Newcastle-under-Lyme

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Newcastle upon Tyne.
This article is about the town. For the larger local government district, see Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme. For the constituency, see Newcastle-under-Lyme (UK Parliament constituency).

Newcastle-under-Lyme
Guildhall, Newcastle-under-Lyme.jpg
Guildhall, Newcastle-under-Lyme
Newcastle-under-Lyme is located in Staffordshire
Newcastle-under-Lyme
Newcastle-under-Lyme
Location within Staffordshire
Population75,082 (2011 Census)
OS grid referenceSJ848459
District
  • Newcastle-under-Lyme
Shire county
  • Staffordshire
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townNEWCASTLE[1]
Postcode districtST5
Dialling code01782
PoliceStaffordshire
FireStaffordshire
AmbulanceWest Midlands
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Staffordshire
53°00′39″N 2°13′40″W / 53.0109°N 2.2278°W / 53.0109; -2.2278Coordinates: 53°00′39″N 2°13′40″W / 53.0109°N 2.2278°W / 53.0109; -2.2278

Newcastle-under-Lyme (UK: /ˈnjuːkɑːsəl/ NEW-kah-səl, locally /ˈnjuːkæsəl/ NEW-kass-əl) is a market town in Staffordshire, England. At the 2011 census it had a population of 75,082.[2] It is part of the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, which had a population of 128,264 in 2016, up from 123,800 in the 2011 Census.[3]

History[]

Etymology[]

The "Newcastle" part of the name derives from the location of a new castle in the 12th century.[4] The "Lyme" section could refer to the Lyme Brook or (as in the family name Lindhurst) the extensive Forest of Lyme that covered the area with lime trees and elm trees in the Middle Ages.[4][5]

12th–19th centuries[]

Newcastle is not mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book, as it grew up round a 12th-century castle, but it must have gained rapid importance, as a charter, known solely through a reference in another charter to Preston, was given to the town by Henry II in 1173. The new castle superseded an older fortress at Chesterton, about 2 miles (3 km) to the north, whose ruins were visible up to the end of the 16th century.

In 1235 Henry III turned the town into a free borough, granting a guild and other privileges.[4] In 1251 he leased it under a fee farm grant to the burgesses. In 1265 Newcastle was granted by the Crown to Simon de Montfort and later to Edmund Crouchback, through whom it passed to Henry IV. In John Leland's time the castle had disappeared "save one great Toure".

Ironmarket, Newcastle-Under-Lyme

Newcastle did not feature much in the English Civil War, except as a victim of Royalist plundering.[6] However, it was the home town of Major General Thomas Harrison, a Cromwellian army officer and leader of the Fifth Monarchy Men.

The governing charter in 1835,[4][7] which created the Newcastle-under-Lyme Municipal Borough, absorbed the previous borough created by the charters of 1590 and 1664, under which the title of the corporation was the "mayor, bailiffs and burgesses of Newcastle-under-Lyme".[4]

Newcastle sent two members to Parliament from 1355 to 1885, then lost one of its seats.[8]

Nelson Place and view up King Street, from a postcard, c. 1900

20th century[]

When Stoke-on-Trent was formed by the 1910 amalgamation of the "six towns" (Stoke, Hanley, Fenton, Longton, Burslem and Tunstall), Newcastle remained separate.

Despite its close proximity, it was not directly involved in the pottery industry and it strongly opposed attempts to join the merger in 1930,[9] with a postcard poll showing residents opposing the Stoke-on-Trent Extension Bill by a majority of 97.4 per cent. Although passed by the House of Commons, the bill was rejected by the House of Lords.[6]

After the Local Government Act 1972, Newcastle became the principal settlement of the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme.

Economy[]

Like neighbouring Stoke-on-Trent, Newcastle's early economy was based around the hatting trade, silk and cotton mills. Later coal mining, brick manufacture, iron casting and engineering rose to prominence.[4] Fine red earthenware and soft-paste porcelain tableware (the first such production in Staffordshire) was produced in Newcastle at Samuel Bell's factory in Lower Street in 1724–1754, when production ceased. Except for a failed enterprise in 1790–1797, which then switched to brewing, there was no further commercial production of pottery within the town. Production of earthenware tiles, however, continued at several locations in the borough. Manufacture of fine bone china was re-established in the borough in 1963 by at Chesterton.

The manufacture in the borough of clay tobacco-smoking pipes started about 1637 and grew rapidly, until it was second only to hatting as an industry. Nationally, the town ranked with Chester, York and Hull as the four major pipe producers. The industry continued until the mid-19th century, when decline set in rapidly, so that by 1881 it had only one tobacco-pipe maker left.

In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, the town had a flourishing felt hat manufacturing industry,[4] probably at its peak locally in the 1820s, when a third of the town's population were involved in over 20 factories, but by 1892 there was only one still in production.

In 1944, the Rolls-Royce Derwent engine for the Gloster Meteor fighter was made in the borough.

Newcastle's 20th-century industries include: iron-working, construction materials, clothing (especially military, police and transport uniforms), computers, publishing, electric motors and machinery.

Near the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the town received major redevelopment to incorporate a new street (Castle Walk) into the town centre, providing Newcastle with a new bus station and bringing in more companies. Various business centres in the town provide offices for companies that operate in the service sector.

Politicians[]

Vera Brittain

The town has been the birthplace of several notable politicians and activists. Fanny Deakin was a campaigner for better nourishment for babies and young children and better maternity care for mothers. The former chairwoman of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), Janet Bloomfield (née Hood) is a peace and disarmament campaigner. Vera Brittain writer, feminist (and mother of Liberal Democrat Shirley Williams) was born in the town.[10]

There have been two particularly notable Members of Parliament (MPs). Josiah Wedgwood IV was a Liberal, Independent and Labour Party MP, who served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in the cabinet of Ramsay MacDonald, in the first ever Labour government. He was an MP from 1909 to 1942. John Golding was elected a Labour MP for Newcastle-under-Lyme at a by-election in 1969. He served in the governments of Harold Wilson and Jim Callaghan, as PPS to Eric Varley as Minister of Technology, a Labour whip in opposition, and Minister for Employment, stepping down in 1986.[11]

The current MP is Aaron Bell.

Transport[]

The town was once served by the North Staffordshire Railway, its station being on a branch from Stoke-on-Trent via Newcastle, Silverdale and Keele, to Market Drayton in Shropshire. Newcastle-under-Lyme railway station opened in September 1852, after numerous construction difficulties involving the two tunnels of 605 yards (553 m) and 96 yards (88 m) at Hartshill. There were also two halts to the west of Newcastle railway station, located at Brampton and Liverpool Road.[12]

The section from Silverdale to Market Drayton closed to passengers in May 1956 and the rest of the line in March 1964. Only small sections remained from Madeley to Silverdale, and from Silverdale to Holditch, for coal traffic from the local collieries. The line from Newcastle Junction to Silverdale has been removed, and the site of Newcastle railway station and the Hartshill tunnels filled in.

Newcastle was on the national canal network, but the Newcastle-under-Lyme Canal running from the Trent and Mersey Canal at Stoke-on-Trent to Sir Nigel Gresley's Canal has been disused since 1935 and mostly filled in.

Today the town relies on buses for public transport. FirstGroup runs a network of services connecting Newcastle to the towns of the Potteries and to Stafford. Arriva buses run to Shrewsbury via Market Drayton

Geography[]

Situated in a valley alongside the Lyme Brook, the town is just west of the city of Stoke-on-Trent, its suburbs running together. Newcastle town centre is less than 4 miles (6 km) from Stoke-on-Trent City Centre and about 17 miles (27 km) north of the county town of Stafford.

Green belt[]

Main article: Stoke-on-Trent Green Belt

Newcastle and Stoke form the main urban area at the centre of the Stoke-on-Trent Green Belt, which is an environmental and planning area that regulates the rural space in Staffordshire,[13] to prevent urban sprawl and minimise convergence with outlying settlements. First defined in 1967,[13] most of the area extends into the wider borough, but some landscape features and places of interest within that are covered or surrounded. They include the Michelin Sports Facility, Newcastle golf course, Keele University, Apedale Winding Wheel, Watermills Chimney and Bignall Hill. The West Coast Main Line forms the western boundary of the green belt.

Environment[]

The gas hydrogen sulphide emanates from Walleys Quarry, managed by Red Industries Ltd.[14] A "record number"[15] of people have reported "nauseating" fumes to the Environment Agency, similar in smell to rotten eggs or a gas leak.[16] Hydrogen sulphide fumes escaping from Walleys Quarry landfill can be smelt for miles around.[17]

The Environment Agency installed four air-quality monitors for three months from March 2021, at Silverdale Road, Galingale View, Silverdale Cemetery and Newcastle Community fire station. Data gathered between April and September of 2021 was evaluated by Public Health England, which concluded that the concentrations of hydrogen sulphide were below the World Health Organization 24-hour health-acute-based guideline value. Values at two of the air monitoring stations were at times above the WHO's 30-minute annoyance guideline levels.[18] The PHE conclusion is that the risk to health is minimal.[19]

Demography[]

For district-wide demographic details, see Newcastle-under-Lyme (borough).
Comparative Census Information
2001 UK Census Newcastle-under-Lyme Borough[20][21] England
Total population 73,944 122,030 49,138,831
White 97.8% 98% 91%
Asian 0.6% 0.6% 4.6%
Black 0.2% 0.2% 2.3%
Christian 78.2% 78.5% 72%
Muslim 0.7% 0.5% 3.1%
Hindu 0.2% 0.2% 1.1%
No religion 14% 13.1% 15%
Unemployed 2.3% 2% 3.3%

Of the 73,944 residents recorded in the 2001 census, 51.7 per cent (38,210) were female and 48.3 per cent (35,734) male.[22] Of these, 78.2 per cent (57,819) stated that their religion was Christian, and 12.9 per cent (9,570) said they had no religion. Islam, Judaism, Buddhism and Sikhism each covered less than 1 per cent of the population. Racially, 97.8 per cent of the population defined themselves as white, with the balance being mixed race – 0.6 per cent), Indian – 0.4 per cent, Pakistani – 0.2 per cent, black – 0.2 per cent, Chinese – 0.2 per cent, and other ethnic groups – 0.4 per cent.[22]

In employment, 62.2 per cent (21,586) of the population work full-time and 19.4 per cent (6,746) part time.[23] The largest employment types are manufacturing with 7,058 (21.5 per cent), wholesale and retail 6,157 (18.7 per cent), health and social work 4,097 (12.5 per cent) and finance, real estate and business activity 3,823 (11.6 per cent).[23]

Jewish residency of the area stretches back into the 19th century.[24] In 1873 the community purchased an old Welsh chapel to be used as a synagogue. In 1923 a new synagogue was built in Hanley. This was closed in 2004 and the congregation moved to a smaller synagogue in Newcastle.[25]

Transport[]

The A34 London Road

Newcastle-under-Lyme is served by the M6 motorway to the south and west of Newcastle and by the A500 road to the north and east. There are access points from the M6 at junctions 15 and 16, to the south and north respectively. The A34 trunk road runs through Newcastle from north to south and was the main road between Birmingham and Manchester until the M6 motorway opened. There is a large bus station in the town centre.

Newcastle-Under-Lyme station site, now Stations Walk.

Newcastle-under-Lyme railway station, which was not within the town but towards Water Street on the Stoke to Market Drayton Line, closed in 1964 under the Beeching cuts. The line from Silverdale to Pipe Gate remained open to serve Silverdale Colliery and a creamery at Pipe Gate until 1998, when the line closed to all stone and mineral traffic. It now forms part of a green way from Silverdale to Newcastle-Under-Lyme, with the station site being called "Station Walks". The nearest station to the town is Stoke-on-Trent railway station which is between the town centre of Newcastle and city centre of Stoke-on-Trent and serves the Potteries as a whole. Newcastle is the third-largest town in England (by population) to have no railway station.[26]

Most of the bus network is run by First Potteries Limited and D&G Bus.

Education[]

See also: Keele University

The town has an independent school: Newcastle-under-Lyme School, which was established in the 17th century, whose alumni includes T. E. Hulme, John Wain and William Watkiss Lloyd. It has a number of primary and secondary schools in the state-funded sector. The latter include Newcastle Community Academy, Clayton Hall Academy, St John Fisher Catholic College, Sir Thomas Boughey Academy and Wolstanton High School. There is a private Edenhurst Preparatory School, founded in 1961.

The town's largest sixth-form college is Newcastle-under-Lyme College, which was established in 1966.

Keele University main campus is situated 3 miles (5 km) from the centre of the town.

Sites and attractions[]

Parks and gardens[]

Queen's Gardens

Newcastle excels in the Royal Horticultural Society Britain in Bloom competition. In 2005 it was national winner in the "small city/large town" category (35K–100K).[27] The town features several parks, including the Queen's Gardens at the east end of Ironmarket, which won the Britain in Bloom Judges' Award for Horticultural Excellence in 2003.[28] Queens Gardens contains a statue of Queen Victoria funded by Sir Alfred Seale Haslam and unveiled by Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia on 5 November 1903. It is the only park within the ring road.

Grosvenor Gardens is in the centre of one of the town's roundabouts, but hidden away below road level. Queen Elizabeth Garden is located outside the town centre and was due for refurbishment using National Lottery Heritage Fund money.[29]

To the north-west of the town centre is Brampton Park, home to a museum and art gallery.[30]

Traditional market[]

Dating back to 1173 Newcastle's market, known as the Stones, operates on the High Street.[31] The market was originally held on Sunday; in the reign of John it was changed to Saturday; by the charter of Elizabeth it was fixed on Monday. Grants of fairs were given by Edward I, Edward III and Henry VI.

Today the market is open six days a week and has over 80 stalls. Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays have a general market, Tuesdays an antiques market and Thursdays a sale of bric-a-brac. A cattle and livestock market was held on Mondays until the early 1990s; the site of it is now a branch of Morrison's supermarket.

The Guildhall

The Guildhall[]

The current Guildhall was built in 1713 and has undergone a number of changes.[32] Originally the ground floor was open and was used for markets, until the Market Hall was built in 1854. In 1860, to provide more space, the ground floor arches were bricked up and a clock tower with four clocks added. The top rooms in the Guildhall were used for meetings by the Borough council.[33] It is now a grade II listed building.[34]

The Barracks[]

The Italian-style Militia Barracks were built in 1855 of red brick. They were the headquarters of the 3rd King's Own Staffordshire Rifle Regiment until 1880. In 1882 W. H. Dalton bought the Barracks and settled them in trust for use by the Rifle Volunteers of Newcastle, which became the Territorial Force in 1907. In 2002 the Barracks were let to small businesses.[35]

Culture[]

Newcastle-under-Lyme Museum & Art Gallery

The New Vic Theatre was Europe's first purpose-built theatre in the round.[36] Just outside the town centre, it offers a programme that includes modern and classic plays and concert performances.

The Borough Museum and Art Gallery (Brampton Museum) depicts the civic history of the Borough and an authentic, life-size Victorian street-scene. The art gallery hosts work by local and national artists, and travelling exhibitions.[37][38]

Notable residents who contributed to the arts and entertainment include Philip Astley, founder of the modern circus.[39] Jackie Trent, the singer and songwriter, was born in the town.[40] Arnold Bennett, the novelist, playwright, and essayist, completed his schooling at the Middle School,[41] and called the town Oldcastle in his Clayhanger trilogy of novels. Dinah Maria Mulock, who wrote under her married name of Mrs Craik, lived in the town (in Lower Street and Mount Pleasant) and attended Brampton House Academy.[42]

E. S. Turner, social commentator, was educated in the town.[43] Newcastle was home to Dr Philip Willoughby-Higson (1933–2012), poet, translator, historian, and author of 33 books. He founded and was president (1974–1992) of the Chester Poets, the oldest poetry group in the North-West. He was also President of the Baudelaire Society of France from 1992 to 2012 – the only Englishman ever to hold that position.

Sport[]

The sports clubs and associations include Newcastle Town F.C., playing association football in the Northern Premier League Division One South East. Rugby is represented by Newcastle Staffs Rugby Union Club.

Cycle Staffordshire organises local cycling events, as does the Newcastle Track Cycling Association. The town has a velodrome used by the Lyme Racing Club,[44]

Newcastle Golf Club

Newcastle Athletic Club[45] is based at the Ashfield Road track next to Newcastle College. This ash track was constructed in 1964. The club competes in the North Staffs XC League and the Local, National and Heart of England League 3.

The town is home to a nationally prominent volleyball club: Newcastle (Staffs) Volleyball Club. Founded in 1980, it has teams in the National Volleyball League, producing numerous England and Great Britain international players over the years.[citation needed]

Newcastle under Lyme College is home to Castle Korfball Club, one of the nation's older such clubs.[46]

The town has a swimming club; Newcastle (Staffs) Swimming Club, which was founded in 1908.[47]

There are golf courses at Kidsgrove, Wolstanton, Keele and Westlands.[48][49][50]

Keele University is home to one of the UK's first quidditch teams, the Keele Squirrels.[51] It hosted the first ever quidditch game in the UK in 2011 against the Leicester Thestrals.

Religion[]

St Giles' Church, Newcastle-under-Lyme

The town was the birthplace of John James Blunt, a divine and Anglican priest. Josiah Wedgwood was a Unitarian and he and his family attended meetings at the Old Meeting House, adjacent to St Giles' Church, which is still in use for the purpose.

The town has a number of Anglican churches, including St Giles, a medieval parish church dating from 1290.[52] There are several Catholic churches, notably Holy Trinity,[53][54] whose style is Gothic in blue engineering bricks, described as "the finest modern specimen of ornamental brickwork in the kingdom" at the time.

Jewish cemetery and Synagogue on the A34

In the 18th century John Wesley made repeated visits to the area, which was becoming industrialised, and recruited many residents to Methodism.[55] This is reflected in a number of Methodist churches.[56] There is a Baptist church in Clayton.[57]

Of interest is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), across from Brampton Park, which serves as the "Stake Centre" for the church in the region and has an on-site Family History Centre, where the public can research their ancestry at little or no charge.

International network[]

The town is part of a worldwide network of towns and cities with the name Newcastle.[58] These include well-known Newcastle upon Tyne (also in England), Neuburg an der Donau (Germany), Neuchâtel (Switzerland), Neufchâteau (France), New Castle, Indiana (US), New Castle, Pennsylvania (US), New Castle, Delaware (US), Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and Shinshiro (Japan).

This small international network of eight towns, formed in 1998, is designed to encourage friendship and cooperation between them. Accordingly, a school in the South African town benefited in 2004 from gifts of computing equipment surplus to Newcastle-under-Lyme's needs. The annual Newcastles of the World Summit was held in Newcastle-under-Lyme for six days from 17 June 2006.[59]

Notable people[]

Main article: List of people from Newcastle-under-Lyme

17th and 18th centuries[]

  • Humphrey Wollrich (1633–1707), Quaker writer[60]
  • Philip Astley (1742–1814), equestrian, inventor and father of the modern circus[61][62]
  • Silvester Harding (1745–1809), artist and publisher, who joined a company of strolling actors at age 14[63]
  • John James Blunt (1794–1855), Anglican priest who wrote studies of the early Church.[64][65]

19th century[]

  • Henry Moseley (1801–1872), churchman, mathematician and scientist[66]
  • Joseph Mayer (1803–1886), goldsmith, antiquary and collector[67]
  • Emma Darwin (née Wedgwood) (1808–1896), granddaughter of Josiah Wedgwood and wife of Charles Darwin[68]
  • Hungerford Crewe, 3rd Baron Crewe FSA, FRS (1812–1894), landowner and peer, inherited the Jacobean Crewe Hall and failed to prevent the construction of a Silverdale and Madeley Railway Company line[69]
  • Sir Oliver Lodge (1851–1940), physicist, inventor and writer[70]
  • Arthur Howard Heath TD (1856–1930), industrialist, cricketer, Rugby Union international and local Conservative MP[71]
  • Sir Joseph Cook, GCMG, PC (1860 in Silverdale – 1947), worked in the local coalmines before emigrating in 1885; Prime Minister of Australia, 1913–1914[72]
  • Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia, (1861–1929), lived in Keele Hall in 1900–1909.[73]
  • Arnold Bennett (1867–1931), writer, went to school in Newcastle[74]
  • Ada Nield Chew (1870–1945), suffragist and social activist[75]
  • Fanny Deakin (1883–1968), local politician born in Silverdale, campaigned for child nourishment and maternity care.[76]
  • Vera Brittain (1893–1970), author, reformer, pacifist, and mother of Shirley Williams[77]
  • Reginald Mitchell (1895–1937), designer of the Spitfire fighter plane[78]

20th century[]

Politics[]

Sport[]

  • Dick Ray (1876–1952) professional footballer and manager with Port Vale and Manchester City, 239 club caps[105]
  • Frederick Bailey (1919–1985), left-handed English cricketer[106]
  • Don Ratcliffe (1934–2014), footballer with Stoke City, 438 club caps[107]
  • Mike Pejic (born 1950), footballer with Stoke City and Everton, 360 club caps[108]
  • Ian Moores (1954–1998) footballer with Stoke City and Tottenham Hotspur, 359 club caps
  • Robbie Earle (born 1965), footballer with Port Vale and Wimbledon, 578 club caps[109]
  • Graham Shaw (born 1967) footballer with Stoke City, 284 club caps, now a solicitor[110]
  • Dominic Cork, (born 1971) cricketer[111]
  • Simon Wakefield (born 1974), professional golfer
  • Alan Richardson (born 1975), cricketer
  • Lizzie Neave (born 1987), slalom canoeist in women's kayak, competed in 2012 Summer Olympics
  • Oliver Sadler (born 1987), first-class cricketer
  • Peter Wilshaw (born 1987), cricketer[112]
  • Eddie Hall (born 1988), professional strongman[113]
  • Danielle Wyatt (born 1991), professional England cricketer
  • Curtis Nelson (born 1993), footballer for Plymouth Argyle F.C., 387 club caps[114]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ The county name is no longer required for postcoded mail and the suffix "-under-Lyme" is not part of the official Royal Mail name of the post town, despite the potential for confusion with similarly named places.
  2. ^ "NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYME in Staffordshire (West Midlands) Built-up Area Subdivision". City Population. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  3. ^ Wards. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
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  5. ^ Ekwall, Eilert (1940). The Concise Dictionary of English Place-names; 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 294.
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  49. ^ Wolstanton Golf Clubwebsite Retrieved January 2017.
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  53. ^ Website of Potteries.org – Neville Malkin's "Grand Tour" of the Potteries. Retrieved February 2017. This has several old pictures, drawings and historical narrative about the church.
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Bibliography[]

  • Jenkins, J G (1983). A History of Newcastle-under-Lyme. Staffordshire County Library.
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  • Adams, D W (1988). Wartime Newcastle-under-Lyme. Hendon Publishing Co Ltd. ISBN 978-0-86067-113-8.
  • Adams, D W (1986). Newcastle-under-Lyme as it was. Hendon Publishing Co Ltd. ISBN 978-0-86067-106-0.

External links[]

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