found photographers, ad agencies, and art galleries willing to rent the low-cost space and to coalesce into what is now the River North Gallery District,[10] which has the largest concentration of art galleries in the United States outside of Manhattan.[11] Along with hundreds of art galleries, the area has many taverns, rooftop bars, dance clubs, popular restaurants, and entertainment venues. Between the years 2000 and 2010, the population in the four census tracts covering River North increased by an average of nearly 82%, boosting population from 9,835 in 2000 to 17,892 in 2010.

Districts of River North include:

  • the gallery district, primarily along Superior and Huron streets between Wells and Orleans;
  • a theme-restaurant area with many tourist-oriented restaurants, surrounding Clark and Ontario;
  • the cathedral district, an area with many new skyscrapers surrounding Holy Name Cathedral (Catholic) and St. James Cathedral (Episcopal), which are located near State and Superior, and Huron and Wabash, respectively. The Moody Bible Institute isn't located too far away at Chicago Avenue and LaSalle Drive;
  • a design district, with shops and showrooms selling commercial and luxury interior furnishings, in the blocks north of the Merchandise Mart;
  • and Kingsbury Park, an area of newly built residential high-rises surrounding Montgomery Ward Park, at Erie Street and the Chicago River.

River North is serviced by four CTA "L" train stations: the subway stations of Chicago Avenue (Red Line) and Grand Avenue (Red Line); and the elevated stations of Chicago Avenue (Brown Line) and Merchandise Mart (Brown Line).

Streeterville[]

Main article: Streeterville
buildings along the sides of a river in a panorama view
Chicago River is the south border (right) of the Near North Side and Streeterville and the north border (left) of Chicago Loop, Lakeshore East and Illinois Center (from Lake Shore Drive's Link Bridge with Trump International Hotel and Tower at jog in the river in the center)

Streeterville is the easternmost neighborhood in Chicago north of the Chicago River. It is bounded by the river on the south, Michigan Avenue on the west, and Lake Michigan on the north and east.

Streeterville houses some of Chicago's tallest skyscrapers (such as the John Hancock Center); many upscale stores, hotels, restaurants; and Northwestern University's Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Feinberg School of Medicine, School of Professional Studies, Kellogg School of Management's downtown campus, and School of Law.

Magnificent Mile

The number one tourist attraction in the Midwest, Navy Pier, is located in Streeterville. The neighborhood also houses the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago.

Magnificent Mile[]

Main article: Magnificent Mile

The Magnificent Mile is a stretch of North Michigan Avenue between the Chicago River and Oak Street. Along this portion of Michigan Avenue is a mixture of luxury stores, restaurants, office buildings, and hotels. The area has a high concentration of the city's major media firms and advertising agencies as well, including the Chicago Tribune newspaper.

The street is the home of Chicago's famous Water Tower landmark, Water Tower Park with its historic clock, and the eight-level Water Tower Place shopping center which grew up next door to the landmark. North of the shopping center can be found the famous John Hancock Center, also known as 875 North Michigan Avenue tower; the Art Deco Palmolive Building; and the lavish Drake Hotel that sits across from a beach.

Attractions[]

Economy[]

Wrigley Building, the former headquarters of the Wrigley Company

Google's Chicago offices are in the Dearborn Plaza building.[12] Etihad Airways and Qatar Airways have offices in the John Hancock Center.[13][14] The Wrigley Company had its headquarters in the Wrigley Building before moving to Goose Island, also within the community area, in 2012.[15][16]

After American Airlines acquired Simmons Airlines, and before Simmons was dissolved, Simmons had its headquarters on the Near North Side.[17] At one point Indigo Airlines was headquartered on the Near North Side.[18] The Tribune Company had its headquarters in the eponymous Tribune Tower before moving to One Prudential Plaza in the Loop in 2017.[19] Potbelly Sandwich Works likewise was located in the Merchandise Mart complex before moving to the West Loop in 2015.[20][21]

Politics[]

Local[]

The Near North Side is currently part of the 2nd, 27th, 42nd, and 43rd wards of the Chicago City Council, which are respectively represented by Democratic aldermen Brian Hopkins, Walter Burnett Jr., Brendan Reilly, and Michele Smith.[22]

Aldermen who have represented Near North Side since 1923[23][24][25][26][27]
Period 42nd Ward 43rd Ward 27th Ward 2nd Ward 32nd Ward
1923–1927 Dorsey Crowe, Democratic Arthur F. Albert, Republican Not in ward Not in ward Not in ward
1927–1929 Titus A. Haffa, Republican
1929–1931 Arthur F. Albert, Republican
1931–1933 James B. Waller, Republican
1933–1943 Paddy Bauler, Democratic
1943–1947 James B. Waller, Republican
1947–1962 Paddy Bauler, Democratic
1962–1963 Vacant
1963–1967 Mayer Goldberg, Democratic
1967–1968 George McCutcheon, Republican
1968–1969 Vacant
1969–1970 Raymond K. Fried, Democratic
1970–1971 Vacant
1971–1975 Burton Natarus, Democratic William Singer, Democratic
1975–1987 Martin J. Oberman, Democratic
1987–1992 Edwin Eisendrath, Democratic
1992–1993 Rickey R. Hendon, Democratic Terry Gabinski, Democratic
1993–1995 Charles Bernardini, Democratic
1995–1998 Walter Burnett Jr., Democratic
1998–1999 Theodore Matlak, Democratic
1999–2007 Vi Daley, Democratic
2007–2011 Brendan Reilly, Democratic Scott Waguespack, Democratic
2011–2015 Michele Smith, Democratic
2015–present Brian Hopkins, Democratic Not in ward

In the Cook County Board of Commissioners the majority of the area is in the 3rd district, represented by Democrat Bill Lowry. The westernmost part, including the majority of Goose Island, and much of the southwestern part, including the majority of River North, is in the 12th District, represented by Democrat John Fritchey. Two parts of the area in the extreme south—the respective vicinities of Wolf Point and the Wabash Avenue Bridge—are part of the 2nd District, represented by Democrat Dennis Deer.[28]

State[]

In the Illinois House of Representatives the community area is roughly evenly split lengthwise between, from east to west, Districts 26, 5, 9, and 10, represented respectively by Democrats Christian Mitchell, Juliana Stratton, Art Turner, and Melissa Conyears. The southwest portion of the area—the western half of River North—is within District 6 represented by Democrat Sonya Harper, and the northeastern part—the eastern half of Old Town and the northern half of the Gold Coast—is within District 12, represented by Democrat Sara Feigenholtz.[29]

Illinois State Representatives who have represented Near North Side since 2001[29][30][31]
Years District 5 District 6 District 9 District 10 District 12 District 26
2001–2002 Lovana Jones, Democratic Not in district Arthur Turner, Democratic Annazette Collins, Democratic Sara Feigenholtz, Democratic Charles G. Morrow III, Democratic
2002–2003 Kenneth Dunkin, Democratic
2003–2006 Lovana Jones, Democratic
2006–2009 Elga L. Jefferies, Democratic
2009–2010 William D. Burns, Democratic
2010–2011 Art Turner, Democratic
2011–2012 Esther Golar, Democratic Derrick Smith, Democratic Kimberly du Buclet, Democratic
2012–2013 Eddie Winters, Democratic
2013–2014 Derrick Smith, Democratic Christian Mitchell, Democratic
2014–2015 Vacant
2015–2017 Sonya Harper, Democratic Pamela Reaves-Harris, Democratic
2017–present Juliana Stratton, Democratic Melissa Conyears, Democratic

In the Illinois Senate the biggest portion of the community area is in District 3, represented by Democrat Mattie Hunter, while Streeterville and the southern half of the Gold Coast is in District 13, represented by Democrat Kwame Raoul, Cabrini–Green, Goose Island, and the western half of Old Town is in District 5, represented by Democrat Patricia Van Pelt, and the eastern part of Old Town and the northern half of the Gold Coast is in District 6, represented by Democrat and Illinois Senate President John Cullerton.[32]

Illinois State Senators who have represented Near North Side since 2001[32][30][31]
Years District 3 District 5 District 6 District 13
2001–2003 Margaret Smith, Democratic Rickey R. Hendon, Democratic John Cullerton, Democratic Barack Obama, Democratic
2003–2004 Mattie Hunter, Democratic
2004–2011 Kwame Raoul, Democratic
2011–2013 Annazette Collins, Democratic
2013–present Patricia Van Pelt, Democratic

Federal[]

In the US House of Representatives, the area is mostly within Illinois's 7th congressional district, which is the most Democratic-leaning district in the State of Illinois according to the Cook Partisan Voting Index with a score of D+38 and represented by Democrat Danny K. Davis. Small parts in the north are within Illinois's 5th congressional district, which is represented by Democrat Mike Quigley.

The Near North Side community area has supported the Democratic Party in the past two presidential elections. In the 2016 presidential election, the Near North Side cast 32,150 votes for Hillary Clinton and cast 8,778 votes for Donald Trump (74.5% to 20.4%).[33] In the 2012 presidential election, the Near North Side cast 24,592 votes for Barack Obama and cast 12,939 votes for Mitt Romney (64.5% to 34.0%).[34]

Diplomatic missions[]

Several consulates are located on the Near North Side. The main building and visa office of the Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China are here.[35][36] Other countries with missions here include Austria,[37] Bosnia and Herzegovina,[38] Brazil,[39] Bulgaria,[40] Chile,[41] Colombia,[42] Denmark,[43] Egypt,[44] Germany,[45] Greece,[46] India,[47] Republic of Ireland,[48] Italy,[49] Japan,[50] South Korea,[51] Lithuania,[52] Poland,[53] Serbia,[54] Switzerland,[55] Thailand,[56] the United Kingdom,[57] and Ukraine.[58]

Three trade missions have offices at 500 North Michigan Avenue: the Austrian Trade Commission is located in Suite 1950,[59] the Italian-American Chamber of Commerce Midwest is located in Suite 506,[60] and the Trade Commission of Spain is here.

Education[]

Colleges and universities[]

  • Northwestern University School of Law
  • Northwestern University Medical School
  • Loyola University Chicago School of Law
  • Loyola University Chicago Graduate School of Business, School of Social Work, Institute of Pastoral Studies, School of Continuing and Professional Studies, and School of Communication
  • Kendall College
  • The Chicago School of Professional Psychology
  • University of Chicago's Booth School of Business Gleacher Center
  • Erikson Institute
  • Illinois Institute of Art – Chicago
  • Moody Bible Institute
  • Old Town School of Folk Music

Primary and secondary schools[]

Chicago Public Schools serves residents of the Near North Side.

  • Zoned elementary schools include Ogden International School (Jenner School has merged into Ogden)[61][62]
  • Some students are zoned to Wells Community Academy High School while others are zoned to Lincoln Park High School[63]

Magnet schools:

Charter schools:

Private schools:

  • Latin School of Chicago

Adult education[]

Feltre School

Libraries[]

Newberry Library

Chicago Public Library Near North Branch

Chicago Public Library Water Works Branch

Notable residents[]

  • Conor Allen, AHL player with the Rochester Americans. He was raised in Old Town.[64]
  • Henry A. Courtney Jr. (1916–1945), officer of the United States Marine Corps Reserve and a posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor. He resided at 30 West Chicago Avenue while studying at Loyola University's School of Law.[65][66]
  • Mitch Glasser, Israeli-American baseball player[citation needed]
  • Dwight H. Green (1897–1958), 30th Governor of Illinois (1941–1949). He resided at 1360 North Lake Shore Drive at the time of his death.[67]
  • Robert Halperin, athlete and businessman who founded Lands' End. He resided on the Near North Side.[68]
  • Suzanne Le Mignot, television news anchor and reporter.[citation needed]
  • Polo G (born 1999), rapper.[69]
  • Gene Siskel (1946–1999), film critic. He resided at 1301 N. Astor St.[70]

References[]

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  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Community Data Snapshot Near North Side" (PDF). Retrieved 1, 2021. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  3. ^ Patton, Lindsey Howald (November 16, 2011). "You Asked: What is McCormickville?". Museum Blog. Driehaus Museum. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  4. ^ "History". St. Michael in Old Town. 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  5. ^ Maggio, Alice (May 26, 2005). "Ask the Librarian: Goose Island". Gapers Block. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
  6. ^ Maps, Google (January 14, 2019). "1600 N Kingsbury St to 1132 W Blackhawk St - Google Maps". Google. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
  7. ^ Sightseeing, Wendella (January 2, 2019). "North Avenue/Sheffield Stop - Chicago Water Taxi". Chicago Water Taxi. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
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  20. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions Archived 2010-03-08 at the Wayback Machine." Potbelly Sandwich Works. Retrieved on February 24, 2010.
  21. ^ Ori, Ryan (October 9, 2014). "Potbelly moving headquarters to West Loop". ChicagoBusiness.com. Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
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  24. ^ "A LOOK AT COOK". A Look at Cook. Archived from the original on 18, 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018. Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)
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  47. ^ "Home page". Consulate-General of India in Chicago. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2009.
  48. ^ "Welcome!". Consulate-General of Ireland in Chicago. Retrieved January 31, 2009.
  49. ^ "The Consulate General". Consulate-General of Italy in Chicago. Retrieved January 31, 2009.
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