Paleobiota of the Liushu Formation

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An artist's illustration of the Paleobiota and environment of the upper part of the Liushu formation

The is a geological formation in the Gansu province of China that spans up to 100 m thick and is widely distributed within the , with a paleomagnetic age of between 11 and 6.4 Mya (Upper/Late Miocene).

The formation is divided into three parts which represent three different ages, generally referred to as the "upper part" (youngest, at 6-7 mya), the "middle part" (intermediate, at 9 to 7.6 mya. Also known as the Dashengou fauna, and the "lower part" (oldest).[1][2]

Mammals[]

Ungulata[]

Perissodactyla[]

The displays a lineage of Elasmotheriine rhinoceros throughout its stratigraphy. Iranotherium is restricted to the middle part of the formation but remains become absent in the overlying layers, the only Elasmotheriine that can be found in the upper layers is Sinotherium.

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Upper part
Ancylotherium sp.[3] Guanghe County[3] A Shizotheriine Chalicothere
Hipparion H. coelophyes[3] Guanghe County[3] An ancient horse

Sinotherium

S. lagrelii[3]

Guanghe County[3]

A partial Skull

An Elasmotheriine, ancestral to

Elasmotherium. Displays the important

transition from nose-horned to forehead

horned Rhinos.

Middle part
Acerorhinus hezhengensis A acerorhine rhino

Chilotherium

C. wimani

Guanghe County[3]

A tusked rhino

Hipparion H. chiai An ancient horse
Hipparion H. weihoensis An ancient horse

Iranotherium

I. morgani[2]

Guanghe County[2]

one female skull, one

male skull, and one

isolated mandible

An elasmotheriine with unique sexual

dimorphism. Ancestral to Sinotherium

Lower part
Hipparion H. dongxiangense[4]
sp.
Parelasmotherium P. linxiaense[4] Dongxiang County[4] A mostly complete

skull

A grazing Elasmotheriine that coexisted

with another browsing Elasmotheriine

().

Parelasmotherium P. simplum[4]

Artiodactyla[]

Genus Species County Material Notes Images
Upper part
Dicrocerus sp.[3] Guanghe County[3] an ancient deer
Paleotragus microdon[3] Guanghe County[3] an ancient giraffid
Protoryx sp.[3] Guanghe County[3] an ancient bovid
wimani[3] Guanghe County[3] an ancient bovid
Middle part
Chleuastochoerus stehlini a prehistoric pig
Dicrocerus sp.[3] Guanghe County[3] an ancient deer
Gazella sp.
Hezhengia bohlini a bovid
Honanotherium schlosseri an ancient giraffid
Miotragocerus sp. an extinct antelope
Samotherium sp. an ancient giraffid
Lower part
sp.[4] an ancient bovid

Carnivora[]

Caniformia[]

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images
majori Middle part a musteloid
[3] sinensis[3] Guanghe County[3] Upper part[3] a badger-like mustelid
Promephitis hootoni
Promephitis sp. Middle part a musteloid
sp. Middle part a musteloid
Ursavus[3] sp.[3] Guanghe County[3] Upper part[3] an early bear

Feliformia[]

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images
Amphimachairodus[3] giganteus[3] Guanghe County[3] Upper part[3] to Middle part a homotheriine sabercat
Dinocrocuta gigantea Middle part a gigantic hyena
Felis[3] sp.[3] Guanghe County[3] Upper part[3] to Middle part
Hyaenictitherium[3] wongii[3] Guanghe County[3] Upper part to Middle part[3] a Hyaenid
Hyaenictitherium hyaenoides[3] Upper part to Middle part
Ictitherium[3] sp.[3] Guanghe County[3] Upper part[3] to Middle part a Hyaenid
Metailurus[3] major[3] Guanghe County[3] Upper part[3] a metalurin sabercat

Glires[]

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images
hipparionum Middle part A rodent.

Proboscidea[]

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images
Tetralophodon exoletus Middle part

Birds[]

Genus Species Locality Member Material Notes Images
Linxiavis[5] inaquosus[5] Tibetian plateu, Gansu provinve Middle part - Upper part [5] articulated and associated elements of the

wings, shoulder girdle, vertebrae, and hind limb

An extinct Sandgrouse
Vulture
Ostrich
Pheasant
Falcon
eogruid

References[]

  1. ^ "Vertebrata PalAsiatica, Vol. 42, 2004----Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences". english.ivpp.cas.cn. Retrieved 2020-12-21.
  2. ^ a b c Deng, Tao (2005-06-27). "New discovery of Iranotherium morgani (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China, and its sexual dimorphism". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (2): 442–450. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0442:NDOIMP]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at Deng, Tao; Wang, ShiQi; Hou, SuKuan (2013-05-01). "A bizarre tandem-horned elasmothere rhino from the Late Miocene of northwestern China and origin of the true elasmothere". Chinese Science Bulletin. 58 (15): 1811–1817. Bibcode:2013ChSBu..58.1811D. doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5574-4. ISSN 1861-9541.
  4. ^ a b c d e Deng, Tao (2007-06-12). "Skull of Parelasmotherium (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the upper miocene in the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (2): 467–475. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[467:SOPPRF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
  5. ^ a b c Li, Zhiheng; Stidham, Thomas A.; Deng, Tao; Zhou, Zhonghe (2020-03-31). "Evidence of Late Miocene Peri-Tibetan Aridification From the Oldest Asian Species of Sandgrouse (Aves: Pteroclidae)". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 8: 59. doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.00059. ISSN 2296-701X.
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