Parricide

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Parricide, as per US Legal refers to the intentional killing of one’s father and/or mother. However, the term is sometimes used more generally; to refer to the intentional killing of a near relative. It is an umbrella term that can be used to refer to acts of matricide and patricide.

Matricide refers to the intentional killing of one’s mother.^[1] Patricide refers to the intentional killing of one’s father.^[2] The term, parricide, is also used to refer to many familicides (i.e., family annihilations wherein at least one parent is murdered along with other family members).

Societies consider parricide a serious crime and parricide offenders are subject to criminal prosecution under the homicide laws which are established in places (i.e., countries, states, etc.) in which parricides occur. According to the law, in most countries, an adult who is convicted of parricide faces a long-term prison sentence, a life sentence, or even capital punishment. Youthful Parricide Offenders who are younger than the age of majority (e.g., 18 year olds in the United States) may be prosecuted under less stringent laws which are designed to take their special needs and development into account but these laws are usually waived and as a result, most Youthful Parricide Offenders are transferred into the Adult Judicial System.^[3] Parricide offenders are typically divided into 2 categories, 1) Youthful Parricide Offenders (i.e., ages 8-24) and 2) Adult Parricide Offenders (i.e., ages 25 and older) because the motivations and situations surrounding parricide events change as a child matures.^[4]

Prevalence of Parricide[]

As per the Parricide Prevention Institute, approximately 2-3% of all U.S. murders were parricides each year since 2010. Although this is a small percentage, it is not a rare occurrence. The more than 300 parricides occurring in just the U.S. each year means there are 6 or more parricide events, on average, each week. This estimate does not include the murders of grandparents or stepparents by a child – only the murders of their natal or legally adoptive parents.^[5]

Youthful Parricide Motives[]

Youthful Parricide is motivated by a variety of factors. Current research conducted by the Parricide Prevention Institute indicates the top 5 motives causing a child (aged 8 - 24 years old) to commit parricide are: Issues of Control - 38% (e.g., put on restriction, phone taken away, etc.); Issues of Money - 10% (access to life insurance, wants money for a party, etc.); Stop Abuse of Self or Family - 8%; Fit of Anger - 8%; Wants A Different Life - 7% (e.g., wants to live with non-custodial parent, wants to be a prostitute, etc.).

Youthful Parricide and Child Abuse[]

It is a common misconception that Youthful Parricide Offenders murdered their parent/s to escape egregious child abuse. This is actually not the case. In fact, this notion was challenged beginning in 1999 when Hillbrand et al. suggested that child abuse is simply only one variable among myriad variables that lead to adolescent parricide, rather than the primary reason for Youthful Parricide events.^[6] In a study published by Weisman et al. (2002), they noted there was a remarkable absence of child abuse and emphatically stated that their research did not statistically validate the generalization that prior child abuse had prompted the majority of these crimes.^[7] In 2006 Marleau et al. noted that in their study only 25% of all study participants had been subjected to any kind of family violence; refuting the generalization that child abuse is the primary motivator for parricide by Youthful Offenders. They called for more research on the alleged connection between child abuse and parricidal acts. ^[8] Bourget et al. (2007) noted many shortcomings in the extant literature and suggested alternative causes of parricide rather than accepting a general notion that child abuse was the primary cause of parricide by Youthful Offenders.^[9] In their commentary on methodological problems plaguing parricide research, Hillbrand and Cipriano (2007) noted the challenges posed by studies on parricide; acknowledging that most studies utilized very small sample sizes that should not have been generalized. This call for more research was answered by a study in 2019 when the study by Thompson and Thompson statistically invalidated the general theory that most adolescent parricides were the result of abuse of the child at the hands of the parents who had been murdered. Their research (N = 754) revealed that only 15% of Youthful Parricide Offenders alleged abuse at the hands of the parent/s they had killed. A full 66% were not abused, did not allege abuse and were not perpetrators of abuse. Of the remaining population, 13% of the offenders had alleged abuse that was not substantiated (some of these children had lied about abuse and it could not be proven that abuse had occurred in other cases). Additionally, 6% of the Youthful Parricide Offenders had been found to have actually abused their parent/s prior to the murder/s.^[10] Child abuse, while a factor present in some Youthful Parricide events, is not the primary motivator for these murders. As noted above, Issues of Control are the most typical motive behind the murder.

Some ask why 15% of the Youthful Parricide Offenders were subjected to child abuse when only 8% of the parricide events carried a motive of Abuse. Not all children who experienced child abuse decided to murder their parents because of the abuse. Some of them had other motives. For example, Billy Gilley was an incorrigible child who was subjected to abuse by his father who became overexuberant in his efforts to discipline his child who did not respond to traditional forms of discipline. Billy murdered his mother, father, and youngest sister because he was in love with his other sister and hoped the murders would clear a path in which he and his sister could be together romantically. His sister, who was not complicit in the murders, had been sexually abused by Billy over the years. You can learn more about the Billy Gilly case by listening to Episode 13 of the Parricide Podcast.

Who Kills Their Parents?[]

Youthful Parricide's Five Fatal Personality Types (Nascent Theory)[]

Five distinct types of Youthful Parricide Offenders have been identified.^[11] The following is a list of the 5 Fatal Personality Types and a brief description of each.

• Erratic - these angry, violent children are often referred to by friends and family as ticking time bombs. They are often involved in drug use and are seldom abused by a parent. However, they are more likely to engage in parental abuse. The murders are often spontaneous.
• AlphaBrat - these attention hogging children are most often charming con-artists. They are very much in charge at home. If an accomplice was involved in the murder, that person was carefully groomed for the job of hitman. AlphaBrats are often indulged and seldom abused. However, they do allege abuse more often than expected (statistically speaking). The murders are usually planned - and very well planned.
• Anarchist - these broody kids are usually convinced they are superior to all of those around them. They deem themselves more clever than everyone; however, they are not. This category of killer is most likely to try to kill people in addition to the parent/s (i.e., mass murderer aspirations) but they are not very successful. They often view the parent/s as an obstacle in need of removal. Although these children are more likely (statistically speaking) to be a Parental Abuser, they are very likely to report being abused themselves (and that reported abuse is likely to never be substantiated). The parricides are equally planned and spontaneous.
• Mission Oriented - these children are the most likely to allege abuse that will never be substantiated. The murders are seldom (if ever) spontaneous. They are working diligently toward an end goal. They are more likely to attempt - and be successful - at murdering people in addition to their parent/s (i.e., mass murderer).
• Tightly Wound - These are kids who have developed tight self-discipline (i.e., follow community mores, secret keeping); often in efforts to keep themselves safe. This does not imply they are all children who are abused or in danger. Sometimes one stays safe by concealing dark secrets (e.g., serial killers, rapists, etc.). These children are much more likely to experience child abuse (statistically speaking) and are significantly less likely to allege abuse that will remain unsubstantiated. Not one of these children was known to have menaced a parent prior to the parricide event.

Notable Modern Day Cases[]

• Adam Lanza killed his mother before committing the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in 2012.
• Kip Kinkel killed his parents before committing the Thurston High School shooting in 1998.
• killed and dismember both of his parents on Thanksgiving evening in 2016.
• Charles Whitman killed his mother and his wife before climbing the bell tower at UT-Austin and randomly killing people in 1966. Upon autopsy he was found to have a tumor on his amygdala.
• Dellen Millard killed his father in 2012 and inherited millions. He and his friend, Mark Smich worked together as serial killers both before and after the murder; murdering Laura Babcock Tim Bosma.
• Dana Ewell hired 2 of his friends to murder his father, mother, and sister in 1992. All 3 were convicted of murder.
• Thomas Bartlett Whitaker killed his mother and his brother (and tried to kill his father but failed) in 2003.
• Lyle and Erik Menendez worked as a team to kill their parents in 1989.
• Sarah Marie Johnson was the only female to kill both of her parents without the help of an accomplice in 2003.
• Suzane von Richthofen killed her father and her mother with the help of her boyfriend and his brother in São Paulo in 2002.

Notable Historical cases[]

• Lizzie Borden (1860–1927) was an American woman accused and acquitted of murdering her father and stepmother.
• reportedly was the first parricide in Republican Rome, sometime after the Second Punic War.
• The Criminal Code of Japan once determined that patricide brought capital punishment or life imprisonment. However, the law was abolished because of the trial of the Tochigi patricide case in which a woman killed her father in 1968 after she was sexually abused by him and bore their children.
• Tullia the Younger, along with her husband, arranged the murder and overthrow of Servius Tullius, her father, securing the throne for her husband.
• Mary Blandy (1720–1752) poisoned her father, Francis Blandy, with arsenic in England in 1751.

Legal definition in Roman times[]

In the sixth century AD collection of earlier juristical sayings, the Digest, a precise enumeration of the victims' possible relations to the parricide is given by the 3rd century AD lawyer Modestinus:

By the lex Pompeia on parricides it is laid down that if anyone kills his father, his mother, his grandfather, his grandmother, his brother, his sister, first cousin on his father's side, first cousin on his mother's side, paternal or maternal uncle, paternal (or maternal) aunt, first cousin (male or female) by mother's sister, wife, husband, father-in-law, son-in-law, mother-in-law, (daughter-in-law), stepfather, stepson, stepdaughter, patron, or patroness, or with malicious intent brings this about, shall be liable to the same penalty as that of the lex Cornelia on murderers. And a mother who kills her son or daughter suffers the penalty of the same statute, as does a grandfather who kills a grandson; and in addition, a person who buys poison to give to his father, even though he is unable to administer it.^[12]

Gallery[]

• 

  Tullia Drives over the Corpse of her Father

• 

  Parricide, capital punishment in Jersey

See also[]

• Avunculicide, the killing of one's uncle
• Filicide, the killing of one's child
• Fratricide, the killing of one's brother
• Mariticide, the killing of one's husband
• Nepoticide, the killing of one's nephew
• Patricide, the killing of one's father
• Matricide, the killing of one's mother
• Prolicide, the killing of one's offspring
• Sororicide, the killing of one's sister
• Uxoricide, the killing of one's wife

References[]

External links[]

Look up parricide in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Dictionary.com entry for parricide
• Pendulum Foundation: Parricide Facts