Old Sundanese language

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For the script, see Old Sundanese script.
Old Sundanese
Basa Sunda Buhun
ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮘᮥᮠᮥᮔ᮪
nirbing
nirbing
Sunda-word-in-old-Sundanese-script-zoom-size.png
Word "Sunda" written in Old Sundanese script
RegionBanten, Jakarta, West Java, western Central Java
EraDeveloped into Sundanese towards the 18th century.
Austronesian
Early forms
Buda Script
Old Sundanese script
Language codes
ISO 639-3osn
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Old Sundanese (Sundanese script: ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮘᮥᮠᮥᮔ᮪, Old Sundanese script: nirbing, Buda script: nirbing, Sundanese Alphabet: Basa Sunda Buhun) is the earliest recorded stage of the Sundanese language which is spoken in the western part of Java. The evidence is recorded in inscriptions from around the 11th[1] to 14th centuries and ancient lontar manuscripts from the 15th to 17th centuries AD. Old Sundanese is no longer used today, but has developed into its descendant, modern Sundanese.[2]

Written Evidence[]

Old Sundanese is recorded in stone inscriptions such as the Kawali Inscription in Ciamis, and the Batutulis inscription in Bogor, as well as in inscriptions made from copper plates such as the from the Bekasi area.[3][4] Other remains documenting the use of Old Sundanese are palm-leaf manuscripts from the Bandung, Garut, and Bogor regions. The manuscripts are now stored in several institutions, including Kabuyutan Ciburuy in Bayongbong Garut, Sri Baduga Museum in Bandung, the National Library of Indonesia in Jakarta, and the Bodleian Library in London.[5][6][7][8]

Characteristics[]

Lexicon[]

The vocabulary used in Old Sundanese is still mostly recognizable for speakers modern Sundanese, either with the same meaning or having undergone a change of meaning. The use of Sanskrit which is adapted to the pronunciation or writing of the ancient Sundanese is mixed quite clearly. This is because of the nuances of the use of ancient Sundanese in Hindu and Buddhist religious texts. In some parts, the same vocabulary is often found, even combined with sentence strings in Old Javanese.[9] In other parts, we also find the use of Old Malay[10] vocabulary and Arabic.[11] The lexicon of Old Sundanese has been collected in an Old Sundanese–Indonesian dictionary.[12]

Morphology[]

The morphology of word formation can generally be recognized in modern Sundanese with some exclusions, for example the use of the prefix a- in the word awurung. The suffix -keun has a grammatical function similar to that of -aken in Old Javanese. Meanwhile, the use of the insertion affix (infix) -in- and -um- in ginawe (root word gawe; 'done') and gumanti (pronoun pronoun: 'to replace') is the same as in Old Javanese, in addition to the use of insert -ar. – which means plural, for example in the word karolot (root kolot; 'the elder').[13]

Syntax[]

At the syntactic level, in general the sentence form in ancient Sundanese still has similarities with modern Sundanese.[14][15] One of the features of ancient Sundanese that can be distinguished from the structure of modern Sundanese is the use of the predicate-subject pattern in the sentence structure of the ancient Sundanese language with predicates in the form of a verb (verb) and a subject in the form of a noun (noun) which is quite consistent.[15] Another characteristic feature is the use of ma particles which can act as reinforcement for previous phrases or clauses. In sentence construction, the particle ma functions as a marker that separates the clauses, and serves to introduce new information.[16]

Writing system[]

Main articles: Old Sundanese script and Buda script
Old Sundanese script
Buda script

Writing systems that use the Old Sundanese language include Old Sundanese script and Buda script. These two characters can be seen from the inscriptions and ancient manuscripts stored in a place called Kabuyutan.[17] The two characters has different functions. Old Sundanese script can usually be found in inscriptions describing important events that occurred in the Sundanese region, while the Buda script is widely used to write things that have a high level of sacredness in lontar or gebang manuscripts.[18]

Example Usage[]

Kawali I inscription in kabuyutan area of Astana Gede, Kawali.

Inscription[]

The following is an example of the use of the ancient Sundanese language recorded in the Kawali inscription. Diplomatic transliteration was done by archaeologists Hasan Jafar & Titi Surti Nastiti.[4]

"nihan tapak walar nu the noble hyang tapa (k) inya parĕbu raja wastu mangadĕg in kuta kawali nu mahayu na kadatuan surawisesa nu marigi sakuliling dayĕh najur sakala village aya ma nu pa (n) deuri pakĕna gawe rahayu pakĕn hĕbĕl jaya dina buana"

Translation:

These are the traces (tapak) (in) Kawali (of) the hometown of His Majesty King Wastu (who) established the defense (reigned in) Kawali, who had beautified the Surawisesa palace, which made a defensive trench around the royal territory, which prospered the whole settlement. To those who are to come, should apply salvation as the foundation of victorious life in the world.

Ancient Manuscripts[]

The ancient Sundanese language used in lontar and gebang manuscripts can be distinguished based on the form of the text, namely poetry and prose.[9][14][15]

Poetry[]

Kawih Pangeuyeukan the National Library of Indonesia collection, contains text in Old Sundanese..

Some of the ancient Sundanese manuscripts that contain texts in the form of poetry include ,[19] ,[20] Bujangga Manik, ,[9] [21] and .[22] The old Sundanese language written in the form of poetry texts generally uses an eight syllable pattern, although in some texts this rule is not so strict.

Pendakian Sri Ajnyana Text:

"Sakit geui ngareungeuheun

cicing hanteu dék matingtim,

usma ku raga sarira.

Béngkéng upapen rasana,

dosa a(ng)geus kanyahoan,

ngeureuy teuing gawé hala,

hanteu burung katalayahan,

Ja kini teuing rasana,

Kasasar jadi manusa.

Saurna Sri Ajnyana:

‘Adiing, ambet ka dini.

Mulah ceurik nangtung dinya.

Dini di lahunan aing.

Tuluy dirawu dipangku"

Prose[]

Gebang manuscript in Old Sundanese Sanghyang Raga Dewata, collection of Sribaduga Museum, Bandung..

Texts containing Sundanese in prose include Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian, ,[19] , and . The following are examples of sentences used in the Amanat Galunggung.[19]

"Awignam astu. Nihan tembey sakakala Rahyang Ba/n/nga, masa sya nyususk na Pakwan makangaran Rahyangta Wuwus, maka manak Maharaja Dewata, Maharaja Dewata maka manak Baduga Sanghyang, Baduga Sanghyang maka manak Prebu Sanghyang, Prebu Sanghyang maka manak Sa(ng) Lumahing rana, Sang Lumahing Rana maka manak Sa(ng) Lumahing Winduraja, Sa(ng) Lumahing Winduraja maka manak Sa(ng) Lumahing Tasikpa(n)jang, Sang Lumahing Tasik pa(n)jang (maka manak) Sa(ng) Lumahing Hujung Kembang, Sa(ng) Lumahing Hujung Kembang maka manak Rakeyan Darmasiksa."

References[]

  1. ^ "Prasasti Geger Hanjuang" [Geger Hanjuang Inscription] (PDF). pustaka.unpad.ac.id (in Indonesian). 28 August 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  2. ^ Iskandarwassid (1992). Kamus istilah sastra: pangdeudeul pengajaran sastra Sunda (in Sundanese). Geger Sunten.
  3. ^ Djafar, Hasan (1991). Prasasti-prasasti dari masa kerajaan-kerajaan Sunda / oleh Hasan Djafar. [s.n.]
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Hasan Jafar, Titi Surti Nastiti (2016). "Prasasti-prasasti dari Masa Hindu Buddha (Abad ke-12-16 Masehi di Kabupaten Ciamis, Jawa Barat". Purbawidya. 5 (2): 101–116.
  5. ^ Katalog induk naskah-naskah nusantara: Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia (in Indonesian). Djambatan. 1990. ISBN 978-979-428-151-2.
  6. ^ Ekajati, Edi Suhardi (1999). Jawa Barat, koleksi lima lembaga (in Indonesian). Yayasan Obor Indonesia. ISBN 978-979-461-331-3.
  7. ^ Chambert-Loir, Henri; Fathurahman, Oman (1999). Khazanah naskah: panduan koleksi naskah-naskah Indonesia sedunia (in Indonesian). Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
  8. ^ Ekajati, Edi Suhardi (2000). Direktori naskah Nusantara (in Indonesian). Yayasan Obor Indonesia. ISBN 978-979-461-334-4.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c Noorduyn, J; Teeuw, A (2006). Three Old Sundanese Poems. K.I.T.L.V. ISBN 978-90-67-18182-2.
  10. ^ Kosakata Melayu dalam naskah Sunda kuno: deskripsi dan dampak homonimi (in Indonesian). Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. 2000. ISBN 9789794590041.
  11. ^ Darsa, Undang A. (2006). Gambaran kosmologi Sunda, kropak 420: silsilah Prabu Siliwangi, Mantera Aji Cakra, mantera Darmapamulih, ajaran Islam, kropak 421, jatiraga, kropak 422 (in Indonesian). Kiblat Buku Utama. ISBN 978-979-3631-77-6.
  12. ^ Sumarlina, Elis Suryani Nani; Darsa, Undang A. (2003). KBSKI: Kamus Bahasa Sunda Kuno Indonesia (in Indonesian). Alqaprint Jatinangor. ISBN 978-979-9462-42-8.
  13. ^ Nurwansah, Ilham. "Afiksasi dalam Bahasa Sunda Kuno (Analisis morfologis terhadap teks abad ke-16)". Academia (in Indonesian).
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b Ruhaliah (1997). Kajian Diakronis Struktur Bahasa Sunda Bihari dan Bahasa Sunda Kiwari. Bandung: IKIP.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c Nurwansah, Illam; Sudaryat, Yayat; Ruhaliah, Ruhaliah (2017). "SUNDANESE SENTENCE IN THE 16TH CENTURY ANCIENT SUNDANESE PROSE TEXT (Structure and Semantic Analysis)". Lokabasa. 8 (2): 181–196. doi:10.17509/jlb.v8i2.14199. ISSN 2528-5904.
  16. ^ Gunawan, Aditia; Fauziyah, Evi Fuji (2018). "Function and Position of Particle ma in Old Sundanese" (PDF). kbi.kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  17. ^ "Kabuyutan". kairaga.com.
  18. ^ Nurwansah, Ilham (2021). "Aksara Buda/Gunung". kairaga.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b c Sewaka darma (Kropak 408) ; Sanghyang siksakandang karesian (Kropak 630) ; Amanat Galunggung (Kropak 632): transkripsi dan terjemahan (in Indonesian). Bagian Proyek Penelitian dan Pengkajian Kebudayaan Sunda (Sundanologi), Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. 1987.
  20. ^ Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land-, en volkenkunde (in Dutch). Lange & Company. 1914.
  21. ^ Ruhimat, Mamat; Gunawan, Aditia; Wartini, Tien (2014). Kawih pangeuyeukan: tenun dalam puisi Sunda kuna dan teks-teks lainnya (in Indonesian). Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia bekerjasama dengan Pusat Studi Sunda. ISBN 978-979-008-685-2.
  22. ^ Wartini, Tien; Ruhimat, Mamat; Ruhaliah; Gunawan, Aditia (2011). Sanghyang swawarcinta (in Indonesian). Kerjasama Perpustakaan Nasional RI dan Pusat Studi Sunda. ISBN 9789790084124.
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