Palmitic acid

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Palmitic acid[1]
Palmitic acid.svg
Palmitic-acid-3D-balls.png
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Hexadecanoic acid
Other names
Palmitic acid
C16:0 (Lipid numbers)
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.284 Edit this at Wikidata
IUPHAR/BPS
UNII
Properties
C16H32O2
Molar mass 256.430 g/mol
Appearance White crystals
Density 0.852 g/cm3 (25 °C)[2]
0.8527 g/cm3 (62 °C)[3]
Melting point 62.9 °C (145.2 °F; 336.0 K) [8]
Boiling point 351–352 °C (664–666 °F; 624–625 K) [4]
271.5 °C (520.7 °F; 544.6 K), 100 mmHg[2]
215 °C (419 °F; 488 K), 15 mmHg
0.46 mg/L (0 °C)
0.719 mg/L (20 °C)
0.826 mg/L (30 °C)
0.99 mg/L (45 °C)
1.18 mg/L (60 °C)[5]
Solubility Soluble in amyl acetate, alcohol, CCl4,[5] C6H6
Very soluble in CHCl3[3]
Solubility in ethanol 2 g/100 mL (0 °C)
2.8 g/100 mL (10 °C)
9.2 g/100 mL (20 °C)
31.9 g/100 mL (40 °C)[6]
Solubility in methyl acetate 7.81 g/100 g[5]
Solubility in ethyl acetate 10.7 g/100 g[5]
Vapor pressure 0.051 mPa (25 °C)[3]
1.08 kPa (200 °C)
28.06 kPa (300 °C)[7]
Acidity (pKa) 4.75 [3]
−198.6·10−6 cm3/mol
1.43 (70 °C)[3]
Viscosity 7.8 cP (70 °C)[3]
Thermochemistry
463.36 J/mol·K[7]
452.37 J/mol·K[7]
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298)
 −892 kJ/mol[7]
Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcH⦵298)
 10030.6 kJ/mol[3]
Hazards
GHS pictograms GHS07: Harmful[2]
GHS Signal word Warning
GHS hazard statements
 H319[2]
P305+351+338[2]
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
1
1
0
Flash point 206 °C (403 °F; 479 K) [2]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N  (what is checkY☒N ?)
Infobox references

Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.[9][10] Its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and its C:D {the total number of carbon atoms to the number of carbon-carbon double-bonds} is 16:0. It is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil), making up to 44% of total fats. Meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products also contain palmitic acid, amounting to 50–60% of total fats.[11] Palmitates are the salts and esters of palmitic acid. The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiologic pH (7.4).

Aluminium salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were the gelling agents used with volatile petrochemicals during World War II to produce napalm. The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and palmitic acid.

Occurrence and production[]

Palmitic acid was discovered by Edmond Frémy in 1840, in saponified palm oil.[12] This remains the primary industrial route for its production, with the triglycerides (fats) in palm oil being hydrolysed by high temperature water (above 200 °C or 390 °F), and the resulting mixture fractionally distilled to give the pure product.[13]

Palmitic acid is naturally produced by a wide range of other plants and organisms, typically at low levels. It is naturally present in butter, cheese, milk, and meat, as well as cocoa butter, soybean oil, and sunflower oil. Karukas contain 44.90% palmitic acid.[14] The cetyl ester of palmitic acid (cetyl palmitate) occurs in spermaceti.

Biochemistry[]

Excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. As a consequence, palmitic acid is a major body component of animals. In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21–30% (molar) of human depot fat,[15] and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk.[16] Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation.[17]

Some proteins are modified by the addition of a palmitoyl group in a process known as palmitoylation. Palmitoylation is important for localisation of many membrane proteins.

Applications[]

Surfactant[]

Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mold release agents. These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil. To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm tree (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate.

Hydrogenation of palmitic acid yields cetyl alcohol, which is used to produce detergents and cosmetics.[citation needed]

Foods[]

Because it is inexpensive and adds texture and "mouth feel" to processed foods (convenience food), palmitic acid and its sodium salt find wide use in foodstuffs. Sodium palmitate is permitted as a natural additive in organic products.[18]

Military[]

The aluminium salt is used as a thickening agent of napalm used in military actions.

Health effects[]

According to the World Health Organization, evidence is "convincing" that long-term consumption of palmitic acid increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.[19]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Merck Index, 12th Edition, 7128.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sigma-Aldrich Co., Palmitic acid. Retrieved on 2014-06-02.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g CID 985 from PubChem
  4. ^ Palmitic acid at Inchem.org
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Palmitic acid".
  6. ^ Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1952). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds. Van Nostrand. Retrieved 2014-06-02.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d n-Hexadecanoic acid in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD), http://webbook.nist.gov (retrieved 2014-05-11)
  8. ^ Beare-Rogers, J.; Dieffenbacher, A.; Holm, J.V. (2001). "Lexicon of lipid nutrition (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 73 (4): 685–744. doi:10.1351/pac200173040685. S2CID 84492006.
  9. ^ Gunstone, F. D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra. The Lipid Handbook, 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2007. ISBN 0849396883 | ISBN 978-0849396885
  10. ^ The most common fatty acid is the monounsaturated oleic acid. See: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/965#section=Top
  11. ^ Gianfranca Carta; Elisabetta Murru; Sebastiano Banni; Claudia Manca (8 November 2017). "Palmitic Acid: Physiological Role, Metabolism and Nutritional Implications". Frontiers in Physiology. 8: 902. doi:10.3389/FPHYS.2017.00902. ISSN 1664-042X. PMC 5682332. PMID 29167646. Wikidata Q46799280.
  12. ^ Frémy, E. (1842). "Memoire sur les produits de la saponification de l'huile de palme". Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie. XII: 757.
  13. ^ Anneken, David J.; Both, Sabine; Christoph, Ralf; Fieg, Georg; Steinberner, Udo; Westfechtel, Alfred (2006). "Fatty Acids". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_245.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  14. ^ Purwanto, Y.; Munawaroh, Esti (2010). "Etnobotani Jenis-Jenis Pandanaceae Sebagai Bahan Pangan di Indonesia" [Ethnobotany Types of Pandanaceae as Foodstuffs in Indonesia]. Berkala Penelitian Hayati (in Indonesian). 5A: 97–108. doi:10.5072/FK2/Z6P0OQ. ISSN 2337-389X. OCLC 981032990. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  15. ^ Kingsbury, K. J.; Paul, S.; Crossley, A.; Morgan, D. M. (1961). "The fatty acid composition of human depot fat". Biochemical Journal. 78 (3): 541–550. doi:10.1042/bj0780541. PMC 1205373. PMID 13756126.
  16. ^ Jensen, RG; Hagerty, MM; McMahon, KE (June 1978). "Lipids of human milk and infant formulas: a review". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31 (6): 990–1016. doi:10.1093/ajcn/31.6.990. PMID 352132.
  17. ^ Fatty acid biosynthesis - Reference pathway
  18. ^ US Soil Association standard 50.5.3
  19. ^ Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, WHO Technical Report Series 916, Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2003, p. 88 (Table 10)

External links[]

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