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Oromo people

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the language, see Oromo language.

See also: Cushitic peoples and Horn of Africa

Oromo
Oromoo (Oromo)
Regions with significant populations
 Ethiopia35,175,000 (2020)[1]
 Kenya656,636 (2019)[2]
 Somalia87,000[3]
 United States10,000[4]
 Australia2,030 (2014)[5]
 Canada3,350 (2016)[6]
Languages
Oromo
Religion
Islam (55%)

Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (32%)

Pentay (9%)

Traditional religion (Waaqeffanna) (4%)[7]
Related ethnic groups
Afar  · Agaw  · Amhara  · Beja  · Gurage  · Saho  · Somali  · Tigrayans  · Tigre  · Sidama  · other Cushitic peoples[8][9]

The Oromo (pron. /ˈɒrəmoʊ/[10] or /ɔːˈroʊmoʊ/;[11][12] Oromo: Oromoo) are a Cushitic ethnic group and nation native to the Oromia region of Ethiopia and Kenya who speak the Oromo language as their mother tongue (also called Afaan Oromoo or Oromiffa), which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia and represent 34.5% of Ethiopia's population.[13]

Oromo used the gadaa system as the form of governance.[14][15] A leader elected by the gadaa system remains in power for 8 years, with an election taking place at the end of those 8 years.[16][17][18] Oromo has traditional religion known as Waaqeffanna, an ancient monotheistic religion [19]

Origins and nomenclature

Map of Ethiopia highlighting the Oromia Region

The origins and prehistory of the Oromo people prior to the 16th century are based on Oromo oral tradition.[20][21] Older and subsequent colonial era documents mention the Oromo people as Galla, which has now developed derogatory connotations,[22] but these documents were generally written by members of other ethnic groups.[20][21][23] The first verifiable record mentioning the Oromo people by a European cartographer is in the map made by the Italian Fra Mauro in 1460, which uses the term "Galla".[24]

Fra Mauro's term "Galla" is the most used term, however, until the early 20th century. The term, stated Juxon Barton in 1924, was in use for Oromo people by Abyssinians and Arabs.[25] It was a term for a river and a forest, as well as for the pastoral people established in the highlands of southern Ethiopia.[26] This historical information, according to Mohammed Hassen, is consistent with the written and oral traditions of the Somalis.[25] A journal published by International African Institute suggests it is an Oromo word (adopted by neighbours) for there is a word galla "wandering" or "to go home" in their language.[27][28]

The Oromo never called themselves "Galla" and resist its use because the term is considered derogatory.[29] They traditionally identified themselves by one of their clans (gosas) and now use the common umbrella term of Oromo which connotes "free born people".[30][31] The word Oromo is derived from Ilm Orma meaning "children of Orma",[32] or "sons of Men",[33] or "person, stranger".[34] The first known use of the word Oromo to refer to the ethnic group is traceable to 1893.[35]

Irreechaa celebrations

After Fra Mauro's mention, there is a profusion of literature about the peoples of this region including the Oromo, particularly mentioning their wars and resistance to religious conversion, primarily by European explorers, Catholic Christians missionaries.[24] The earliest primary account of Oromo ethnography is the 16th-century "History of Galla" by Christian monk Bahrey who comes from the Sidama country of Gammo, written in the Ge'ez language.[27][24][36] According to an 1861 book by D'Abbadie. The Oromo are mentioned as the Galla in several Maps and Historical events. One mention of the Oromo before the (Oromo expansion), was when the Oromo led a campaign against the Sultanate of Ifat the campaigned being named Meeshii Dir Dhabe. The Oromo led a expedition against the Cisee Dir clan who inhabited the great city. The Cisse clan would be victorious ending the campaign. The Cisee would rule the city for the next 2 centuries till the expansion/Migration of the Oromo. One inscription of the Oromo from the 14th century notes that the Oromo were inhabiting Ethiopia much before the Oromo migration and founded several Civilisations many of which Wej, Bale, Arsi, Dawaro, as well as others.[37][38] Sihabudin also mentioned that the who now inhabit Hararghe, were living in Dawaro much before the Oromo migration.[39] historical evidence, suggests that the Oromo people were already established in the southern highlands in or before the 15th century and that at least some Oromo people were interacting with other Ethiopian ethnic groups.[40] According to Alessandro Triulzi The Oromo would get in contact and interact with the Nilo Saharan Groups.[41]

Historical linguistics and comparative ethnology studies suggest that the Oromo people probably originated around the lakes Lake Chew Bahir and Lake Chamo.[24][23] They are a Cushitic people who have inhabited the East and Northeast Africa since at least the early 1st millennium. The aftermath of the sixteenth century Ethiopian–Adal war led to Oromos to move to the north.[42] The Harla were assimilated by the Oromo in Ethiopia.[43] While Oromo people have lived in the region for a long time, the ethnic mixture of peoples who have lived here is unclear.[41] The Oromos increased their numbers through Oromization (Meedhicca, Mogasa and Gudifacha), assimilation, and forced assimilation of other ethnic groups, as well as the inclusion of mixed peoples (Gabbaro).[41] The native ancient names of the territories were replaced by the name of the Oromo clans who conquered it while the people were made Gabbaros.[41][44][45][46]

History

Main articles: History of Ethiopia, Kingdom of Jimma, and Limmu-Ennarea
Photograph taken during the Magdala Campaign of 1867–68 Queen of the "Oromos" and Son.

Pre-19th century

Map showing the location of the five Oromo kingdoms in the Gibe region.

Historically, Afaan Oromo-speaking people used their own Gadaa system of governance. Oromos also had a number of independent kingdoms, which they shared with the Sidama people. Among these were the Gibe region kingdoms of Kaffa, Gera, Gomma, Garo, Gumma, Jimma, Leeqa-Nekemte and Limmu-Ennarea.

They would also establish dynasties such as the that would be de-facto rulers of Ethiopian empire from 1769-1855 this period was known as , they would particularly have control over the provinces of Begemder and Gojjam.[47] Notable rulers such as Gugsa of Yejju found cities like Debre Tabor[48] and for a period even change the official language of the empire from Amharic to Oromiffa during the rule of the half-Oromo emperor Iyoas I[47]

Oromos would also establish several Muslim states and dynasties in what was Wollo Province six to be exact, this included Qallu, House of the Borana and Gattiroch, The Arreloch, and the two longest and the most important ones: and the also called the Mahammadoch dynasty

The Warra Himano (1700-1916) would use Islam as a resistance ideology with vigor, creative ways to resist the Christian Abyssinian territorial expansion and cultural encroachment, this was the second Muslim Oromo state to be established in Wollo, the first to declare Jihad in the name and interest of Islam, the first to adopt the title of “imam” for its rulers and the longest lasting one. It reached its zenith of power under Imam Muhammad Ali (1771-1785) a far sighted leader, a resourceful politician and a fervent Muslim who made Sharia the basis of the law in the state.[49]

Another ruler, Amade II (1815-1838) Wollo would become the most active centre of Islam teachings in the Horn of Africa, Amade is even reported to have asked Muhammad Ali of Egypt to help him conquer and convert northern Ethiopia and its peoples, Amade was considered by many one of the most important if not the most important Muslim ruler of Ethiopia by his time Wollo had become a veritable Islamic state in the heartland of Christian Ethiopia, the rise of Muslim Oromo power in Wollo was instrumental in the revival of Christian nationalism in Abyssinia.[49]

The Warra Himano dynasty would convert many Amhara christians to Islam during its rule, and at the zenith of its power Mammadoch dynasty had their hegemony accepted in the various parts of Wollo: Ambasel, Qallu, Borena, Wore-Illu and Amhara Sayint. The territory extended from Abbay river in the west to Qallu and Garfa area in the east and Wänchit and Jama rivers in the south. Moreover, under the leadership of Kollasse Amade, the Mammedoch had even started to take part in the power struggle among the lords of northern Ethiopia at Gonder.[50]

Notable rulers such as King of Wollo and the uncrowned emperor of Ethiopia, Lij Iyasu (1913-1916) descend from this ruling family.[50]

Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis Dinagde was Prime Minister of Ethiopia and Ministry of Defense during the reign of Menelik II

The earliest known documented and detailed history of the Oromo people was by the Ethiopian monk Abba Bahrey who wrote Zenahu lä Galla in 1593, though the synonymous term Gallas was mentioned in maps[24] or elsewhere much earlier.[51][52] After the 16th century, they are mentioned more often, such as in the records left by Abba Pawlos, Joao Bermudes, Jerorimo Lobo, Galawdewos, Sarsa Dengel and others. These records suggest that the Oromo were pastoral people in their history, who stayed together. Their animal herds began to expand rapidly and they needed more grazing lands. They began migrating, not together, but after separating. They lacked kings, and had elected leaders called luba based on a gada system of government instead. By the late 16th century, two major Oromo confederations emerged: Afre and Sadaqa, which respectively refer to four and three in their language, with Afre emerging from four older clans, and Sadaqa out of three.[51] These Oromo confederations were originally located in south-central Ethiopia, specifically the northwest of the Borena Zone near Lake Abaya,[53] but started moving north in the 16th century in what is termed as the "Great Oromo Migration".[51][54][55]

According to Richard Pankhurst, a British-born Ethiopian historian, this migration is linked to the first incursions into inland Horn of Africa by Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim.[56] According to historian Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst, the migration was one of the consequences of the fierce Ethiopian–Adal war which killed a lot of people and depopulated the regions near the Galla lands, but also probably a result of droughts in their traditional homelands. Further, they acquired horses and their gada system helped coordinate well equipped Oromo warriors who enabled fellow Oromos to advance and settle into newer regions starting in the 1520s. This expansion continued through the 17th century.[57][54]

Both peaceful integration and violent competition between Oromos and other neighboring ethnicities such as the Amhara, Sidama, Afar and the Somali affected politics the Oromo community.[56][55] Between 1500 and 1800, there were waves of wars and struggle between highland Christians, coastal Muslim and polytheist population in the Horn of Africa. This caused a major redistribution of populations. The northern, eastern and western movement of the Oromos from the south around 1535 mirrored the large-scale expansion by Somalis inland. The 1500–1800 period also saw relocation of the Amhara people, and helped influence contemporary ethnic politics in Ethiopia.[58]

According to oral and literary evidence, Borana Oromo clan and Garre Somali clan mutually victimized each other in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, particularly near their eastern borders. There were also periods of relative peace.[59][60] According to Günther Schlee, the Garre Somali clan replaced the Borana Oromo clan as the dominant ethnic group in this region. The Borana violence against their neighbors, states Schlee, was unusual and unlike their behavior inside their community where violence was considered deviant.[61]

Demographics

Dejazmach Balcha Safo/Aba Nefso fought in the First Italo-Ethiopian War, Second Italo-Ethiopian War and Arbegnoch between 1936 and 1941

The Oromos are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia (34.9% of the population),[13] numbering about 37 million.[62] They are predominantly concentrated in Oromia Region in central Ethiopia, the largest region in the country by both population and area. They speak Afaan Oromoo, the official language of Oromia.[63] Oromos constitute the third most populous ethnic group among Africans as a whole and the most populous among Horners specifically.[64]

Oromo also have a notable presence in northern Kenya in the Marsabit County, Isiolo County and Tana River County Totaling to about 656,636: 276,236 Borana 141,200 Gabra 158,000 Orma 45,200 Sakuye 20,000 Waata 16,000 . There are also Oromo in the former Wollo and Tigray provinces of Ethiopia.[65]

Subgroups

Main article: List of Oromo subgroups and clans

The Oromo are consists two major branches that break down into an assortment of clan families. From west to east. The Borana Oromo, also called the Booranaa, are a semi-pastoralist group living in southern Oromia and northern Kenya.[66][67] The Borana inhabit the Borena Zone of the Oromia Region of Ethiopia and the former Northern Frontier District (now northern Kenya) of Northern Kenya.[66][68] They speak a dialect of Afaan Oromo. The Oromo language.[68] Barentu/Barentoo or (older) Baraytuma is the other moiety of the Oromo people. The Barentu Oromo inhabit the eastern parts of the Oromia Region in the Zones of West Hararghe, Arsi Zone, Bale Zone, Dire Dawa city, the Jijiga Zone of the Somali Region, Administrative Zone 3 of the Afar Region, Oromia Zone of the Amhara Region, and are also found in the Raya Azebo Aanaas in the Tigray Region.

Language

Main article: Oromo language

Oromo, is written with Latin characters known as Qubee.The Sapalo script was invented by the Oromo scholar Sheikh Bakri Sapalo (also known by his birth name, Abubaker Usman Odaa) during the 1950s.[69] Oromo serves as one of the official languages of Ethiopia[70] and is also the working language of several of the states within the Ethiopian federal system including Oromia,[71] Harari and Dire Dawa regional states and of the Oromia Zone in the Amhara Region. It is a language of primary education in Oromia, Harari, Dire Dawa, Benishangul-Gumuz and Addis Ababa and of the Oromia Zone in the Amhara Region. It is used as an internet language for federal websites along with Tigrinya.[72][73]

More than 33.8% of Ethiopia's population are Oromo mother-tongue speakers, which makes it the most widely spoken primary language in Ethiopia.[71][74] It is also the most widely spoken Cushitic language and the fourth-most widely spoken language of Africa, after Arabic, Hausa and Swahili.[75] Oromo is spoken as a first language by more than 37 million Oromo people in Ethiopia and by an additional half-million in parts of northern and eastern Kenya.[76] It is also spoken by smaller numbers of emigrants in other African countries, such as South Africa, Libya, Egypt and Sudan. Besides first language speakers, a number of members of other ethnicities who are in contact with the Oromo speak it as a second language, such as the Omotic-speaking Bambassi[77] and the Nilo-Saharan-speaking Kwama[78] in western Ethiopia.

Religion

See also: Waaqeffanna

The Oromo followed their traditional religion Waaqeffanna and resistant to religious conversion before assimilation in sultanates and Christian kingdoms.[24][19][45][46] The influential 30-year war from 1529 to 1559 between the three parties – the Oromo, the Christians and the Muslims – dissipated the political strengths of all three. The religious beliefs of the Oromo people evolved in this socio-political environment.[45] In the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, Protestant or Catholic missionaries efforts abled to create Oromo Protestant or Catholic followers.[79]

In the mid and late 19th century, the Ethiopian emperors were faced with widespread rifts and disputes in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and crippling ethnic and religious divisions that plagued the empire and exposed it to the intervention and meddling of neighboring Muslims (especially Egypt and the Ottoman Empire) and European powers. The emperors that ruled in that period, Tewodros II, Yohannes IV, and Menelik II, thus strove to suppress disunion and schism both within and without the Ethiopian Church and were often intolerant towards other religions. The Wollo Oromo, the Arsi Oromo, and the Tulama Oromo were among those who violently clashed with the Ethiopian expansion in the region in the 19th century and the empire's attempts at enforcing unity through the propagation of Orthodox Christianity, as the majority of these groups were not Christian at the time.[80][81]

In the 2007 Ethiopian census for Oromia region, which included both Oromo and non-Oromo residents, there was a total of 13,107,963 followers of Christianity (8,204,908 Orthodox, 4,780,917 Protestant, 122,138 Catholic), 12,835,410 followers of Islam, 887,773 followers of traditional religions, and 162,787 followers of other religions. Accordingly, the Oromia region is 48.1% Christian (8,204,908 or 30.4% Orthodox, 4,780,917 or 17.7% Protestant, 122,138 Catholic), 47.6% Muslim and 3.3% followers of traditional religions[82]

According to a 2009 publication of Association of Muslim Social Scientists and International Institute of Islamic Thought, "probably just over 60% of the Oromos follow Islam, over 30% follow Christianity and less than 3% follow traditional religion".[83]

According to a 2016 estimate by James Minahan, about half of the Oromo people are Sunni Muslim, a third are Ethiopian Orthodox, and the rest are mostly Protestants or follow their traditional religious beliefs.[84] The traditional religion is more common in southern Oromo populations and Christianity more common in and near the urban centers, while Muslims are more common near the Somalian border and in the north.[65]

Cuisine

Main article: Ethiopian cuisine

Oromo dishes

The Oromos' cuisine consists of various vegetable or meat side dishes and entrées. Oromo do not eat pork.[85] Ancestors of today's Oromo people in a region of Oromia in Ethiopia were the first to cultivate coffee plant and recognise the energising effect of the coffee.[86]

Typical Oromo cuisine: Biddena (pancake-like bread) and several kinds of sauce, stew (slow cooked beef, lamb, goat, chicken) and on top of entrees.
A Foon Akaawwii: Foon Akaawwii looks like this at a restaurant Addis Ababa
  • Foon Akaawwii – minced roasted meat; specially seasoned
  • Waaddii – outdoor grilled meat on heat bead or wood fire
  • Anchotte – a common dish in the western part of Oromia (Wallaga)
  • Baduu – liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained (cheese)
  • Maarqaa – porridge like made from wheat, honey, milk, chili and spices
  • Chechebsaa – shredded biddena stir-fried with chili powder and cheese
  • Qoocco – also known as kocho, it is not the Gurage type of kocho but a different kind; a common dish in the western part of Oromia
  • Itto – comprises all sorts of vegetables (tomato, potato, ginger, garlic), meat (lamb)
  • chukkoo – also known as Micira; a sweet flavor of whole grain, seasoned with butter and spices[87]
  • Chororsaa – a common dish in the western part of Oromia
  • Hulbata- slow cooked thick stew, made up of organic fenugreek seed powder, potato, lamb rib or loin chops seasoned with chili, garlic and tomato spices served on top of Biddena; mostly cooked in East Hararghe Zone and West Hararghe Zone of Oromia
  • Dokkee – a common dish throughout Oromia state
  • Qince – similar to Marqaa but made from shredded grains as opposed to flour
  • Qorso (Akaayii) – as snacks Oromia state
  • Dadhii – a drink made from honey
  • Farsho – Beer like, made from barley
  • Buna – a lot of Coffee[88]

Gadaa

Main article: Gadaa
Gadaa flag

Oromo people governed themselves in accordance with Gadaa system long before the 16th century. The system regulates political, economic, social and religious activities of the community.[89] Oromo were traditionally a culturally homogeneous society with genealogical ties.[90] A male born in the Oromo clan went through five stages of eight years, where his life established his role and status for consideration to a Gadaa office.[90] Every eight years, the Oromo would choose by consensus nine leaders for the office.[91][92] A leader elected by the gadaa system remains in power only for 8 years, with an election taking place at the end of those 8 years.[16][17][18]

There are three Gadaa Organs of Governance: Gadaa Council, Gadaa General Assembly (gumi gayo), and the Qallu Assembly. Gadaa Council is considered as it is the collective achievements the members of the Gadaa class. It is responsible in coordinating irreecha. Gadaa General Assembly is the legislative body of the Gadaa government, while Qallu Assembly is the religious institution.[93]

Calendar

Further information: Borana calendar

The Oromo people developed a luni-solar calendar, which different geographically and religiously distinct Oromo communities use the same calendar. This calendar is sophisticated and similar to ones found among the Chinese, the Hindus and the Mayans. It was tied to the traditional religion of the Oromos, and used to schedule the Gadda system of elections and power transfer.[94]

In the 5000m women: Tirunesh Dibaba of Ethiopia sets new world record time 14:11:15

The Borana Oromo calendar system was once thought to be based upon an earlier Cushitic calendar developed around 300 BC found at Namoratunga. Reconsideration of the Namoratunga site led astronomer and archaeologist Clive Ruggles to conclude that there is no relationship.[95] The new year of the Oromo people, according to this calendar, falls in the month of October.[96] The calendar has no weeks but a name for each day of the month. It is a lunar-stellar calendar system.[97][98]

Oromumma

Some modern authors such as Gemetchu Megerssa have proposed the concept of Oromumma, or "Oromoness" as a cultural common between Oromo people.[99] The word is derived by combining "Oromo" with the Arabic term "Ummah" (community). However, according to Terje Østebø and other scholars this term is a neologism from the late 1990s and has been questioned to its link to Oromo ethno-nationalism and Salafi Islamic discourse, in their disagreement with Christian Amhara and other ethnic groups.[100]

The Oromo people, depending on their geographical location and historical events, have variously converted to Islam, to Christianity, or remained with their traditional religion (Waaqeffanna). According to Gemetchu Megerssa, the subjective reality is that "neither traditional Oromo rituals nor traditional Oromo beliefs function any longer as a cohesive and integral symbol system" for the Oromo people, not just regionally but even locally.[99] The cultural and ideological divergence within the Oromo people, in part from their religious differences, is apparent from the constant impetus for negotiations between broader Oromo spokespersons and those Oromo who are Ahl al-Sunna followers, states Terje Østebø.[101] The internally evolving cultural differences within the Oromos have led some scholars such as Mario Aguilar and Abdullahi Shongolo to conclude that "a common identity acknowledged by all Oromo in general does not exist".[102]

Social stratification

This photo represents the varieties of dress and hairstyle of the Oromo culture.The child sitting in front of the group is dressed in Guji Oromo clothing. The four girls at the back, from left to right, are dressed in Harar, Kamise, Borena and Showa styles and all are Oromo style

Like other ethnic groups in the Horn of Africa and East Africa, Oromo people regionally developed social stratification consisting of four hierarchical strata. The highest strata were the nobles called the Borana, below them were the Gabbaro (some 17th to 19th-century Ethiopian texts refer them as the dhalatta). Below these two upper castes were the despised castes of artisans, and at the lowest level were the slaves.[103]

In the Islamic Kingdom of Jimma, the Oromo society's caste strata predominantly consisted of endogamous, inherited artisanal occupations.[104][105][106] Each caste group has specialized in a particular occupation such as iron working, carpentry, weapon making, pottery, weaving, leather working and hunting.[107][105]

Each caste in the Oromo society had a designated name. For example, Tumtu were smiths, Fuga were potters, Faqi were tanners and leatherworkers, Semmano were weavers, Gagurtu were bee keepers and honey makers, and Watta were hunters and foragers.[104][108][109] While slaves were a stratum within the society, many Oromos, regardless of caste, were sold into slavery elsewhere. By the 19th century, Oromo slaves were sought after and a major part of slaves sold in Gondar and Gallabat slave markets at Ethiopia-Sudan border, as well as the Massawa and Tajura markets on the Red Sea.[110][111]

Livelihood

Oromo villagers in the Oromia Region

The Oromo people are engaged in many occupations. The southern Oromo (specifically the Borana Oromo) are largely pastoralists who raise goats and cattle. Other Oromo groups have a more diverse economy which includes agriculture and work in urban centers. Some Oromo also sell many products and food items like coffee beans (coffee being a favorite beverage among the Oromo) at local markets.[112]

Contemporary era

Human rights issues

In December 2009, a 96-page report titled Human Rights in Ethiopia: Through the Eyes of the Oromo Diaspora, compiled by the , documented human rights violations against the Oromo in Ethiopia under three successive regimes: the Ethiopian Empire under Haile Selassie, the Marxist Derg and the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), dominated by members of the Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) and which was accused to have arrested approximately 20,000 suspected OLF members, to have driven most OLF leadership into exile, and to have effectively neutralized the OLF as a political force in Ethiopia.[113]

According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Oromia Support Group (OSG) recorded 594 extrajudicial killings of Oromos by Ethiopian government security forces and 43 disappearances in custody between 2005 and August 2008.[114]

Starting in November 2015, during a wave of mass protests, mainly by Oromos, over the expansion of the municipal boundary of the city of Addis Ababa into Oromia, over 500 people have been killed and many more have been injured, according to human-rights advocates and independent monitors.[115][116] The protests have since spread to other ethnic groups and encompass wider social grievances.[116] Ethiopia declared a state of emergency in response to Oromo and Amhara protests in October 2016.

With the rising political unrest, there was ethnic violence involving the Oromo such as the Oromo–Somali clashes between the Oromo and the ethnic Somalis, leading to up to 400,000 to be displaced in 2017.[117] Gedeo–Oromo clashes between the Oromo and the Gedeo people in the south of the country, and continued violence in the Oromia-Somali border region led to Ethiopia having the largest number of people to flee their homes in the world in 2018, with 1.4 million newly displaced people.[118] In September 2018 in the minorities protest that took place in Oromia near Addis Ababa, 23 people were killed following the deaths of 43 Oromos in the Addis Ababa neighborhood of .[119] Some have blamed the rise in ethnic violence in the Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne on the Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed for giving space to groups formerly banned by previous Tigrayan led governments, such as the Oromo Liberation Front and Ginbot 7.[120]

Protests broke out across Ethiopia, chiefly in the Oromia Region, following the assassination of musician Hachalu Hundessa on 29 June 2020, leading to the deaths of at least 200 people.[121] On 30 June 2020, a statue of former Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie in London was destroyed by Oromo protestors.[122] in response to killing most popular and famous singer and grievances of Oromo language banned from education, and the use in administration under Haile Selassie regime.[123][124][125]

Political organizations

The resettlements Oromo was affected Abyssinian state. Subsequently, the Oromo played a major role in the internal dynamics of Ethiopia.[126] Accordingly, Oromos played major roles in all three main political movements in Ethiopia (centralist, federalist and secessionist) during the 19th and 20th century. In addition to holding high powers during the centralist government and the monarchy, the Raya Oromos in the Tigray regional state played a major role in the "Weyane" revolt, challenging Emperor Haile Selassie I's rule in the 1940s.[127] Simultaneously, both federalist and secessionist political forces developed inside the Oromo community.[citation needed]

At present a number of ethnic-based political organizations have been formed to promote the interests of the Oromo. The first was the Mecha and Tulama Self-Help Association founded in January 1963, but disbanded by the government after several increasingly tense confrontations in November 1966.[128] Later groups include the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (OFDM), the (ULFO), the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia (IFLO), the Oromia Liberation Council (OLC), the Oromo National Congress (ONC, recently changed to OPC) and others. Another group, the Oromo People's Democratic Organization (OPDO), is one of the four parties that form the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) coalition. the ONC, for example, was part of the United Ethiopian Democratic Forces coalition that challenged the EPRDF in the Ethiopian general elections of 2005.[citation needed]

A number of these groups seek to create an independent Oromo nation, some using armed force. Meanwhile, the ruling OPDO and several opposition political parties in the Ethiopian parliament believe in the ethnic federalism. But most Oromo opposition parties in Ethiopia condemn the economic and political inequalities in the country. Progress has been very slow, with the Oromia International Bank just recently established in 2008, though Oromo-owned Awash International Bank started early in the 1990s.[citation needed]

Radio broadcasts began in Oromo language in Somalia in 1960 by Radio Mogadishu.[129] Within Kenya there has been radio broadcasting in Oromo (in the Borana dialect) on the Voice of Kenya since at least the 1980s.[130] Broadcasting in Oromo thought in Ethiopia as it would break radio until 1974 revolution in which Radio Harar began broadcasting.[131] [132] The first private Afaan Oromoo newspaper in Ethiopia, Jimma Times, also known as Oromo: Yeroo, was recently established, but it has faced a lot of harassment and persecution from the Ethiopian government since its beginning.[133][134][135][136][137] Abuse of Oromo media is widespread in Ethiopia and reflective of the general oppression Oromos face in the country.[138]

Various human rights organizations have publicized the government persecution of Oromos in Ethiopia for decades. In 2008, OFDM opposition party condemned the government's indirect role in the death of hundreds of Oromos in western Ethiopia.[139] According to Amnesty International, "between 2011 and 2014, at least 5000 Oromos have been arrested based on their actual or suspected peaceful opposition to the government. These include thousands of peaceful protestors and hundreds of opposition political party members. The government anticipates a high level of opposition in Oromia, and signs of dissent are sought out and regularly, sometimes pre-emptively, suppressed. In numerous cases, actual or suspected dissenters have been detained without charge or trial, killed by security services during protests, arrests and in detention."[140]

According to Amnesty International, there is a sweeping repression in the Oromo region of Ethiopia.[140] On 12 December 2015, the German broadcaster Deutsche Welle reported violent protests in the Oromo region of Ethiopia in which more than 20 students were killed. According to the report, the students were protesting against the government's re-zoning plan named 'Addis Ababa Master Plan'.

On 2 October 2016, between 55 and 300 festival goers were massacred at the most sacred and largest event among the Oromo, the Irreecha cultural thanksgiving festival.[141] In just one day, dozens were killed and many more injured in what will go down in history as one of the darkest days for the Oromo people. Every year, millions of Oromos, the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia, gather in Bishoftu for this annual celebration. However this year, the festive mood quickly turned chaotic after Ethiopian security forces responded to peaceful protests by firing tear gas and live bullets at over two million people surrounded by a lake and cliffs. In the week that followed, angry youth attacked government buildings and private businesses. On 8 October, the government responded by abusive and far-reaching state of emergency lifted in August 2017.[142] During the state of emergency, security forces arbitrarily detained over 21,000 people.[143]

Notable people

Oromo distance running champion Kenenisa Bekele.
Oromo track and field athlete Maryam Yusuf Jamal.

Arts and history

Athletes

Footballer

Business and humanitarian

Military

Politics

Religion

  • Abune Petros - Bishop[160][161]
  • Gudina Tumsa - theologian and General Secretary of the Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus.
  • Onesimos Nesib – Christian convert who translated the Bible into Oromo.

Royals

Scholars

Nationalism, Resistance

See also

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Further reading

  • Donald N. Levine (2014). Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-22967-6.
  • Tsega Etefa, Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. ISBN 978-0-230-11774-7
  • Mohammed Hassan, The Oromo of Ethiopia, A History 1570–1860. Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1994. ISBN 0-932415-94-6
  • Herbert S. Lewis. A Galla Monarchy: Jimma Abba Jifar, Ethiopia 1830–1932. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1965.
  • "RIC Query – Ethiopia". INS Resource Information Center. Archived from the original on 1 November 2005. Retrieved 8 October 2005.
  • Temesgen M. Erena, Oromia: 'Civilisation, Colonisation And Underdevelopment, Oromia Quarterly, No.1, July 2002, ISSN 1460-1346.

External links

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