Radosław Sikorski

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Radosław Sikorski
Radosław Sikorski 2.jpg
13th Marshal of the Sejm
In office
24 September 2014 – 23 June 2015
PresidentBronisław Komorowski
Prime MinisterEwa Kopacz
DeputyCezary Grabarczyk (PO)
Elżbieta Radziszewska (PO)
Marek Kuchciński (PiS)
Wanda Nowicka (Non-Partisan)
Eugeniusz Grzeszczak (PSL)
Jerzy Wenderlich (SLD)
SeniorJózef Zych (PSL)
Preceded byEwa Kopacz
Succeeded byMałgorzata Kidawa-Błońska
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
16 November 2007 – 22 September 2014
PresidentLech Kaczyński
Bronisław Komorowski (Acting)
Bogdan Borusewicz (Acting)
Grzegorz Schetyna (Acting)
Bronisław Komorowski
Prime MinisterDonald Tusk
Preceded byAnna Fotyga
Succeeded byGrzegorz Schetyna
Minister of National Defence
In office
31 October 2005 – 7 February 2007
PresidentAleksander Kwaśniewski
Lech Kaczyński
Prime MinisterKazimierz Marcinkiewicz
Jarosław Kaczyński
Preceded byJerzy Szmajdziński
Succeeded byAleksander Szczygło
Personal details
Born
Radosław Tomasz Sikorski

(1963-02-23) 23 February 1963 (age 58)
Bydgoszcz, Poland
CitizenshipPolish
United Kingdom (1987–2006)
Political partyCivic Platform
Other political
affiliations		Law and Justice (2005–2007)
Spouse(s)
Anne Applebaum
​
(m. 1992)​
ChildrenAleksander, Tomasz
Alma materPembroke College, Oxford
Signature

Radosław Tomasz "Radek" Sikorski ([raˈdɔswaf ɕiˈkɔrskʲi] (About this soundlisten); born 23 February 1963) is a Polish politician and journalist who is a Member of European Parliament. He was Marshal of the Sejm from 2014 to 2015 and Minister of Foreign Affairs in Donald Tusk's cabinet between 2007 and 2014. He previously served as Deputy Minister of National Defense (1992) in Jan Olszewski's cabinet, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs (1998–2001) in Jerzy Buzek's cabinet and Minister of National Defense (2005–2007) in Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz and Jarosław Kaczyński's cabinets.

A graduate of Pembroke College, Oxford, between 1986–1989 he worked as a journalist for The Observer and The Spectator and in 1986 was a war correspondent in Afghanistan. In 1989, he reported on the conflict in Angola. Between 2003–2005 he was a member of the conservative think tank American Enterprise Institute. In 2012, he was included on the list of Top 100 Global Thinkers 2012 published by Foreign Policy magazine. In 2015, he became a Senior Fellow at the Center for European Studies of Harvard University. He is a Senior Network Member at the European Leadership Network (ELN).[1]

Early life and education[]

Sikorski was born in Bydgoszcz. He chaired the local student strike committee in March 1981 while studying at the I Liceum Ogólnokształcące (High School).[2] In June 1981 he travelled to the United Kingdom to study English. After martial law was declared in December 1981, he was granted political asylum in Britain in 1982.[3] He studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Pembroke College, University of Oxford, where Zbigniew Pełczyński was one of his tutors.[4]

During his time at Oxford, Sikorski was head of the Standing Committee of the debating society, the Oxford Union (where he organised debates on martial law), president of the Oxford University Polish Society, member of the Canning Club,[5] and was elected to the Bullingdon Club, a dining society that counted among its members former British Prime Minister, David Cameron, former Chancellor George Osborne, and Prime Minister Boris Johnson.[6] His articles were published in prestigious Polish émigré magazines – the Paris-based Kultura and as well as Britain's Sunday Telegraph and Tatler magazines.[7][8] He graduated in 1986. In 1987, Sikorski acquired British citizenship, which he renounced in 2006 on becoming Minister of Defense of Poland.[9]

Career[]

In the mid-1980s, Sikorski worked as a freelance journalist for publications such as The Spectator and The Observer. He also wrote for the Indian newspaper The Statesman of Kolkata. In 1986, he travelled in Afghanistan, as he stated in his book, "to write about the war the mujahideen were waging against the Soviet Union". While a war correspondent for The Sunday Telegraph, he brought out the first report and photographs of the US Stinger missiles, whose use was a turning point in the war.[10][11] In 1987, he made a hundred-day journey, under Soviet bombardment, to the ancient city of Herat. He won the 1st prize singles in category the category Spot News of World Press Photo Awards in 1988 for a photograph of a family killed and mummified in their home as a result of communist bombing raid.[12]

His adventures were presented in the documentary "Polish Mujahideen: Radosław Sikorski", produced by Discovery Channel. Sikorski described his perilous journey to Herat in his first book Dust of the Saints: A Journey to Herat in Time of War.[13] In 1989, he became the chief foreign correspondent for the U.S. conservative magazine National Review, reporting from Afghanistan and Angola. He received praise for his article published in January 1989, "The coming crack-up of Communism", which proved prophetic.[14] His article describing an ambush on the Benguela Highway conducted by Jonas Savimbi's UNITA rebels attracted widespread interest.[15] In 1990–91, he was the Warsaw correspondent for The Sunday Telegraph. He was the author of the Interview of the Month program on the public Polish TV, in which he interviewed Margaret Thatcher, Lech Walesa, Vaclav Klaus, Otto von Habsburg, Henry Kissinger, Qian Qichen and others.[16]

Deputy Minister in Olszewski and Buzek governments[]

Sikorski returned to Poland in August 1989. He briefly served as deputy defence minister in the Jan Olszewski government in 1992, in which he helped launch the Polish bid to join NATO. From 1998 to 2001, Sikorski served as undersecretary of state at the ministry of foreign affairs in the Jerzy Buzek's government, being deputy first to Bronisław Geremek, and then to Władysław Bartoszewski. He oversaw the consular service and initiated reforms of services for Poles abroad.[17] He signed agreements to abolish visas with countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, Singapore and Israel among them. He was Honorary Chairman of the Foundation for Assistance to Poles in the East.[18]

During his time as a Deputy Foreign Minister, Sikorski focused on reforms inside the Ministry and started the campaign to protest the use of the misleading term "Polish concentration camps" in western media. He introduced the "cheap visa" program for Poland's Eastern neighbors and started the recovery of post-Soviet properties in Warsaw. He introduced competitions for posts of heads of Polish Institutes abroad.[17] When Ted Turner made a demeaning joke about Poles in a Washington speech, Sikorski demanded an apology and Turner complied.[19] Sikorski's appeal to Polish nationals with dual citizenship to use the passport of the country they were visiting caused some controversy among the Polish expatriate community, but has now become an established practice.[20]

In the United States[]

From 2002 to 2005, Sikorski was a resident fellow of the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C., and executive director of the New Atlantic Initiative.[21] He was editor of the analytical publication European Outlook. He organised international conferences, including the "Ronald Reagan – Legacy for Europe"[22] in 2003, during which prominent politicians from Eastern Europe discussed the impact the U.S. president left on the world. Other major conferences included: "25th Anniversary of the birth of Solidarity",[23] "Axis of Evil: Belarus – The Missing Link"[24] and "Ukraine's Choice" at the time of the Orange Revolution.[25]

Minister of National Defence: 2005–2007[]

See also: Cabinet of Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz and Cabinet of Jarosław Kaczyński

In 2005 Sikorski returned to Poland and was elected senator from his home town of Bydgoszcz with 76,370 votes.[26] He joined Prime Minister Marcinkiewicz's government as Minister of National Defence on 31 October. During his time in MoD, he moved Warsaw Pact-era files to the Institute of National Remembrance, declassified Warsaw Pact maps which demonstrated Soviet plans to use nuclear weapons in an offensive war against NATO[27] and cancelled the military pension of Helena Brus, a Stalinist prosecutor who sentenced the anti-communist Polish resistance general August Emil "Nil" Fieldorf to death.[28] He introduced electronic auctions in procurement for defense equipment, saving the ministry a great amount of money.[29] He announced the tender to buy a fleet of new jets for government transportation.[30] He declassified a file of an operation codenamed "Szpak" (starling) by the Military Information Services (Wojskowe Służby Informacyjne, WSI) which documented their operations against him containing transcripts of the bugging of his home and telephone as well as hostile articles in the media inspired by WSI operatives.[31]

He resigned on 5 February 2007, on the eve of Poland's engagement in the war in Afghanistan in protest against the activities of the chief of military intelligence, Antoni Macierewicz.[32] Though never a member of the Law and Justice party, he served out the parliamentary term in the Law and Justice Senatorial Club. In the early parliamentary elections of 2007, he was elected to the Lower House (Sejm) with 117,291 votes, one of 10 best results in the country.[33]

Minister of Foreign Affairs: 2007–2014[]

Sikorski and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in 2009
See also: First Cabinet of Donald Tusk and Second Cabinet of Donald Tusk

He was sworn in as Minister of Foreign Affairs in Donald Tusk's government on 16 November 2007, succeeding Anna Fotyga.[34] He joined Donald Tusk's liberal-conservative Civic Platform party and became a member of the Civic Platform national board in 2008.[35] Sikorski's policies are best understood in his exposes, his annual statement to Parliament (Sejm). Each one was followed by a day-long debate.[36] As Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sikorski normalized relations with Russia, and helped to terminate the Russian embargo on Polish agricultural products.[37] In 2009, Sikorski said that Russia is needed to solve the problems of European and global theatre. Therefore, if Russia could fulfil the conditions, it could apply to join NATO. He restated that NATO's criteria that Russia would have to meet are: be a democratic state, have civilian control over the army, and to settle any territorial disputes with its neighbours.[38] At the same time, he enhanced relations with Germany and France. Cooperation in the Weimar Triangle –Poland, Germany, France – was particularly intense during his term of office.[39] Weimar Triangle meetings included consultations with third parties, such as Ukraine, Moldova and Russia.

As foreign minister, he turned the ministry into a global institution with 4500 employees and 100 foreign branches. Over seven years his ministry carried out various reforms, introducing the Diplomatic Security Service, global digital secure communications, ISO standards in procedures, electronic document management, a blackberry and laptop for every diplomat, a satellite phone for every posting, new visual standards book; The Foreign Service Day, a dress code, the Bene Merito honorary badge,[40] The Polish Institute of Diplomacy, Poland's Lech Wałęsa Solidarity Prize[41] (worth 1 mln EUR); reduced the number of chancelleries in the MFA HQ from over 30 to 2, reformed the telegram and courier systems, reduced employment while raising salaries; quadrupled ambassadors and consuls operational funds, closed down 30 embassies and consulates and opened several new ones;[42] he opened a Polish consulate in Sevastopol, the only one representing a Western country in that city for 4 years; built a new EU embassy in Brussels,[43] a new Embassy residence in Washington, DC,[44] a new Consulate-General in London;[45] he moved consulates in Cologne, Manchester and Madrid; he created the MFA committee on cyber defence; the European Endowment for Democracy (EED), authorized intelligence operations.[46][47] During Sikorski's term in office he was a regular visitor in Moscow and his Russian counterpart Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov visited Warsaw regularly.[48][49][50] Sikorski made his first visit in Moscow in 2008 with Donald Tusk. In 2009 he visited Moscow to enhance Polish-Russian cooperation.[51] During one of Lavrov visits, he engaged in Q&A session with Polish diplomats during MFA annual global ambassadors conference.[52]

In 2008, Sikorski concluded a long negotiation with the U.S. over the siting of a missile defense base in Poland. He insisted on Polish jurisdiction over base personnel and asked the U.S. to enhance Poland's air defences as part of the deal. The agreement was finally signed with the U.S. Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice, over the objections of Russia.[53] The agreement came less than two weeks after the outbreak of the 2008 Russo-Georgian South Ossetian war.[54] On 17 September 2009 the Obama administration changed the plans for the base.[55] The annex to the agreement, which envisages shorter-range missiles capable of defending Poland's territory was signed in the presence of Sikorski and Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton on 3 June 2010 in Kraków.[56] In March 2010, Sikorski took part in the Civic Platform Presidential primaries against the then Sejm Speaker, Bronisław Komorowski, who went on to defeat the late Lech Kaczyński's brother Jarosław and becoming President. At that time, Sikorski enjoyed some of the highest approval and trust ratings among Polish politicians.[57]

Radosław Sikorski with Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz in 2014

At the height of the European sovereign debt crisis in November 2011 Sikorski delivered a speech in Berlin: "Poland and the future of the European Union" in front of the German Council on Foreign Relations, the prestigious non-profit organization composed of the German foreign policy elite.[58] He warned that EU member states faced a choice "between deeper economic integration or collapse of the Eurozone". Sikorski made an extraordinary appeal: "I will probably be the first Polish foreign minister in history to say so, but here it is: I fear German power less than I am beginning to fear German inactivity". Sikorski labelled Germany Europe's "indispensable nation" and appealed to Germany to lead in saving the euro, offering Poland's support. According to many political commentators and journalists, this speech made a tremendous impact on German and European politics, not least because it changed the perception of Poland: from a problematic and needy recipient of Western support to a full-fledged member of the European Union.[59][60] Sikorski was involved in the events of the winter 2014 Ukraine Euromaidan protests at the international level. He signed on 21 February along with Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovich and opposition leaders Vitaly Klitchko, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, and Oleg Tyagnibok as well as the Foreign Ministers of Russia, France and Germany a memorandum of understanding to promote peaceful changes in Ukrainian power.[61]

European Union Foreign Policy campaign[]

See also: Eastern Partnership and International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis

As Poland's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sikorski was a strong supporter of closer ties with the EU's Eastern Neighbors. He opted for the integration of those countries into European structures, advocated anchoring Ukraine within the European Union[62] and called for economic changes in Belarus.[63] Sikorski was the main architect, along with his Swedish counterpart and friend Carl Bildt, of the eastern policy of the EU – which came to be called the Eastern Partnership.[64] Sikorski was also a supporter of the opening of EU borders to Ukraine and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad by means of Local Border Traffic (LBT) agreements. Thanks to those agreements, citizens of neighbouring regions may travel visa-free in Poland.[65] The agreement with Russia was signed by Sikorski and the Foreign Minister of Russia, Sergey Lavrov, on 14 December 2011.[66] It entered into force in July 2012 and has been kept in place despite worsening of relations in other areas. On 19 February 2014, Sikorski was requested by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Catherine Ashton, to begin a diplomatic mission in Kyiv.[67] On 16 July, shortly after publicly accusing Russia of strengthening support for separatist rebels in Ukraine and a Ukrainian military transport plane shootdown, and shortly before an EU summit on whether to impose sanctions on Russia, Sikorski flew to Kyiv to meet with Ukraine's Foreign Minister, Pavlo Klimkin.[68][69] Sikorski was the leading European politician during the Maidan crisis in February 2014, which was sparked by refusal of signing the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement by Yanukovich.[70]

On 19 February 2014, Sikorski, with the support of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Catherine Ashton, launched a diplomatic mission in Kyiv.[citation needed] It resulted in the signing, on 21 February by Sikorski, Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovich and opposition leaders Vitaly Klitchko, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, and Oleg Tyagnibok as well as the Foreign Ministers of France and Germany an agreement to constitutional rule and promote peaceful reforms in Ukraine. Following speeches by Sikorski and Frank-Walter Steinmeier the agreement was approved by the Maidan Rada with a vote of 35:2. The next day Yanukovich fled Kyiv.[citation needed] On 16 July 2014, shortly after publicly accusing Russia of supporting for separatist rebels in Ukraine, and shortly before an EU summit on whether to impose sanctions on Russia, Sikorski flew to Kyiv to meet with Ukraine's Foreign Minister, Pavlo Klimkin, where he argued that sanctions should be imposed on Russia.[71][72] On 1 August 2014, Sikorski was nominated for the post of EU's High Representative. Sikorski had been a strong supporter of sanctions against Russia, in contrast to his top opponent for the position, Federica Mogherini.

On 3 August, Sikorski told CNN's Fareed Zakaria that the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 crash had helped bring European leaders together against Russia. He noted the sanctions will cause economic "losses all around", especially for Poland, but declared that Europe cannot "stand idly by when Russia annexes, for the first time since the Second World War, a neighbour's province. And now supplying sophisticated weaponry to the separatists. "He called for more NATO troops in Poland and prepositioning of its equipment, as well as standing defence plans and bigger response forces. On 30 August, Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk was appointed President of the European Council. When later questioned, Sikorski called it "undoubtedly the prime minister's personal success but equally a success of Poland. We take this decision as both a signal of appreciation of the policies Poland has pursued over ten years of its EU membership and a sign that the distinctions between 'old' and 'new' member states are rapidly crumbling. On the 10th anniversary of Poland's accession to the EU, a Pole will lead the institution which sets the priorities of Europe."[73] One such priority, according to Sikorski, is "a well-interconnected network of energy infrastructure and more efficient security of supply mechanisms."[73] He backed Tusk's proposed pan-European "Energy Union" plan.[74] In September 2015, after leaving the Foreign Ministry, Sikorski again visited Kyiv, arguing that if Russia moves further into Ukraine, the West should provide Ukraine with defensive weapons.[75]

Marshal of the Sejm[]

On 24 September 2014, Sikorski was elected Marshal of the Sejm. As Marshal, Sikorski introduced a series of reforms: new standards for parliamentary travel, streamlined voting procedures and a new visual standard for parliamentary documents. He also authorized the construction of a new building for Parliamentary Committees.[76]

On 10 June 2015 Sikorski announced his resignation from the post in the wake of an illegal wiretaps scandal. Despite being the victim of illegal action by others, Sikorski explained that he did not want to damage Civic Platform's chances of success in the forthcoming election – "I made this decision for the sake of the Civic Platform, the only party that can maintain Poland's high position in the world".[77]

On 23 June 2015 Sikorski officially resigned. He decided not to run again for parliament.

European Parliament[]

In the 2019 European Parliament election Sikorski was elected as the MEP for the Kuyavian-Pomeranian constituency. He was elected as the new chair of the European Parliament's Delegation for relations with the United States of America (D-US).[78]

Other activities[]

On 6 November 2015 Sikorski was appointed a Senior Fellow at Harvard University's Center for European Studies.[79] He is also a distinguished statesman with the Brzezinski Institute on Geostrategy at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.[80]

On 11 February 2016, Sikorski was elected the Chairman of the Board of the Bydgoszcz Industrial-Technological Park. He has donated his salary to Bydgoski Care and Education Institutions Unit (Bydgoski Zespół Placówek Opiekuńczo-Wychowawczych).[81]

Other activities include:

  • Bilderberg Group, Member of the Steering Committee[82]

Views on the Holocaust[]

In an interview with Israel journalist Adar Primor, Sikorski declared that Polish society had opposed the German slaughter of Jews of Poland during the occupation and that Poles had been bystanders. [83]

Discussing the way in which the findings of the Polish Center for Holocaust Research was received, Israeli historian Laurence Weinbaum wrote in New Eastern Europe, "Since the collapse of 'People’s Poland'… a determined band of iconoclastic Polish researchers has been trawling through archives that were once off limits. [84] In no other post-communist country have scholars worked on the issue of native responses to the Holocaust with such tenacity and equanimity. Bit by bit, they deconstructed the 'kumbaya' story that had been propagated by both the communist regime and that of its ostensibly anti-communist successors.. At the core of their narrative was the notion that Poles had, en masse, acted to aid their imperiled Jewish neighbors. Resistance to the Germans, it was insisted, was a near universal phenomenon, and collaboration an entirely marginal one… [I]t quickly became clear that this research was not for the faint of heart…. Alongside thousands of valorous rescuers who are today memorialised by Yad Vashem, many times that number saw in the desperate, existential plight of the Jews a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for El-Dorado-like self-enrichment, religious triumphalism, or the realisation of sadistic fantasies. In fact, those who did risk their lives to save Jews feared betrayal by fellow Poles more than any happenstance discovery by the Germans, which makes their audacity all the more remarkable. Yet, with each successive revelation, a spasm of vitriolic rage was unleashed against the researchers who, it was said, had defamed the nation. Sometimes, even in polite circles, among those who could not be suspected of antisemitism, there was disbelief and denial… in an interview with an Israeli newspaper, Poland’s then-foreign minister, Oxford-educated Radołsaw Sikorski, insisted that “Nazi Germany carried out the Holocaust on our soil against our will, but in front of our eyes.”

Controversies[]

In 2015 a Polish tabloid Fakt published a paparazzo photograph of the delivery of a large pizza by his security to his house where he was working all weekend over government papers and alleged that Sikorski paid for it with his governmental credit card "for private, family dinner".[85] Sikorski took Fakt to the court and won an apology.[86] In 2012 a photographer demanded a fee for his photograph that Sikorski sent to his followers on Twitter without giving the source. Sikorski replied with congratulations and a pledge that his copyrights will be respected.[87] It subsequently turned out that the picture was a part of the Foreign Ministry's publicity campaign and the photographer got paid twice. The Supreme Audit Office (NIK) alleged mismanagement in the MFA in the purchase of antique furniture. In fact, the furniture matching historic décor continues to serve Sikorski's successors.[88]

In Poland, Sikorski was criticized for trying to normalize relations with Russia, while abroad he is known for toughness on the Putin regime, criticizing the indolence of international institutions and demanding that they stand up against Russia's aggression, disinformation and corruption. In 2014, Sikorski labeled pro-Russian separatists as "terrorists".[89] He also said: "Remember that on that Russian-Ukrainian border, people's identities are not as strong as we are used to in Europe. ... They reflect Ukraine's failure over the last 20 years and Ukraine's stagnant standards of living. You know, when you are a Ukrainian miner or soldier, and you earn half or a third of what your colleagues just across the border in Russia earn, that questions your identity."

Leaked conversations about the United Kingdom, Russia, and the U.S.[]

In June 2014, a magazine in Poland published redacted transcripts of an illegally taped conversation between Sikorski and the former Polish finance minister Jacek Rostowski. The recordings were believed to have been made in the dining room of the Polish Business Council sometime between summer 2013 and spring 2014.[90][91] Sikorski is heard criticizing the British Prime Minister David Cameron for his handling of the EU's fiscal pact to appease Eurosceptics in the Conservative Party.[90][91][92]

In another part of the leaked conversation, Sikorski was reported to have said:

The Polish-American alliance is worthless. It is even harmful because it creates a false sense of security for Poland.[93]

In the fragment of the record Sikorski said:

We're going to antagonize Germany and Russia, and they will think that everything is ok because we have given a blowjob to the Americans. Losers. Total losers.

Sikorski stated later that in the actual conversation, he was predicting what Polish foreign policy would look like under a Law and Justice government.[94] Sikorski argued that the tapes, which did not contain any evidence of illegality, were part of an organized attack on the government:

The Government was attacked by an organized criminal group. We are not sure who is behind it, but I hope its members will be identified and punished.[95]

Books published[]

Moscow's Afghan war. Soviet motives and western interests, 1987

Dust of the Saints, 1989 (the Polish translation, Prochy Świętych, was first published in 1990)

The Polish House: An Intimate History of Poland, 1998 (the American edition is titled Full Circle: A Homecoming to Free Poland)

Strefa Zdekomunizowana [Communism-freed Zone], 2007

Polska może być lepsza [Poland could be better], 2018

Awards and recognition[]

Personal life[]

Sikorski is married to an American journalist and historian, Anne Applebaum. They have two children, Aleksander (born 1997) and Tadeusz (born 2000).[112]

See also[]

References[]

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External links[]

Political offices
Preceded by
Jerzy Szmajdziński 		Minister of National Defence
2005–2007 		Succeeded by
Aleksander Szczygło
Preceded by
Anna Fotyga 		Minister of Foreign Affairs
2007–2014 		Succeeded by
Grzegorz Schetyna
Preceded by
Ewa Kopacz 		Marshal of the Sejm
2014–2015 		Succeeded by
Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
János Martonyi 		President of the Council of the European Union
2011 		Succeeded by
Villy Søvndal


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