Persecution of Christians by Christians

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Persecution of Christians by Christians occurs when one Christian denomination persecutes another Christian denomination, either nonviolently via religious censorship and coercion or violently via religious wars, sieges, massacres, rebellions, crusades, or acts of terrorism.

Nonviolent persecution[]

Excommunication[]

The first ecumenical council of orthodox catholic Christianity decided upon the doctrine of the trinity, promulgated the Nicean Creed to enforce this doctrinal requirement, and excommunicated all sects who would not recite it. Although defined primarily against Arianism and anomean christology, those excommunicated included Ebionites, Nazarenes, and other Jewish-Christians.


Censorship[]

Further information: Religious censorship § In Christianity

Coercion[]

Further information: Christianization and Forced conversion § Christianity

Violent persecution[]

Main article: Sectarian violence among Christians

Crusades[]

Main article: Crusades
Medieval image of the Battle of Domazlice
Hussite victory over the Crusaders in the Battle of Domažlice, c. 1500, Jena Codex fol. 56r
  • Albigensian Crusade, by Catholics against Cathars
  • Northern Crusades, by Catholics against Orthodox Christians
  • Drenther Crusade, against the Dutch Drenther peasants from 1228 to 1232;
  • Bosnian Crusade fighting the Hungarians from 1227;
  • Stedinger Crusade against the Stedinger peasants from 1232 to 1234;
  • Crusades against English rebels in 1216, 1217 and 1265;
  • Crusades against Greek Orthodox Byzantines fighting to reclaim territory lost to the Fourth Crusade in 1231, 1239 and the 14th century until the Ottomans provided a greater threat.[1]
  • Crusades against the Hohenstaufens of Germany and Sicily from 1239 to 1269 preventing encirclement by their German, Italian and Sicilian territories, reassert papal feudal claims over Sicily and defend the March of Ancona and the duchy of Spoleto. Church taxation funded John of Brienne campaigns of 1228 to 1230 but it was in 1239 that Gregory IX first called a formal crusade when Frederick threatened Rome having defeated the Lombard League. Following the emperor’s death crusading continued against his sons, the legitimate Conrad IV of Germany and the illegitimate Manfred, King of Sicily. Pope Clement IV recruited Charles I of Anjou, the younger brother of Louis IX of France, who in February 1266 defeated and killed Manfred at the Benevento, in August 1268 defeated Conradin, Conrad IV’s son, at Tagliacozzo and ended the Staufen dynasty male line in October with Conradin’s execution in October.
  • Crusade against Ezzelino III da Romano and his brother Alberic in 1255.
  • Crusade against Sardinia in 1263
  • The Sicilian Vespers, wars for Angevin control of Sicily from 1282 to 1302. In 1282 the Sicilians rebelled against Charles I of Anjou and Frederick’s son in law, Peter III of Aragon, annexed the island. A 1283 crusade invading Aragon and a 1285 crusade invading the island by Philip III of France failed. Crusading against Aragonese rulers continued when Frederick II of Sicily refused to return the island to the Angevins. This ended in 1302 with the treaty of Caltabellota.
  • Crusades maintaining papal interests during the Avignon Papacy from 1309 to 1377.
  • Crusades during the Western Schism between 1378 and 1417.
  • Crusades against Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor reasserting imperial claims from 1310 to1313.
  • Pope Boniface VIII's crusades against the Colonna family in 1297.
  • Crusade against the heresies of Fra Dolcino in Piedmont in 1306.
  • Crusades against Venice over Ferrara in 1309/1310
  • Crusades organised by cardinal-legates such as Bertrand du Pouget and Gil Albornoz against Milan and Ferrara in 1321; against Milan, Mantua, and rebels in Ancona in 1324; against Cesena and Faenza in 1354, against Milan again in 1360, 1363, and 1368, against mercenary companies such as that of Konrad von Landau In 1357, 1361 and 1369/1370.
  • Crusades during the Great Schism between 1378 and 1417, crusades were launched by the Roman Pope Urban VI called crusades against his Avignon rival Pope Clement VII in 1378. Clement VII gave crusade privileges to competitors in the Neapolitan succession as did Antipope John XXIII in 1411 and 1414.
  • In 1383, Henry le Despenser’s English campaign against Flanders was given the status of crusade by Pope Urban VI as was John of Gaunt’s attempt on the throne of Castile in 1386.[2]

Massacres[]

Rebellions[]

Sieges[]

Terrorism[]

Main article: Christian terrorism

Wars[]

Further information: Religious war § Christianity

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Tyerman 2006b, p. 326.
  2. ^ Tyerman 2006b, p. 327.
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