Outdoor recreation

Camping in the Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh, India

Outdoor recreation or outdoor activity refers to recreation engaged in out of doors, most commonly in natural settings. The activities that encompass outdoor recreation vary depending on the physical environmental they are being carried out in. These activities can include fishing, hunting, backpacking, and horseback riding — and can be completed individually or collectively. Outdoor recreation is a broad concept that encompasses a varying range of activities and landscapes.

Outdoor recreation is typically pursued for purposes of physical exercise, general wellbeing, spiritual renewal, and an opportunity to partake in nature whilst doing so.^[1] While a wide variety of outdoor recreational activities can be classified as sports, they do not all demand that a participant be an athlete. Rather, it is the collectivist idea ^[2] that is at the fore in outdoor recreation, as outdoor recreation does not necessarily encompass the same degree of competitiveness or rivalry that is embodied in sporting matches or championships. Competition generally is less stressed than in individual or team sports organized into opposing squads in pursuit of a trophy or championship.^[a] When the activity involves exceptional excitement, physical challenge, or risk, it is sometimes referred to as "adventure recreation" or "adventure training", rather than an extreme sport.

Other traditional examples of outdoor recreational activities include hiking, camping, mountaineering, cycling, dog walking, canoeing, caving, kayaking, rafting, rock climbing, running, sailing, skiing, sky diving and surfing. As new pursuits, often hybrids of prior ones, emerge, they gain their own identities, such as coasteering, canyoning, fastpacking, and plogging.

Lungomare of Barcola in Trieste in the direction Miramare Castle, a place for urban outdoor recreation

In many cities, recreational areas for various outdoor activities are created for the population.^[3] These include natural parks, parks, sports facilities but also areas with free sea access such as the beach area of Venice Beach in California, the Promenade des Anglais in Nice or the waterfront of Barcola in Trieste.

Purpose[]

A seating area surrounding a bushland in Sydney, Australia

Outdoor recreation includes a variety of activities that individuals can participate in. Although most of the activities are established sports, individuals can participate without association with teams, competitions or clubs. ^[4] Activities include backpacking, canoeing, canyoning, caving, climbing, hiking, hill walking, hunting, kayaking, and rafting. Broader groupings include water sports, snow sports, and horseback riding.

Outdoor recreation allows individuals to engage in physical activity while being outdoors. Various activities can be completed individually or communally.^[5] Sports which are mainly played indoors or other settings such as fields are able to transition to an outdoor setting for recreational and non-competitive purposes. Outdoor activities can serve as both a physical and social setting. Recreation in nature provides opportunity for individuals to practice, enhance and learn new skills, test stamina and endurance, and partake in fun social settings.

Walking alongside towering trees lining the Avenue of the Pines in Saratoga Spa State Park, New York

Whitewater rafting

^[6] Outdoor activities are also frequently used as a medium in education and team building.^[7]

List of activities by context[]

Mountain	Forest	Beach and sea	Freshwater	Air	Desert	Family	Cultural and historical	Exercise
Abseiling	Airsoft	Coasteering	Angling/fly fishing	Ballooning	Disc golf	Amateur Photography	Benchmarking (geolocating)	Fitness trail
Backpacking	ATV riding	Clam digging	Canoeing	Gliding	Safari	Amusement park	Indigenous culture	Outdoor fitness
Canyoning		Adventure park	Parasailing	Canyoning	Flying	Safari park	Bungee jumping	Outdoor gym
Caving (Potholing)	Birdwatching	Plogging	Jetskiing	Paragliding	Sandboarding	Camping	Sightseeing	Metal detecting
Disc golf	Camping	Running	Kayaking	Paramotoring		Corn maze	Tourism	Plogging
Ice climbing	Caving (Potholing)	Scuba diving	Raft building	Skydiving		Disc golf
Mountain biking	Disc golf	Snorkeling	Stand Up Paddleboarding	Wingsuit flying		Gardening
Mountain climbing	Elephant safari	Sport fishing	Water sports			Off-leash dog park
Mountaineering	Horseback riding	Swimming	Waterskiing			Outdoor Party
Plogging	Hunting	Water sports	Whitewater rafting			Picnic
Rock climbing	Mushroom hunting	Windsurfing				Plogging
Skiing	Orienteering	Surfing				Swimming
Skyrunning	Paintball					Zip line
Snowboarding	Plogging
Snowshoeing	Tree climbing
Trekking	Wildlife safari

Trekking[]

Trekkers in Gorbea park, south of Biscay in Basque Country, Spain

Trekking is about enjoying a great walk and can be day hikes, overnight or extended hikes. An example of a day trek is hiking during the day and returning at night to a lodge for a hot meal and a comfortable bed. Trekking can be more enjoyable when undertaken while being generally physically fit. Physical preparation for trekking includes cycling, swimming, jogging and long walks. To ensure the safest experience possible it is generally a good idea to have some form of experience with basic survival skills, first aid, and orienteering when going for extended hikes or staying out overnight. It's also expected that backpackers leave no trace while enjoying the outdoors.

Mountain biking[]

Mountain biker in Levin, New Zealand

The activity of mountain biking involves steering a mountain cycle over rocky tracks and around boulder-strewn paths. To tackle the trails, the requirements are physical strength, stamina and a strong mountain cycle. Mountain bikes or ATBs (all-terrain bikes) feature a rugged frame and fork. Their frames are often built of aluminum so they are lightweight and stiff, making them efficient to ride.^[8]

Many styles of mountain biking are practiced, including all mountain, downhill, trials, dirt jumping, trail riding, and cross country.^[9] The latter two are the most common.^[10]

Balance, core strength, and endurance are all physical traits that are required to go mountain biking. Riders also need bike handling skills and the ability to make basic repairs to their bikes. Advanced mountain bikers often attempt technical descents as well as some of the more intense styles of mountain biking, such as down hilling and free riding.

Canyoning[]

Canyoning at Sundarijal, Kathmandu, Nepal

Canyoning is an activity which involves climbing, descending, jumping and trekking through canyons. The sport originates from caving and involves both caving and climbing techniques. When people mention canyoning they are typically referring to descents that involve rope work, down-climbing, or jumps that are technical in nature. Canyoning is frequently done in remote and rugged settings and often requires navigational, route-finding and other wilderness skills.

Education[]

Education is also a popular focus of outdoor activity, as it allows individuals to be immersed in nature whilst undertaking their studies. University outdoor recreation programs are becoming more popular in the United States. Not only is this believed to be beneficial to a students well being and stress levels, but the outdoor environment can be more calming and soothing for the mind. Universities often offer indoor rock climbing walls, equipment rental, ropes courses and trip programming. A few universities give degrees in adventure recreation, which aims to teach graduates how to run businesses in the field of adventure recreation. Along with hands-on training on activities included in adventure recreation, basic courses needed for any business, such as accounting, are required to obtain a degree.^{[citation needed]} The UK house of commons' Education and Skills Committee supports outdoor education. The committee encourages fieldwork projects since it helps in the development of ‘soft’ skills and social skills, particularly in hard to reach children. These activities can also take place on school trips, on visits in the local community or even on the school grounds.^[11]

Outdoor enthusiast[]

Theodore Roosevelt was a noted outdoorsman, conservationist, and big-game hunter

Author and sportsman Ernest Hemingway was a record-holding trophy fisherman, seen here with several marlins caught on a trip to Bimini in 1935

Outdoor enthusiast and outdoorsy are terms for a person who enjoys outdoor recreation. The terms outdoorsman, sportsman, woodsman, or bushman have also been used to describe someone with an affinity for the outdoors.

Some famous outdoor enthusiasts include U.S. president Teddy Roosevelt, Robert Baden-Powell, Ernest Hemingway, Ray Mears, Bear Grylls, Doug Peacock, Richard Wiese, Kenneth "Speedy" Raulerson, Earl Shaffer, Jo Gjende from Norway, Saxton Pope, Randy Stoltmann, Christopher Camuto, Eva Shockey, Jim Shockey, Henry Pittock, Eddie Bauer, Gaylord DuBois, Euell Gibbons, Clay Perry, Arthur Hasketh Groom, Bill Jordan, and Corey Ford. Some pioneering female outdoor enthusiasts include Mary Seacole, Isabella Bird, Emma Rowena Gatewood, Claire Marie Hodges, Mina Benson Hubbard, Beryl Markham, Freya Stark, Margaret Murie, Celia Hunter, Rachel Carson, Terry Tempest Williams, Marjory Stoneman Douglas, Ruth Dyar Mendenhall,^[12] and Arlene Blum.

Sparsely populated areas with mountains, lakes, rivers, scenic views, and rugged terrain are popular with outdoor enthusiasts. In the United States, state parks and national parks offer campgrounds and opportunities for recreation of the sort. In the UK, all of rural Scotland and all those areas of England and Wales designated as "right to roam" areas are available for outdoor enthusiasts on foot. Some areas are also open to mountain bikers and to horse riders.

Culinary techniques and foods popular with outdoor enthusiasts include dutch ovens, grilling, cooking over "open fires" (often with rock fire rings), fish fries, granola, and trail mix (sometimes referred to as GORP for "good old raisins and peanuts").