Percomorpha

Percomorpha
	Rose fish
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Superorder:	Acanthopterygii
Clade:	Percomorpha; Cope, 1871
Subgroups
	See text
Synonyms
	Percomorphaceae Betancur-Rodriguez et al., 2013; Acanthopteri;

Percomorpha (from Latin perca 'perch', and Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ) 'shape, appearance') is a large clade of ray-finned fish that includes the tuna, seahorses, gobies, cichlids, flatfish, wrasse, perches, anglerfish, and pufferfish.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Evolution[]

Percomorpha are the most diverse group of teleost fish today. Teleosts, and percomorphs in particular, thrived during the Cenozoic era. Fossil evidence shows that there was a major increase in size and abundance of teleosts immediately after the mass extinction event at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary ca. 65 Ma ago.^[6]

Evolution of ray-finned fishes, Actinopterygii, from the Devonian to the present as a spindle diagram. The width of the spindles are proportional to the number of families as a rough estimate of diversity. The diagram is based on Benton, M. J. (2005) Vertebrate Palaeontology, Blackwell, 3rd edition, Fig 7.13 on page 185.

Phylogeny[]

The two cladograms below are based on Betancur-R et al., 2017.^[4] Percomorphs are a clade of teleost fishes. The first cladogram shows the interrelationsships of percomorphs with other living groups of teleosts.

Teleostei

Elopomorpha (Elopiformes, Albuliformes, Notacanthiformes, Anguilliformes)

Osteoglossocephala

Osteoglossomorpha (Hiodontiformes, Osteoglossiformes)

Clupeocephala

Otocephala

Clupei (Clupeiformes)

	Alepocephali (Alepocephaliformes)

	Ostariophysi (Gonorynchiformes, Cypriniformes, Characiformes, Gymnotiformes, Siluriformes)

Euteleostei

Lepidogalaxii	Lepidogalaxiiformes (salamanderfish)

Protacanthopterygii (Argentiniformes, Galaxiiformes, Esociformes, Salmoniformes)

Stomiati (Stomiiformes, Osmeriformes)

Neoteleostei

Ateleopodia

Ateleopodidae (jellynoses)

Eurypterygia

Aulopa

Aulopiformes (lizardfish)

Ctenosquamata

Scopelomorpha

Myctophiformes (lanternfish)

Acanthomorpha

	Lampripterygii (Lampriformes)

	Paracanthopterygii (Percopsiformes, Zeiformes, Stylephoriformes, Gadiformes)

Polymixiipterygii

Polymixiiformes (beardfish)

Acanthopterygii

Berycimorphaceae

	Beryciformes (alfonsinos, whalefishes)

	Trachichthyiformes (pinecone fishes, slimeheads)

Holocentrimorphaceae	Holocentriformes (squirrelfish, soldier fishes)

	Percomorpha

The following cladogram shows the evolutionary relationshiops of the various groups of extant percomorph fishes:

Percomorpha

Ophidiaria	Ophidiiformes (cusk-eels)

Batrachoidaria	Batrachoididae (toadfishes)

Pelagiaria	Scombriformes (tunas, mackerel, etc.)

Syngnatharia	Syngnathiformes (seahorses, seadragon, etc.)

Gobiaria

	Gobiiformes (gobies)

	Kurtiformes (nurseryfishes, cardinalfishes)

Anabantaria

	Anabantiformes (snakeheads, Siamese fighting fish, gouramies)

	Synbranchiformes

Carangaria

Polynemidae (threadfins)

	Lactariidae (false trevally)

	Menidae (moonfish)

Part of "Carangiformes"

Nematistiidae (roosterfish)

Echeneidae (remoras)

	Coryphaenidae (dolphinfish)

	Rachycentridae (cobia)

Sphyraenidae (barracudas)

	Centropomidae (snooks)

	Pleuronectiformes (flatfish)

Part of "Carangiformes"	Carangidae (jacks)

Istiophoriformes (billfish)

	Leptobramidae (beachsalmons)

	Toxotidae (archerfish)

Ovalentaria

Cichlomorphae

	Cichliformes (cichlids, convict blennies)

	Polycentridae (leaffish)

Atherinomorphae

Beloniformes (needlefish, flying fish, halfbeaks)

	Atheriniformes (silversides, rainbowfish, etc.)

	Cyprinodontiformes (tooth-carps)

Ambassidae (Asiatic glassfishes)

	Congrogadidae (eel blenny)

	Pomacentridae (damselfishes)

	Embiotocidae (surfperches)

Mugilomorphae	Mugiliformes (mullets)

Lipogramma

Plesiopidae (roundheads)

Pseudochromidae (dottybacks)

Grammatidae (basslets)

Opistognathidae (jawfishes)

Blenniimorphae

	Blenniiformes (blennies, clinids, sand stargazers)

	Gobiesociformes (clingfishes)

Eupercaria

Gerreiformes (mojarras)

Uranoscopiformes (stargazers)

	Centrogenyidae (false scorpionfish)

	Labriformes (wrasses, cales, parrotfish)

Perciformes (perches, sticklebacks, scorpionfishes, etc.)

	Centrarchiformes (black basses, temperate perches, etc.)

	Pempheriformes (sweepers)

	Moronidae (temperate basses)

	Sillaginidae (smelt-whitings)

Ephippiformes (spadefishes, batfishes)

	Chaetodontiformes (butterflyfishes)

	Sciaenidae (drums, croakers)

	Acanthuriformes (surgeonfishes, ponyfishes)

	Monodactylidae (moonyfishes, fingerfishes)

Emmelichthyidae (rovers)

Pomacanthidae (angelfishes)

Lutjaniformes (snappers)

	Callanthiidae (splendid perches)

	Malacanthidae (tilefishes)

	Lobotiformes (tripletails)

	Spariformes (sea breams)

Siganidae (rabbitfishes)

	Priacanthiformes (bigeyes, bandfishes)

	Scatophagidae (scats)

Caproiformes (boarfishes)

	Lophiiformes (anglerfishes)

	Tetraodontiformes (pufferfishes, triggerfishes, etc.)

References[]

^ Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913698N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109. PMC 3427055. PMID 22869754.
^ Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 5 (Edition 1). doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288. PMC 3644299. PMID 23653398. Archived from the original on 2013-10-13.
^ Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.
^ ^a ^b Betancur-R, Ricardo; Wiley, Edward O.; Arratia, Gloria; Acero, Arturo; Bailly, Nicolas; Miya, Masaki; Lecointre, Guillaume; Ortí, Guillermo (6 July 2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
^ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 314–526. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
^ Sibert, E. C.; Norris, R. D. (2015-06-29). "New Age of Fishes initiated by the Cretaceous−Paleogene mass extinction". PNAS. 112 (28): 8537–8542. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.8537S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504985112. PMC 4507219. PMID 26124114.

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[PNAS-1] Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913698N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109. PMC 3427055. PMID 22869754.

[TOL-2] Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 5 (Edition 1). doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288. PMC 3644299. PMID 23653398. Archived from the original on 2013-10-13.

[laurin&reisz1995-3] Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.

[deepfin4-4] Betancur-R, Ricardo; Wiley, Edward O.; Arratia, Gloria; Acero, Arturo; Bailly, Nicolas; Miya, Masaki; Lecointre, Guillaume; Ortí, Guillermo (6 July 2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.

[FoW5-5] Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 314–526. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.

[Sibert2015-6] Sibert, E. C.; Norris, R. D. (2015-06-29). "New Age of Fishes initiated by the Cretaceous−Paleogene mass extinction". PNAS. 112 (28): 8537–8542. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.8537S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504985112. PMC 4507219. PMID 26124114.

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Taxon identifiers
Percomorphaceae	Wikidata: Q22109111 Wikispecies: Percomorphaceae Fossilworks: 266086 NCBI: 1489872
Percomorpha	Wikidata: Q258278 Wikispecies: Percomorpha Fossilworks: 219181