Nine mountain schools

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The nine mountain schools (九山; or gusan) were the initial monasteries of the Korean branch of Buddhism called Seon, founded in the Unified Silla period in the 8th or 9th century.

The initial transmission of Seon into Korea is usually attributed to (法朗; fl. 632-646), said to be a student of the Chinese master Daoxin (道信; 580-651). Seon was later popularized especially by (神行; 704-779) in the latter part of the eighth century and by  [pl; ko] (道義; d. 825) at the beginning of the ninth century. From then on, many Koreans studied Chan in China and, upon their return, established their own schools at various mountain monasteries with their leading disciples.

The number of these schools was initially fixed to nine, whence the name derives. Eight of these schools were of the lineage of Mazu Daoyi (馬祖道一; 709-788), as they were established through connection with either him or one of his eminent disciples:

1. The school (迦智山), established at Borimsa (寶林寺) under the influence of Doui and his grand-student Chejing (體澄; 804-890). Doui studied in China under (735-814) and Baizhang (百丈; 749-814).
2. The school (聖住山), established by (無染; 800-888) who received his from (麻谷寶徹; b. 720?).
3. The school (實相山), founded by (洪陟; fl. 830), who also studied under Zhizang.
4. The school (曦陽山), founded by Beomnang and (智詵道憲; 824-882), who was taught by a Korean teacher of the Mazu transmission.
5. The school (鳳林山), established by (圓鑑; 787-869) and his student Simhui (審希; fl. 9c). Weongam was a student of (章敬懷暉; 748-835).
6. The school (桐裡山), established by (慧徹; 785-861) who was a student of Zhizang.
7. The school (闍崛山), established by (梵日; 810-889), who studied in China with (鹽官齊安; 750?-842) and (樂山惟嚴).
8. The school (獅子山), established by (道允; 797-868), who studied under (南泉普願; 748-835).

The ninth of these initial schools was the (須彌山) school founded by (利嚴; 869-936), which had developed from the Caodong (曹洞) lineage.

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