Ganoderma orbiforme

Ganoderma orbiforme
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Polyporales
Family:	Ganodermataceae
Genus:	Ganoderma
Species:	G. orbiforme
Binomial name
	Ganoderma orbiforme; (Fr.) Ryvarden (2000)
Synonyms
	Polyporus orbiformis Fr. (1838); Fomes orbiformis (Fr.) Cooke (1885); Fomes lucidus f. boninensis Pat. (1888); Fomes lucidus f. noukahivensis Pat. (1888); Ganoderma boninense Pat. (1889); Ganoderma noukahivense Pat. (1889); Scindalma orbiforme (Fr.) Kuntze (1898); Ganoderma lucidum var. orbiformis (Fr.) Rick (1960);

Ganoderma orbiforme – most commonly known as G. boninse or just Ganoderma in oil palm pathology – is a species of polypore fungus that is widespread across southeast Asia. It is a plant pathogen that causes basal stem rot, a disease of the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). The fungus was first described scientifically in 1838 by Elias Magnus Fries from collections made in Guinea.^[1] Leif Ryvarden transferred it to the genus Ganoderma in 2000. In addition to its type locality, the fungus has also been collected from the Bonin Islands in the Pacific, and from Venezuela and Puerto Rico.^[2]

Transmission[]

G. orbiforme is not a soil borne pathogen as it does not grow in soil and does not infiltrate from soil and into the root system. It is however also not killed by soil, and will reside in dead, buried palm trunk material. This has especially been observed when Oryctes rhinoceros-infested material was buried.^[3]^: 417

Infection[]

Ganoderma orbiforme has a hemibiotrophic lifestyle in E. guineensis.^[4] During an invasion, E. guineensis roots stockpile salicylic acid, which is a signal to downregulate its own expression of ascorbate oxidase and ascorbate peroxidase. AO and AP are reactive oxygen species scavengers, and so the total effect is to increase ROS production. This entire pathway was found by Ho et al. 2016. Increased ROS is effective against hemibiotrophs but counterproductive against necrotrophs.^[5]

Genetics[]

Microsatellite markers have been developed to help identify the fungus and study the genetic diversity of G. orbiforme.^[6]

References[]

^ Fries, E.M. (1838). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici (in Latin). Uppsala: Typ. Acad. p. 463.
^ Ryvarden, Leif (2000). "Studies in neotropical polypores 2: a preliminary key to neotropical species of Ganoderma with a laccate pileus". Mycologia. 92 (1): 180–191. doi:10.2307/3761462. JSTOR 3761462.
^ Corley, R. H. V.; Tinker, P. B. (2015-10-03). The Oil Palm. : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781118953297. ISBN 978-1-118-95329-7. S2CID 132543108. S2CID 82631705
^ Bahari, Mohammad Nazri Abdul; Sakeh, Nurshafika Mohd; Abdullah, Siti Nor Akmar; Ramli, Redzyque Ramza; Kadkhodaei, Saied (2018). "Transciptome profiling at early infection of Elaeis guineensis by Ganoderma boninense provides novel insights on fungal transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic phase". BMC Plant Biology. Springer. 18 (1): 377. doi:10.1186/s12870-018-1594-9. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 6310985. PMID 30594134.
^ Singh, Yeshveer; Nair, Athira Mohandas; Verma, Praveen Kumar (2021). "Surviving the odds: From perception to survival of fungal phytopathogens under host-generated oxidative burst". . CAS + (Cell Press). 2 (3): 100142. doi:10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100142. ISSN 2590-3462. PMC 8132124. PMID 34027389.
^ Mercière, Maxime; Laybats, Anthony; Carasco-Lacombe, Catherine; Tan, Joon Sheong; Klopp, Christophe; Durand-Gasselin, Tristan; Alwee, Sharifah Shahrul Rabiah Syed; Camus-Kulandaivelu, Létizia; Breton, Fréderic (2015). "Identification and development of new polymorphic microsatellite markers using genome assembly for Ganoderma boninense, causal agent of oil palm basal stem rot disease". Mycological Progress. 14 (11): 103. doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1123-2.

External links[]

"Ganoderma orbiforme". CABI. 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
"Ganoderma orbiforme". The Global Fungal Red List Initiative. 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2020-11-12.

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[Fries_1838-1] Fries, E.M. (1838). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici (in Latin). Uppsala: Typ. Acad. p. 463.

[Ryvarden_2000-2] Ryvarden, Leif (2000). "Studies in neotropical polypores 2: a preliminary key to neotropical species of Ganoderma with a laccate pileus". Mycologia. 92 (1): 180–191. doi:10.2307/3761462. JSTOR 3761462.

[Corley-Tinker-2015-3] Corley, R. H. V.; Tinker, P. B. (2015-10-03). The Oil Palm. : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781118953297. ISBN 978-1-118-95329-7. S2CID 132543108. S2CID 82631705

[Bahari-et-al-2018-4] Bahari, Mohammad Nazri Abdul; Sakeh, Nurshafika Mohd; Abdullah, Siti Nor Akmar; Ramli, Redzyque Ramza; Kadkhodaei, Saied (2018). "Transciptome profiling at early infection of Elaeis guineensis by Ganoderma boninense provides novel insights on fungal transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic phase". BMC Plant Biology. Springer. 18 (1): 377. doi:10.1186/s12870-018-1594-9. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 6310985. PMID 30594134.

[Singh-et-al-2021-5] Singh, Yeshveer; Nair, Athira Mohandas; Verma, Praveen Kumar (2021). "Surviving the odds: From perception to survival of fungal phytopathogens under host-generated oxidative burst". . CAS + (Cell Press). 2 (3): 100142. doi:10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100142. ISSN 2590-3462. PMC 8132124. PMID 34027389.

[Mercière_2015-6] Mercière, Maxime; Laybats, Anthony; Carasco-Lacombe, Catherine; Tan, Joon Sheong; Klopp, Christophe; Durand-Gasselin, Tristan; Alwee, Sharifah Shahrul Rabiah Syed; Camus-Kulandaivelu, Létizia; Breton, Fréderic (2015). "Identification and development of new polymorphic microsatellite markers using genome assembly for Ganoderma boninense, causal agent of oil palm basal stem rot disease". Mycological Progress. 14 (11): 103. doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1123-2.

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Taxon identifiers
Ganoderma orbiforme	Wikidata: Q5521450 AusFungi: 60028131 BioLib: 346915 EoL: 985555 EPPO: GANOBO Fungorum: 464692 GBIF: 2549540 iNaturalist: 549114 IRMNG: 10401261 MycoBank: 464692 NCBI: 1236583 NZOR: 90638c9e-3f1f-483b-9b33-5fc96414ebb6
Polyporus orbiformis	Wikidata: Q59511711 AusFungi: 60028134 Fungorum: 461811 GBIF: 5248212 IRMNG: 10503765 MycoBank: 461811 NZOR: f48898c4-a346-42c1-baf5-586d56de3150