Opinion polling for the 2000 Russian presidential election

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Opinion polling for the Russian presidential election, 2000
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This page lists public opinion polls in connection with the 2000 Russian presidential election.

First round[]

1997 polls[]

Polling Firm/
Link 		Fieldwork
Date
Борис Николаевич Ельцин-1 (cropped) (cropped).jpg
Yeltsin
Ind. / NDR
Boris Nemtsov 2003 RussiaMeeting (cropped).JPG
Nemtsov
Ind.
Zuyganov (2008).jpg
Zyuganov
CPRF
Evstafiev-general-alexander-lebed17oct96 (cropped 2).jpg
Lebed
KRO
Acting Secretary Alphonso Jackson with Mayor of Moscow, Yuri Mikhailovich Luzhkov (cropped).jpg
Luzhkov
Ind.
Ba-yavlinsky-g-a-1999-june (sq, cropped).jpg
Yavlinsky
Yabloko
Vladimir Zhirinovsky in 2000 (cropped).jpg
Zhirinovsky
LDPR
Viktor Chernomyrdin-1.jpg
Chernomyrdin
NDR
Aman Tuleyev (council.gov.ru).jpg
Tuleyev
CPRF
Vladimir Bryntsalov.jpg
Bryntsalov
RSP
Chubais-AB (1).jpg
Chubais
DVR
Svyatoslav Fedorov (1).jpg
Fyodorov
PST
Gaidar in 2008 - crop.jpg
Gaidar
DVR
Mikhail Gorbachev 1997 (cropped).jpg
Gorbachev
Ind.
Martin Shakkum 2018-02-12 (cropped).jpg
Shakkum
Lukashenko.jpg
Lukashenko
Ind.
Evstafiev-alexander-rutskoy-w.jpg
Rutskoy
Derzhava 		Other Against all Undecided Lead
1996 election
(1st round) 		16 Jun 1996 35.8 — 32.5 14.7 — 7.4 5.8 — 0.0 0.2 — 0.9 — 0.5 0.4 — 1.6 3.3
WCIOM 8 Aug 1997 4 28 14 15 8 7 6 4 3 1 1 1 1 0 1 6[a] 13
FOM 11 Sep 1997 20 17 11 11 6 3 3 3 15 3
WCIOM 10 Oct 1997 4 15 14 10 9 7 4 3 1 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 1[b] 1
WCIOM 30 Dec 1997 5 8 12 9 5 7 4 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2[c] 14 22 3

1998 polls[]

Date Agency Yeltsin Nemtsov Zyuganov Lebed Luzhkov Yavlinsky Zhirinovsky Chernomyrdin Primakov Tuleyev Ayatskov Bryntsalov Chubais B. Fyodorov S. Fyodorov Gaidar Gorbachev Kiriyenko Lukashenko Nikolaev Pugacheva Rutskoy Ryzhkov Seleznyov Skokov Sobchak Solzhenitsyn Stroyev Travkin Other Against All Undecided Wouldn't vote Don't want to answer Additional candidates
January 1998 VCIOM[1] 2 N/A 16 9 8 6 4 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 19 10 23 N/A N/A N/A
15 January 1998 VCIOM[2] N/A 11 18 12 10 9 6 2 N/A 4 N/A 0 1 N/A 2 1 0 1 N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A 0 N/A 1 1 0 4 12 N/A N/A
February 1998 VCIOM[1] 5 N/A 15 8 N/A 7 4 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 16 15 20 N/A N/A N/A
15 February 1998 VCIOM[3] 6 9 13 8 9 8 4 2 N/A 2 N/A N/A 1 N/A 2 N/A 1 N/A 1 0 0 0 N/A 0 0 N/A 0 0 0 1 13 N/A N/A 20 Dyachenko, Kulikov, Nazdratenko, Rossel, Shoygu, and Sysoyev
0
March 1998 VCIOM[1] 3 N/A 15 7 5 8 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 20 14 22 N/A N/A N/A
15 March 1998 VCIOM[4] 4 10 15 7 5 8 3 4 N/A 2 0 N/A 0 N/A 2 N/A 0 N/A 1 N/A 1 1 N/A 1 N/A 0 0 0 N/A 2 11 N/A N/A 20 Rossel, Shoygu, Sysoyev, Titov
0
May 1998 VCIOM[1] 5 N/A 18 11 8 9 3 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 8 14 16 N/A N/A N/A
10 May 1998 FOM[5] 4 6 20 10 11 10 5 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
15 May 1998 VCIOM[6] N/A 4 16 11 8 10 3 4 N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 13 16 N/A N/A N/A
June 1998 VCIOM[1] 5 N/A 14 7 7 8 3 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 11 17 23 N/A N/A N/A
15 June 1998 VCIOM[7] 1 4 13 8 7 8 3 5 N/A 2 1 N/A 1 1 1 N/A 0 4 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A 0 0 0 N/A 2 15 N/A N/A 23 Dyachenko, Kulikov, Sysoyev, Titov
0
July 1998 VCIOM[1] 2 N/A 15 10 6 6 4 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 9 17 26 N/A N/A N/A
15 July 1998 VCIOM[8] 2 2 13 11 6 6 3 3 N/A 1 0 N/A 1 0 1 N/A 1 4 1 1 N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A 0 0 N/A N/A 2 15 N/A N/A 26 Ilyukhin, Sysoyev, Titov
0
August 1998 VCIOM[1] 2 N/A 18 12 4 5 5 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 11 14 23 N/A N/A N/A
15 August 1998 VCIOM[9] 1 1 13 8 6 6 4 1 3 1 1 N/A 0 0 1 N/A 0 2 N/A 0 N/A N/A 1 1 N/A N/A 0 1 N/A 1 24 22 Nikolaev, Sysoyev, Titov
0
September 1998 VCIOM[1] 1 N/A 16 8 5 6 4 2 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 22 N/A N/A N/A
October 1998 VCIOM[1] 0 N/A 12 7 10 8 3 2 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 7 12 32 N/A N/A N/A
15 October 1998 VCIOM[10] 1 1 11 7 10 9 3 2 5 1 N/A N/A 0 N/A 1 N/A 0 1 N/A 0 N/A N/A 0 2 N/A N/A 0 0 N/A 3 N/A N/A 10 32 Baburin, Nikolaev, Titov
0
30 October 1998 VCIOM[11] 1 1 12 9 12 8 3 1 8 2 0 N/A 0 0 1 N/A 0 2 N/A 0 N/A N/A 0 1 N/A N/A 0 0 N/A 1 N/A N/A 11 27 Makashov, Sysoyev, Titov
0
30 October 1998 VCIOM[12] N/A N/A 17 13 20 17 4 2 14 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 10 N/A N/A
November 1998 VCIOM[1] 1 N/A 14 9 11 6 3 1 7 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 7 13 26 N/A N/A N/A
15 November 1998 VCIOM[13] N/A 2 21 8 18 13 5 2 13 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 N/A N/A 9 N/A N/A
15 November 1998 VCIOM[14] N/A 3 21 10 17 13 5 2 13 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A 10 N/A N/A
December 1998 VCIOM[1] N/A N/A 17 N/A 12 8 4 1 10 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 6 8 27 N/A N/A N/A

1999 polls[]

Date Agency Putin Yeltsin Nemtsov Zyuganov Lebed Luzhkov Yavlinsky Zhirinovsky Chernomyrdin Primakov Kiriyenko Stepashin Pamfilova Shoygu Tuleyev Ayatskov Barkashov Bryntsalov Chubais B. Fyodorov S. Fyodorov Gaidar Lukashenko Nikolaev Rutskoy Ryzhkov Seleznyov Stroyev Other Against All Undecided Wouldn't vote Additional candidates
15 February 1999 VCIOM[15] N/A N/A 3 20 8 16 12 5 1 16 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A 5 N/A N/A 11 N/A
15 February 1999 VCIOM[16] N/A N/A 3 19 9 17 12 4 1 16 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A 2 N/A N/A 10 N/A
15 February 1999 VCIOM[17] N/A N/A 2 16 10 15 11 4 1 16 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4 N/A N/A N/A 3 N/A 2 N/A N/A 6 Makashov
0
19-22 February 1999 VCIOM[1] N/A N/A N/A 17 5 13 9 3 0 10 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 7 9 25 N/A N/A
28 February 1999 VCIOM[18] N/A N/A 2 21 7 19 14 5 1 20 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 1 N/A N/A 7 N/A
March 1999 VCIOM[1] N/A N/A N/A 17 6 13 10 3 1 15 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 10 20 N/A N/A
April 1999 VCIOM[1] N/A N/A N/A 19 6 13 11 6 1 15 4 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 11 10 N/A N/A
May 1999 VCIOM[1] N/A N/A N/A 19 5 13 7 6 1 15 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 12 16 N/A N/A
15 March 1999 VCIOM[19] N/A 0 2 21 6 13 11 6 1 15 3 N/A N/A N/A 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 N/A N/A 13 Kulikov
0
15 March 1999 VCIOM[20] N/A N/A 2 21 7 16 12 6 1 18 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A 1 N/A N/A 9 N/A
30 March 1999 VCIOM[21] N/A N/A 1 20 6 18 11 7 2 17 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 2 N/A N/A 8 N/A
15 April 1999 VCIOM[22] N/A N/A 2 21 6 16 11 6 2 14 4 6 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 1 N/A N/A 9 N/A
30 April 1999 VCIOM[23] N/A N/A 2 20 5 16 10 5 2 15 4 7 2 N/A N/A N/A 1 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 2 N/A N/A 9 Aksenenko
0
June 1999 VTsIOM[24] N/A N/A N/A 24 7 15 12 6 2 14 4 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
June 1999 FOM[25][24] N/A N/A N/A 17 6 13 9 6 2 17 N/A 7 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
15 June 1999 VCIOM[26] 25 N/A 1 15 3 8 7 3 1 18 3 2 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 1 N/A N/A 3 Aksenenko, Matviyenko
0
18−22 June 1999 VCIOM[1] N/A N/A N/A 16 6 14 8 6 1 11 3 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 6 12 13 N/A N/A
30 June 1999 VCIOM[27] 33 N/A 1 18 2 4 7 4 0 15 2 2 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A 3 N/A N/A 5 N/A
30 June 1999 VCIOM[28] 32 N/A 1 18 1 3 5 4 0 14 2 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 1 3 N/A 7 N/A
July 1999 FOM[25] N/A N/A N/A 16 N/A N/A 9 6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 6 10 8 N/A
15 July 1999 VCIOM[29] 37 N/A 1 18 4 5 5 3 0 12 2 2 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A 1 2 N/A 5 N/A
15 July 1999 VCIOM[30] 39 N/A 1 19 3 4 6 3 0 11 2 1 N/A 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A 0 2 N/A 4 N/A
23−28 July 1999 VCIOM[1] N/A N/A N/A 18 4 13 7 4 2 13 3 6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 6 10 15 N/A N/A
30 July 1999 VCIOM[31] 46 N/A 1 15 1 2 5 3 0 11 2 1 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A 1 3 N/A 6 N/A
30 July 1999 VCIOM[32] 49 N/A 1 16 1 2 5 3 0 10 2 1 N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 1 2 N/A 5 N/A
August 1999 FOM[25] 2 N/A N/A 16 N/A N/A 6 6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 6 11 6 N/A
15 August 1999 VCIOM[33] 49 N/A 1 16 2 2 4 3 0 10 2 1 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 0 2 N/A 5 N/A
15 August 1999 VCIOM[34] 51 N/A 1 17 2 2 5 3 0 7 2 0 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 1 2 N/A 4 N/A
18−21 August 1999 VCIOM[1] 2 N/A N/A 19 4 8 7 7 2 15 3 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4 12 11 N/A N/A
19–20 August 1999 FOM[35] 43 N/A N/A 15 N/A 2 3 4 N/A 3 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
20-24 August 1999 VTsIOM[24][36][37] 2 N/A 2 26 5 9 9 6 3 19 3 7 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
21-22 August 1999 FOM[24][37] 1 N/A N/A 16 5 8 6 7 2 22 N/A 11 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
26–27 August 1999 FOM[35][38] 42 N/A N/A 16 N/A 2 3 3 N/A 3 1 N/A N/A 2 6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
30 August 1999 VCIOM[39] 48 N/A 1 15 1 2 7 3 0 9 2 1 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 1 3 N/A 6 N/A
30 August 1999 VCIOM[40] 47 N/A 1 16 1 1 5 4 0 8 3 1 N/A 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A 1 2 N/A 6 N/A
September 1999 FOM[25] 14 N/A N/A 16 N/A N/A 7 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 10 7 N/A
2–3 September 1999 FOM[35][38][41] 44 N/A N/A 15 N/A 2 4 4 N/A 3 3 N/A N/A 2 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
9–10 September 1999 FOM[35][38][41][42] 43 N/A N/A 15 N/A 1 4 4 N/A 2 2 N/A N/A 2 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
15 September 1999 VCIOM[43] 47 N/A 1 16 1 2 5 4 0 8 2 1 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 1 3 N/A 5 N/A
15 September 1999 VCIOM[43] 48 N/A 2 17 1 2 5 3 0 7 2 1 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A 1 3 N/A 6 N/A
16–17 September 1999 FOM[35][38][41][42][44] 41 N/A N/A 15 N/A 2 4 5 N/A 3 2 N/A N/A 3 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
September 17–21, 1999 VTsIOM[36][45] 4-7 N/A N/A 17-27 4-5 10 7-9 3-5 1 19-22 N/A 3-6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
17−21 September 1999 VCIOM[1] 5 N/A N/A 19 4 8 6 3 1 16 2 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 16 14 N/A N/A
September 18–19, 1999 FOM[36][45] 1-2 N/A N/A 16-26 5 8-9 6-9 6-7 2-3 19-22 N/A 7-11 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
23–24 September 1999 FOM[35][38][41][42][44][46] 41 N/A N/A 16 N/A 2 3 4 N/A 2 3 N/A N/A 2 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
30 September 1999 VCIOM[47] 51 N/A 1 14 1 2 4 4 0 9 2 1 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A 1 4 N/A 4 N/A
30 September 1999 VCIOM[48] 53 N/A 1 15 0 2 4 3 0 7 2 1 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 2 2 N/A 5 N/A
30 Sept.–1 Oct. 1999 FOM[35][38][41][42][44][46] 42 N/A N/A 15 N/A 2 3 4 N/A 2 3 N/A N/A 2 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
October 1999 FOM[25] 21 N/A N/A 16 N/A N/A 6 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 10 6 N/A
October 1999 VCIOM[1] 22 N/A N/A 16 2 5 5 3 0 13 2 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 6 12 13 N/A N/A
7–8 October 1999 FOM[35] 42 N/A N/A 17 N/A 2 4 4 N/A 3 2 N/A N/A 1 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 10 Kasyanov
1
14–15 October 1999 FOM[38] 42 N/A N/A 17 N/A 1 4 4 N/A 3 2 N/A N/A 2 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 8 8 N/A
15–18 October 1999 VCIOM[1] 19 N/A N/A 15 N/A N/A 5 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 13 N/A N/A
15-19 October 1999 VTsIOM[45] 21-26 N/A N/A 16-20 3 5-8 7 3-4 N/A 14-16 N/A 3-6 N/A 2-3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
21–22 October 1999 FOM[41] 39 N/A N/A 18 N/A 2 4 5 N/A 2 2 N/A N/A 2 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 10 9 Kasyanov
0
28–29 October 1999 FOM[42] 44 N/A N/A 16 N/A 2 4 3 N/A 3 2 N/A N/A 2 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 7 8 N/A
29 October–1 November 1999 VCIOM[1] 25 N/A N/A 17 N/A N/A 6 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 13 N/A N/A
November 1999 FOM[25] 40 N/A N/A 16 N/A N/A 5 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 9 5 N/A
November 1999 VCIOM[1] 22 N/A N/A 14 1 2 4 3 0 7 2 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4 12 13 N/A N/A
4–5 November 1999 FOM[44][46][49] 43 N/A N/A 15 N/A 2 3 3 N/A 3 2 N/A N/A 2 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
December 1999 FOM[25] 45 N/A N/A 15 N/A N/A 5 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 7 4 N/A
December 1999 VCIOM[1] 40 N/A N/A 13 0 0 3 3 N/A 6 1 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4 12 12 N/A N/A
10–13 December 1999 VCIOM[1] 30 N/A N/A 15 N/A N/A 4 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 14 N/A N/A
11–12 November 1999 FOM[49] 45 N/A N/A 15 N/A 2 3 4 N/A 2 2 N/A N/A 2 4 N/A
12–15 December 1999 VCIOM[1] 35 N/A N/A 14 N/A N/A 2 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 15 N/A N/A
15 November 1999 VCIOM[50] 53 N/A 1 13 1 2 4 3 0 9 2 1 N/A 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 0 3 N/A 4 N/A
15 November 1999 VCIOM[51] 54 N/A 1 12 1 2 4 2 0 9 3 1 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 2 2 N/A 4 N/A
18–19 November 1999 FOM[49] 41 N/A N/A 14 N/A 2 3 5 N/A 2 3 N/A N/A 1 4 N/A
25–26 November 1999 FOM[49] 47 N/A N/A 15 N/A 2 4 4 N/A 2 2 N/A N/A 2 3 N/A
November 26–29, 1999 VTsIOM[52][53] 45 N/A N/A 17 7 2 5 3 N/A 9 N/A N/A N/A 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
26–29 November 1999 VCIOM[1] 36 N/A N/A 14 N/A N/A 4 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 13 N/A N/A
2–3 December 1999 FOM[49] 44 N/A N/A 15 N/A 1 4 4 N/A 2 1 N/A N/A 2 5 N/A
3–6 December 1999 VCIOM[1] 36 N/A N/A 14 N/A N/A 5 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 15 N/A N/A
8 December 1999 FOM[54] 45 N/A N/A 17 N/A 3 5 4 N/A 7 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4 7 4 N/A N/A
9–10 December 1999 FOM[49] 46 N/A N/A 16 N/A 2 3 4 N/A 3 2 N/A N/A 3 4 N/A
10–13 December 1999 VCIOM[1] 41 N/A N/A 14 N/A N/A 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 12 N/A N/A
16–17 December 1999 FOM[49] 45 N/A N/A 17 N/A 1 3 3 N/A 2 1 N/A N/A 2 3 N/A
17-20 December 1999 VTsIOM[53] 51 N/A N/A 19 2 2 5 4 N/A 9 N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
17–20 December 1999 VCIOM[1] 41 N/A N/A 12 N/A N/A 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 14 N/A N/A
23–24 December 1999 FOM[49] 47 N/A N/A 15 N/A 2 4 3 N/A 2 2 N/A N/A 3 3 N/A
24–27 December 1999 VCIOM[1] 42 N/A N/A 14 N/A N/A 3 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 9 N/A N/A
30 December 1999 VCIOM[55] 51 N/A 1 16 1 1 3 4 0 9 3 1 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 1 3 N/A 5 N/A
30 December 1999 VCIOM[56] 53 N/A 0 16 1 1 2 3 0 8 3 1 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 1 2 N/A 4 N/A

2000 polls[]

Date Agency Putin Nemtsov Zyuganov Lebed Luzhkov Yavlinsky Zhirinovsky Chernomyrdin Primakov Kiriyenko Stepashin Pamfilova Shoygu Tuleyev Ayatskov Barkashov Chubais S. Fyodorov Gaidar Lukashenko Seleznyov Stroyev Titov Govorukhin Dzhabrailov Podberezkin Skuratov Other Against All Undecided Wouldn't vote Additional candidates
8 December 1999 – 4 January 2000 VCIOM[1] 48 N/A 11 N/A N/A 3 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 12 6 N/A
January 2000 FOM[25] 54 N/A 14 N/A N/A 4 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4 7 4 N/A
8–10 January 2000 VCIOM[1] 48 N/A 15 N/A N/A 2 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 10 8 N/A
14–17 January 2000 VTsIOM[57] 62 N/A 15 N/A N/A 2 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 9 1 7 N/A N/A
14–17 January 2000 VTsIOM[57] 58 N/A 16 N/A N/A 4 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 7 2 8 N/A N/A
14–17 January 2000 VCIOM[1] 55 N/A 13 N/A N/A 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 12 3 N/A
21–24 January 2000 VCIOM[1] 49 N/A 12 N/A N/A 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4 13 8 N/A
28–31 January 2000 VCIOM[1] 49 N/A 13 N/A N/A 2 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 11 7 N/A
28–31 January 2000 VTsIOM[58][59] 58 N/A 15 N/A N/A 3 2 N/A 6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 7 1 9 N/A N/A
30 January 2000 VCIOM[60] 59 0 16 1 1 2 3 0 8 1 0 N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 2 N/A 4 N/A
30 January 2000 VCIOM[61] 56 0 14 0 1 2 2 0 6 2 1 N/A 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A 8 4 Anpilov, Ilyukhin, Lapshin, and Makashov
0
30 January 2000 VCIOM[62] 62 0 16 1 1 2 2 0 7 1 0 N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 2 N/A 4 N/A
February 2000 VCIOM[1] 50 N/A 15 N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 10 9 N/A
2–3 February 2000 FOM[25] 53 N/A 15 N/A N/A 4 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 8 5 N/A
4–7 February VTsIOM[58] 57 N/A 17 N/A N/A 4 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 3 7 N/A N/A
5–6 February 2000 FOM[25] 55 N/A 15 N/A N/A 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 7 5 N/A
9–10 February 2000 FOM[25] 57 N/A 18 N/A N/A 5 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4 7 3 N/A
11–14 February VTsIOM[57] 59 N/A 19 N/A N/A 4 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A <1 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 1 <1 <1 <1 1 4 7 N/A N/A
12–13 February 2000 FOM[25] 54 N/A 18 N/A N/A 5 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4 9 4 N/A
16–17 February 2000 FOM[25] 53 N/A 21 N/A N/A 5 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4 7 4 N/A
18–21 February VTsIOM[63] 59 N/A 18 N/A N/A 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A <1 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 1 <1 <1 <1 3 2 8 N/A N/A
19–20 February 2000 FOM[25] 55 N/A 16 N/A N/A 5 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 9 6 N/A
23–24 February 2000 FOM[25] 53 N/A 16 N/A N/A 4 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 3 9 4 N/A
25–28 February VTsIOM[58][64] 56 N/A 21 N/A N/A 5 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 1 <1 <1 <1 3 2 9 N/A Savostyanov
1
26–27 February 2000 FOM[25] 54 N/A 19 N/A N/A 6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 4 10 3 N/A
1–2 March 2000 FOM[25] 54 N/A 18 N/A N/A 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 3 10 5 N/A
3–6 March VTsIOM[58] 59 N/A 22 N/A N/A 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 3 6 N/A N/A
3-6 March 2000 VCIOM[1] 47 N/A 17 N/A N/A 4 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 6 9 9 5 N/A
4–5 March 2000 FOM[25] 54 N/A 19 N/A N/A 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 4 10 5 N/A
9–10 March 2000 FOM[25] 46 N/A 20 N/A N/A 5 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 3 9 4 N/A
10–13 March VTsIOM[58] 58 N/A 21 N/A N/A 5 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 2 6 N/A N/A
11–12 March 2000 FOM[25] 48 N/A 19 N/A N/A 4 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 4 10 4 N/A
15–16 March 2000 FOM[25] 48 N/A 20 N/A N/A 5 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 3 10 4 N/A
18–19 March 2000 FOM[25] 44 N/A 20 N/A N/A 5 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 3 12 5 N/A
22–23 March 2000 FOM[25] 46 N/A 20 N/A N/A 5 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 2 12 5 N/A
26 Mar 2000 Result 53.4 N/A 29.5 N/A N/A 5.9 2.7 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.0 N/A 3.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.5 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Hypothetical second round polls[]

Chernomyrdin — Ryzhkov[]

Date Agency Chernomyrdin Ryzhkov Against all
15 June 1999 VCIOM[65] 12% 19% 69%

Chernomyrdin — Zyuganov[]

Date Agency Chernomyrdin Zyuganov Against all Wouldn't vote
15 February 1998 VCIOM[66] 26% 29% 30% 14%

Kiriyenko — Putin[]

Date Agency Kiriyenko Putin Against all
15 June 1999 VCIOM[67] 11% 66% 23%

Kiriyenko — Yavlinsky[]

Date Agency Kiriyenko Yavlinsky Against all
15 June 1999 VCIOM[68] 19% 29% 52%

Lebed — Primakov[]

Date Agency Lebed Primakov
8 November 1998 FOM[5] 23% 45%

Lebed — Putin[]

Date Agency Lebed Putin Against all Wouldn't vote
15 June 1999 VCIOM[69] 12% 66% 22% N/A
15 August 1999 VCIOM[70] 6% 80% N/A 5%

Lebed — Zyuganov[]

Date Agency Lebed Zyuganov Against all Wouldn't vote
15 February 1998 VCIOM[71] 37% 24% 26% 13%

Luzhkov — Primakov[]

Date Agency Luzhkov Primakov Against all Wouldn't vote
8 November 1998 FOM[5] 25% 40% N/A N/A
30 April 1999 VCIOM[72] 32% 49% 9% 10%
15 June 1999 VCIOM[73] 18% 59% 24% N/A

Luzhkov — Putin[]

Date Agency Luzhkov Putin Wouldn't vote
15 August 1999 VCIOM[74] 10% 77% 5%

Luzhkov — Stepashin[]

Date Agency Luzhkov Stepashin Against all Wouldn't vote
30 April 1999 VCIOM[75] 43% 31% 14% 12%
15 June 1999 VCIOM[76] 28% 30% 42% N/A

Luzhkov — Shoygu[]

Date Agency Luzhkov Shoygu Against all
15 June 1999 VCIOM[77] 31% 27% 42%

Luzhkov — Yavlinsky[]

Date Agency Luzhkov Yavlinsky Against all Wouldn't vote
30 April 1999 VCIOM[78] 45% 28% 15% 12%
15 June 1999 VCIOM[79] 28% 31% 41% N/A

Luzhkov — Zyuganov[]

Date Agency Luzhkov Zyuganov Against all Wouldn't vote
15 February 1998 VCIOM[80] 46% 24% 18% 11%
30 April 1999 VCIOM[81] 45% 32% 13% 10%

Putin — Zhirinovsky[]

Date Agency Putin Zhirinovsky Against All Undecided
15 August 1999 VCIOM[82] 81% 5% 9% 5%

Putin — Zyuganov[]

Date Agency Putin Zyuganov Against All Undecided Wouldn't vote
15 August 1999 VCIOM[83] 67% 23% 6% N/A 4%
30 January 2000 VCIOM[84] 71% 23% 3% N/A 3%
11–14 February 2000 VTsIOM[58] 68% 24% 4% 4% N/A
10–13 March 2000 VTsIOM[58] 64% 26% 6% 4% N/A

Putin — Yavlinsky[]

Date Agency Putin Yavlinsky Against All Undecided Wouldn't vote
15 August 1999 VCIOM[85] 77% 10% 8% N/A 5%
11–14 February 2000 VTsIOM[58] 76% 11% 9% 4% N/A
10–13 March 2000 VTsIOM[58] 72% 10% 12% 6% N/A

Nemtsov — Zyuganov[]

Date Agency Nemtsov Zyuganov Against all Wouldn't vote
15 February 1998 VCIOM[86] 38% 28% 22% 12%

Primakov — Putin[]

Date Agency Primakov Putin Against all Wouldn't vote
15 August 1999 VCIOM[87] 20% 69% 7% 4%
August 2000 VCIOM[88] 18% 75% 4% 3%

Primakov — Stepashin[]

Date Agency Primakov Stepashin Against all Wouldn't vote
30 April 1999 VCIOM[89] 54% 25% 11% 10%

Primakov — Yavlinsky[]

Date Agency Primakov Yavlinsky Against all Wouldn't vote
8 November 1998 FOM[5] 45% 20% N/A N/A
30 April 1999 VCIOM[90] 56% 23% 11% 10%
15 August 1999 VCIOM[91] 46% 21% 25% 8%

Primakov — Zyuganov[]

Date Agency Primakov Zyuganov Against both Wouldn't vote
8 November 1998 FOM[5] 43% 25% N/A N/A
30 April 1999 VCIOM[92] 55% 25% 10% 9%

Primakov — Zyuganov[]

Date Agency Primakov Zyuganov Against both Wouldn't vote
8 November 1998 FOM[5] 43% 25% N/A N/A
30 April 1999 VCIOM[92] 55% 25% 10% 9%
15 August 1999 VCIOM[93] 42% 26% 26% 10%

Putin — Shoygu[]

Date Agency Putin Shoygu Against all
15 June 1999 VCIOM[94] 64% 12% 24%

Putin — Stepashin[]

Date Agency Putin Stepashin Against all Wouldn't vote
15 August 1999 VCIOM[95] 80% 6% 9% 5%

Stepashin – Yavlinsky[]

Date Agency Stepashin Yavlinsky Against all Wouldn't vote
15 April 1999 VCIOM[96] 40% 29% 18% 13%
15 June 1999 VCIOM[97] 26% 30% 43% N/A

Stepashin – Zyuganov[]

Date Agency Stepashin Zyuganov Against all Wouldn't vote
15 February 1998 VCIOM[98] 44% 32% 15% 10%

Yavlinsky – Zyuganov[]

Date Agency Yavlinsky Zyuganov Against all Wouldn't vote
15 February 1998 VCIOM[99] 35% 27% 25% 13%
30 April 1999 VCIOM[100] 37% 34% 18% 11%
15 August 1999 VCIOM[101] 35% 29% 29% 7%

Yeltsin — Zyuganov[]

Date Agency Yeltsin Zyuganov Against all Wouldn't vote Undecided
15 February 1998 VCIOM[102] 27% 26% 27% 13% 8%

Subnational polls[]

Moscow[]

Date Agency Putin Zyuganov Yavlinsky Zhirinovsky Govorukhin Against All Undecided/ no reply Wouldn't vote
18 January 2000 FOM[103] 37% 5% 3% 1% N/A 4% 32% 7%
24 January 2000 FOM[103] 34% 5% 5% 1% N/A 4% 28% 8%
31 January 2000 FOM[103] 33% 5% 4% 0% N/A 4% 36% 8%
7 February 2000 FOM[103] 34% 6% 6% 1% N/A 6% 36% 6%
14 February 2000 FOM[103] 31% 6% 6% 1% N/A 6% 37% 9%
21 February 2000 FOM[103] 36% 6% 7% 1% 0% 5% 33% 6%
28 February 2000 FOM[103] 35% 7% 6% 1% 0% 6% 36% 5%
6 March 2000 FOM[103] 35% 7% 6% 1% 1% 8% 33% 7%
13 March 2000 FOM[103] 34% 8% 9% 1% 0% 7% 34% 5%
20 March 2000 FOM[103] 33% 7% 8% 1% 0% 5% 36% 7%

Notes[]

  1. ^ Ekaterina Lakhova (DZhR) 0%, Yury Skokov (КRО) 0%, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Ind.) 0%, Anatoly Sobchak (NDR) 0%, Yegor Stroyev (Ind.) 0%
  2. ^ Yury Skokov (КRО) 0%, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Ind.) 0%, Anatoly Sobchak (NDR) 0%, Yegor Stroyev (Ind.) 0%
  3. ^ Yury Skokov (КRО) 0%, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Ind.) 0%, Anatoly Sobchak (NDR) 0%, Yegor Stroyev (Ind.) 0%

Sources[]

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  4. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-03-12. Retrieved 2018-03-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ^ a b c d e f "База данных ФОМ > 2000 ГОД: ПРЕДПОЧТЕНИЯ И ПРОГНОЗЫ ИЗБИРАТЕЛЕЙ". bd.fom.ru.
  6. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-03-11. Retrieved 2018-03-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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