Chinese Academy of Sciences

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the institution in the Chinese mainland. For the institution in Taiwan (Republic of China), see Academia Sinica.

Coordinates: 39°54′35″N 116°19′47″E / 39.9096°N 116.3296°E / 39.9096; 116.3296

Chinese Academy of Sciences
中国科学院
CAS logo 2.png
Agency overview
Formed1949; 72 years ago (1949)
Headquarters52 Sanlihe Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
Annual budget$15.2 billion (2020)[1]
Agency executive
Parent agencyState Council of China
Websiteenglish.cas.cn
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Simplified Chinese中国科学院
Traditional Chinese中國科學院

The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS; Chinese: 中国科学院) is the national academy for the natural sciences of the People's Republic of China. It has historical origins in the Academia Sinica during the Republican era and was formerly also known by that name. Collectively known as the "Two Academies (两院)" along with the Chinese Academy of Engineering, it functions as the national scientific think tank and academic governing body, providing advisory and appraisal services on issues stemming from the national economy, social development, and science and technology progress. It is headquartered in Xicheng District, Beijing,[2] with branch institutes all over mainland China. It has also created hundreds of commercial enterprises, Lenovo being one of the most famous.

It is the world's largest research organisation, comprising around 60,000 researchers working in 114 institutes,[3][4] and has been consistently ranked among the top research organisations around the world.[5][6][7]

The Chinese Academy of Sciences has been consistently ranked the No. 1 research institute in the world by Nature Index since the list's inception in 2016 by Nature Portfolio.[8] It is the most productive institution publishing articles of sustainable development indexed in Web of Science from 1981 to 2018 among all universities and research institutions in the World.[9]

Organization[]

Chinese Academy of Sciences headquarters
See also: List of members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Chinese Academy originated in the Academia Sinica founded, in 1928, by the Republic of China. After the Communist Party took control of mainland China in 1949, the residual of Academia Sinica was renamed Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), while others relocated to Taiwan.

The Chinese Academy of Sciences has six academic divisions:

  • Chemistry (化学部)
  • Information Technological Sciences (信息技术科学部)
  • Earth Sciences (地学部)
  • Life Sciences and Medical Sciences (生命科学和医学学部)
  • Mathematics and Physics (数学物理学部)
  • Technological Sciences (技术科学部)

The CAS has thirteen regional branches, in Beijing, Shenyang, Changchun, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Kunming, Xi'an, Lanzhou, Hefei and Xinjiang. It has over one hundred institutes and two universities (the University of Science and Technology of China at Hefei, Anhui, and the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing). Backed by the institutes of CAS, UCAS is headquartered in Beijing, with graduate education bases in Shanghai, Chengdu, [Wuhan, Guangzhou and Lanzhou, four Science Libraries of Chinese Academy of Sciences, three technology support centers and two news and publishing units. These CAS branches and offices are located in 20 provinces and municipalities throughout China. CAS has invested in or created over 430 science- and technology-based enterprises in eleven industries, including eight companies listed on stock exchanges.

Being granted a Fellowship of the Academy represents the highest level of national honor for Chinese scientists. The CAS membership system includes Academicians (院士), Emeritus Academicians (荣誉院士) and Foreign Academicians (外籍院士).

  • Current President: Bai Chunli

Research reputation and rankings[]

The Chinese Academy of Sciences was ranked #1 in the 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 Nature Index Annual Tables, which measure the largest contributors to papers published in 82 leading journals.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]

List of presidents[]

  1. 1949–1978: Guo Moruo
  2. 1979–1981: Fang Yi
  3. 1981–1987: Lu Jiaxi
  4. 1987–1997: Zhou Guangzhao
  5. 1997–2011: Lu Yongxiang
  6. 2011–2020: Bai Chunli
  7. 2020–present: Hou Jianguo

Academy members[]

Main article: List of members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
See also: List of foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

Membership of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (also known by the title Academician (CAS), Chinese: 中国科学院院士) is a lifelong honor given to Chinese scientists who have made significant achievements in various fields. According to Bylaws for Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences adopted in 1992 and recently amended in 2014, it is the highest academic title in China. A formal CAS member must hold Chinese citizenship, although foreigners can be elected as foreign CAS members. Members older than 80 are designated as "senior members" and may no longer hold leading positions in the organization.[17] Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences carry an obligation to advance science and technology, to advocate and uphold scientific spirit, to develop a scientific and technological workforce, to attend member meetings and receive consultation and evaluation tasks, and to promote international exchanges and cooperation. Academicians can give suggestions and influence Chinese state policy related to science and technology.[18]

Research institutes[]

Main entrance to Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, CAS, in Ningbo, Zhejiang
Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing
  • Beijing Branch
    • University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)
    • Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science
    • Institute of Acoustics (IOA)
    • Institute of Atmospheric Physics
    • Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
    • Institute of Physics (IOPCAS)
    • Institute of Semiconductors
    • Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE)
    • Institute of Information Engineering (IIE)
    • Institute of Theoretical Physics
    • Institute of High Energy Physics
    • Institute of Biophysics
    • Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology
    • National Astronomical Observatories
    • Institute of Computing Technology
    • Institute of Software
    • Institute of Automation
    • Beijing Institute of Genomics
    • Institute of Geology and Geophysics (IGG)
    • Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research
    • Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology
    • National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
    • Institute of Policy and Management
    • Institute of Psychology
    • Institute of Zoology
  • Changchun Branch
    • Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics
    • Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
    • Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology
    • Changchun Observatory
  • Chengdu Branch
    • Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment
    • Chengdu Institute of Biology
    • Institute of Optics and Electronics
    • Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
    • Institute of Computer Application
    • Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology
  • Guangzhou Branch
    • South China Botanical Garden
    • Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
    • South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
    • Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
    • Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry
    • Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health
  • Guiyang Branch
    • Institute of Geochemistry
  • Hefei Branch
    • Hefei Institutes of Physical Science
    • University of Science and Technology of China
  • Kunming Branch
    • Kunming Institute of Botany
    • Kunming Institute of Zoology
    • Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden
    • Institute of Geochemistry
    • Yunnan Astronomical Observatory
  • Lanzhou Branch
    • Institute of Modern Physics
    • Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
    • Lanzhou Institute of Geology
    • Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
    • Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources
    • Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes Research
  • Nanjing Branch
    • Purple Mountain Observatory (Zijinshan Astronomical Observatory)
    • Institute of Soil Science
    • Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology
    • Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology
    • Nanjing Institute of Astronomical Optics and Technology
    • Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics (SINANO)
    • Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology (SIBET)
    • Nanjing Botanical Garden, Memorial Sun Yat-Sen (Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Science)
    • University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing College
  • Shanghai Branch
    • Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
    • Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology
    • Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics
    • Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences
    • Institut Pasteur of
    • Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, CAS
    • Institute of Neuroscience (ION)[19][20]
    • ShanghaiTech University
  • Shenyang Branch
    • Institute of Metal Research
    • Shenyang Institute of Automation
    • Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology, formerly the Institute of Forestry and Pedology
    • Shenyang Institute of Computing Technology
    • Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
    • Qingdao Institute of Oceanology
    • Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
    • Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research
  • Taiyuan Branch
    • Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemistry (ICCCAS)
  • Wuhan Branch
    • Wuhan Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics
    • Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics
    • Wuhan Institute of Virology
    • Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics
    • Institute of Hydrobiology
    • Wuhan Botanical Garden
  • Xinjiang Branch
    • Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
    • Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography
  • Xi'an Branch
    • Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics
    • National Time Service Center
    • Institute of Earth Environment

Scientific integrity[]

On 26 February 2007, CAS published a Declaration of Scientific Ideology and set up a commission for scientific integrity to promote transparency, autonomy and accountability of scientific research in the country. The Ministry of Science and Technology had at the same time also initiated measures to address misconduct in state-funded programs.[21]

Publications[]

Science China
LanguageEnglish
Standard abbreviations
ISO 4Sci. China

Together with the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the academy publishes the peer-reviewed academic journal, Science China (also known as Science in China). Science China comprises seven series:[22]

  • A: Mathematics
  • B: Chemistry
  • C: Life Sciences
  • D: Earth Sciences
  • E: Technological Sciences
  • F: Information Sciences
  • G: Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy

CAS also promotes the China Open Access Journals (COAJ) platform,[23] a national variant of the international Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ).

Awards[]

Since 1999 the CAS has issued the annual State Preeminent Science and Technology Award, presented by the President of China to the recipient.[24]

International cooperation[]

The Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth is a branch of CAS. The Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth was a customer of Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), which provides data transmission services from satellites for a wide range of societal functions.[25] It was reported by Reuters on 21 September 2020 that SSC decided not to renew the contracts with China to help operate Chinese satellites from SSC's ground stations, or seek new business with China.[26]

See also[]

References[]

Citations[]

  1. ^ https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3111714/chinas-big-task-scientist-small-things
  2. ^ "Contact." Chinese Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on 31 May 2018. "Add 52 Sanlihe Rd., Xicheng District, Beijing, China Postcode: 100864" - Address in Chinese: "地址：北京市三里河路52号 邮政编码：100864"
  3. ^ "Ten institutions that dominated science in 2015".
  4. ^ Cao, Cong (2015). UNESCO Science Report (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. pp. 621–641. ISBN 978-92-3-100129-1.
  5. ^ "Nature Global Institutions Ranking, 2013–2014". Nature. 522 (7556): S34–S44. 2015. doi:10.1038/522S34a. ISSN 0028-0836.
  6. ^ "Nature Global Institutions Ranking, 2016 tables".
  7. ^ "Nature Index". natureindex.com.
  8. ^ "Nature Index". Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  9. ^ Li, R.Y.M.; Li, Y.L.; Crabbe, M.J.C.; Manta, O.; Shoaib, M. The Impact of Sustainability Awareness and Moral Values on Environmental Laws. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5882. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115882
  10. ^ "Ten institutions that dominated science in 2015". Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  11. ^ "2016 tables: Institutions Nature Index". www.natureindex.com. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  12. ^ Conroy, Gemma (12 June 2018). "10 institutions that dominated science in 2017". Nature Index. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  13. ^ "The top 10 global institutions for 2018". Nature. 19 June 2019. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01922-z.
  14. ^ "Nature Index's top research institutions rankings of 2019". www.natureindex.com. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  15. ^ Crew, Bec; Jia, Hepeng (29 April 2020). "Leading research institutions 2020". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01230-x. PMID 32350427. S2CID 217548507.
  16. ^ "Institution outputs | Nature Index". www.natureindex.com. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  17. ^ "中国科学院院士章程 [Bylaws for Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]". Chinese Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  18. ^ "Obligations and Rights of a CAS Member". Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  19. ^ Cyranoski, David (24 January 2018). "First monkeys cloned with technique that made Dolly the sheep". Nature. 553 (7689): 387–388. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..387C. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-01027-z. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29368720. "This paper really marks the beginning of a new era for biomedical research", says Xiong Zhi-Qi, a neuroscientist who studies brain disease at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Neuroscience (ION) in Shanghai.
  20. ^ "Director's Introduction". Institute of Neuroscience. Retrieved 25 January 2018. As part of a major drive for excellence in basic research in the new millennium, the Chinese Academy of Sciences founded the Institute of Neuroscience (ION) on 27 November 1999.
  21. ^ The Lancet (17 March 2007). "Reforming research in China". The Lancet. 369 (9565): 880. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60419-X. PMID 17368128. S2CID 205948464.
  22. ^ "Science in China Press".
  23. ^ [1]
  24. ^ "China in Brief – Science and Technology – Awards". China Internet Information Center (State Council Information Office and the China International Publishing Group). Retrieved 21 November 2012. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  25. ^ SSC. "Appendix of SSC's Chinese customers" (PDF). SSC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  26. ^ Ahlander, Johan; Barrett, Jonathan (21 September 2020). "Swedish space agency halts new business helping China operate satellites". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.

Sources[]

External links[]

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