Rajahmundry

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rajahmundry
City
Rajamahendravaram
A train moving inside Rail/Road Bridge
A train moving inside Rail/Road Bridge
Nickname(s): 
Cultural Capital of Andhra Pradesh
Rajahmundry is located in Andhra Pradesh
Rajahmundry
Rajahmundry
Location of Rajahmundry in Andhra Pradesh
Coordinates: 16°59′N 81°47′E / 16.98°N 81.78°E / 16.98; 81.78Coordinates: 16°59′N 81°47′E / 16.98°N 81.78°E / 16.98; 81.78
CountryIndia
StateAndhra Pradesh
RegionCoastal Andhra
DistrictEast Godavari
Founded byRajaraja Narendra
Government
 • BodyRajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation (RMC)[1]
Godavari Urban Development Authority (GUDA)[2]
Area
 • City44.50 km2 (17.18 sq mi)
Elevation
14 m (46 ft)
Population
 (2011)[3][4]
 • City489,561
 • Metro504,907
Languages
 • OfficialTelugu
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
533 1xx
Telephone code+91-883
Vehicle registrationAP-05 (former)
AP-39 (from 30 January 2019)[6]

Rajahmundry, officially known as Rajamahendravaram,[8] is a city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Located 200 km (120 mi) southwest of state's executive capital Visakhapatnam on the banks of Godavari River, it is the seventh most populated city in the state.[9] During British rule, the District of Rajahmundry was created in the Madras Presidency in 1823.[10] It was reorganised in 1859 and bifurcated into the Godavari and Krishna districts. Rajahmundry was the headquarters of Godavari district, which was further bifurcated into East Godavari and West Godavari districts in 1925. When the Godavari district was bifurcated, Kakinada became the headquarters of East Godavari and Eluru became the headquarters of West Godavari.[11] It is administered under Rajahmundry revenue division of the East Godavari district.[12][13] The city is known for its floriculture, history, culture, agriculture, economy, tourism, and its heritage.[14] It is known as the "Cultural Capital of Andhra Pradesh".[citation needed]

The city's name was derived from Raja Raja Narendra, the ruler of Chalukya dynasty of 11th century who ruled over the city.[15] In 2015, the city was renamed to Rajamahendravaram from the earlier name of Rajahmundry.[16]

Etymology[]

The city earlier was called Rajamahendravaram, derived from the Sanskrit name Rajamahendrapuram (The city of King Mahendra).[7] Carrying the same meaning, it is also referred to as Rajamahendri, which during the British colonial era became Rajahmundry. On 10 October 2015, the State Government of Andhra Pradesh officially renamed the city with its original name.[17]

History[]

Portrait of Nannayya
Painting representing historical significance of Rajahmundry city at a wall in Rajahmundry railway station

Rajahmundry was established by Ammaraja Vishnuvardhana the First (919–934 AD). The city as a prominent settlement can be traced back to the rule of the Eastern Chalukya[18] king Rajaraja Narendra, who reigned around 1022 AD.[19] Remains of 11th-century palaces and forts still exist.[20]

Rulers:[21]

  • Eastern Chalukyas
  • Kakatiyas
  • Eastern Ganga Dynasty
  • Reddies
  • Gajapati Empire
  • Vijayanagar Rulers
  • Nizam Rule
  • European Rulers and Zamindars

Rajahmundry was under Dutch rule for some time. In 1602, the Dutch constructed a fort here. In 1857, the British conquered the Dutch. They converted it into a jail in 1864 and elevated it into a central jail in 1870. The jail is spread over 196 acres (79 ha) out of which the buildings occupy 37.24 acres (15.07 ha).

In the Madras Presidency, the District of Rajahmundry was created in 1823.[10] It was reorganised in 1859 and was bifurcated into Godavari and Krishna districts. During British rule, Rajahmundry was the headquarters of Godavari district, which was further bifurcated into East Godavari and West Godavari districts in 1925. When the Godavari district was split, Kakinada became the headquarters of East Godavari and Eluru became headquarters of West Godavari.[22]

Rajahmundry was the hotbed of several movements during India's freedom struggle and acted as a base for many key leaders. When the Indian National Congress had its first meeting in Bombay (Mumbai), two leaders from Rajahmundry, Nyapathi Subba Rao and Kandukuri Veeresalingam, participated in it. Subba Rao, founder of Hindu Samaj in Rajahmundry, was also one of the six founders of India's noted English daily, The Hindu.

The Renaissance of Andhra Pradesh started in Rajahmundry. Kandukuri Veeresalingam is known as the Father of reforms in Andhra Pradesh. He started a monthly magazine Vivekavardhini, and a school for girls at Dowleswaram in 1874. The first widow remarriage took place on 11 December 1881. A society with 16 members was started on 22 June 1884, which used to look after widow remarriages in Rajahmundry. The town hall was established in 1890 by Veeresalingam. Bipin Chandra Pal visited Rajahmundry in April 1905 during the Vandemataram Movement. During his visits, he used to address the public in "Pal Chowk" (the present-day Kotipalli Bus Stand). Annie Besant visited Rajahmundry twice. First, she came during the foundations of a branch of the Divya Gyan Samaj at Alcot Gardens were being laid. She came again during the opening ceremony. Ramakrishna Mission was established in the city during 1950–51 near Kambal tank. The place is now the Ayakar Bhavan.

Rajahmundry is acclaimed as the birthplace of the Telugu language—its grammar and script evolved from the pen of the city-born poet Nannayya. Also known as 'Ādi Kavi' (the first poet) of Telugu, Nannayya, along with Tikkana and Yerrana, translated the Sanskrit version of Mahabharata into Telugu. Kandukuri Veeresalingam – a social reformer and the author of Rajashekhara Charithra, the first Telugu novel – was also from Rajahmundry.

Geography[]

See also: List of cities in Andhra Pradesh

Rajahmundry is located at

 WikiMiniAtlas
16°59′N 81°47′E / 16.98°N 81.78°E / 16.98; 81.78.[23] with an average elevation of 14 metres (46 ft). It is geographically located at centre of Godavari Districts.There is paddy, sugarcane and various varieties of flowers cultivation in the area. River Godavari flows through the west of Rajahmundry.

The Rajahmundry traps, part of the Deccan Traps, are located on the Godavari river and are of particular interest to geologists.[24]

Climate[]

The weather is hot and humid, with a tropical climate and, therefore, no distinct seasons. The mean maximum temperature is 32 °C (90 °F). The hottest season is from April to June, with temperature ranging from 34 °C (93 °F) to 48 °C (118 °F) with maximum of 52 °C (126 °F) recorded in May 2002 and May 2007. The coolest months are December and January, when it is pleasant at 27 °C (81 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F). There is heavy monsoon rain at the end of summer, with depressions in the Bay of Bengal.

hideClimate data for Rajahmundry
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 29
(84) 		32
(90) 		37
(99) 		40
(104) 		44
(111) 		40
(104) 		37
(99) 		33
(91) 		32
(90) 		32
(90) 		29
(84) 		27
(81) 		34
(94)
Average low °C (°F) 19
(66) 		21
(70) 		23
(73) 		27
(81) 		29
(84) 		27
(81) 		26
(79) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		21
(70) 		18
(64) 		24
(75)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 3
(0.1) 		6
(0.2) 		11
(0.4) 		21
(0.8) 		67
(2.6) 		142
(5.6) 		260
(10.2) 		187
(7.4) 		177
(7.0) 		197
(7.8) 		37
(1.5) 		7
(0.3) 		1,115
(43.9)
Source: en.climate-data.org

Demographics[]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1871 19,738—    
1881 24,555+24.4%
1891 28,397+15.6%
1901 36,408+28.2%
1911 48,417+33.0%
1921 53,791+11.1%
1931 63,526+18.1%
1941 74,564+17.4%
1951 105,276+41.2%
1961 130,002+23.5%
1971 188,805+45.2%
1981 267,749+41.8%
1991 324,881+21.3%
2001 315,251−3.0%
2011 648,558+105.7%

[2]

As of 2011 Census of India, the city had a 648,558 and metro population 1,039,894.[7] 29,883 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 15,152 are boys and 14,731 are girls—a sex ratio of 972 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 84.28% (male 88.14%; female 80.54%) with 264,653 literates, significantly higher than the national average of 73.00%.[4][25]

Governance[]

Rajahmundry is spread over an area of 238.5 km2 (92.1 sq mi) and metro area of 770.73 km2 (297.58 sq mi) with population of 648,558 and metro population 1,039,894[2][26] respectively. The Government is constructing an underground drainage system in the city.[27] The Government has merged 23 surrounding villages from Korukonda, Rajanagaram, Rajahmundry Rural and Kadiam mandals into Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation and upgraded to Greater Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation (GRMC).[2] AP govt issued GO no:85 on 28 Jan 2020 and published it in the Gazette on 31.01.2020. Godavari Urban Development Authority (GUDA) is also working for the progress of new master plan.[citation needed]

Present representatives of City:

  • Margani Bharat Ram (Rajahmundry Lok Sabha).
  • Jakkampudi Raja (Rajanagaram).
  • Gorantla Butchaih Chowdary (Rajahmundry Rural).
  • Adireddy Bhavani (Rajahmundry Urban).

Mandals in city:

Floriculture[]

Rajahmundry is also famous for flowers. Various varieties of flowers are cultivated here. Nurseries here are spread more than 3,500 acres in Kadiam, Rajahmundry Rural mandals of the city. Floriculture is expanding to Mandapeta town. Central Floriculture Institute and Research Centre is under construction at Vemagiri in the city.[28] Government is exporting these flowers from Rajahmundry Airport through cargo planes.

Economy[]

Rajahmundry is a commercial hub for East Godavari and West Godavari Districts. Nurseries in Kadiam mandal generates huge revenue to Rajahmundry revenue division. A floriculture research centre is in construction at Vemagiri to give a major boost to the nurseries in Godavari districts. Floriculture is expanding to Mandapeta, Alamuru and Atreyapuram mandals. Main Road and Tadithota are main marketing places in the city. Many shopping complexes, multiplexes, hotels and convention halls are in construction near NH 216A (old NH 16) and it is becoming another shopping centre. Tourism also generates revenue to this region.[29] It is one of the largest bullion markets in India which consists hundreds of gold, silver and platinum shops throughout the city.

Industries and employment[]

Rajahmundry is an industrial hub with huge industries generating employment. The city is the headquarters for ONGC, GAIL in K.G. Basin. Godavari districts are one of the largest petrochemical hubs in India. There are two huge paper mills in the city located at Luthergiri and Kadiam. There are two power plants in city i.e., GMR Power Plant and Vijjeswaram Hydel Power Plant. The Government has set up industrial parks and industrial clusters at Nidigatla, Pallakadiam, Rajanagaram, Kadiyam, Jegurapadu areas in the city.[30] The present five-year plan of district consists of making the city as an IT Hub.

Culture[]

Art and crafts[]

Damerla Rama Rao Art Gallery is dedicated to the works of the artist Damerla Rama Rao of the city and showcases various paintings by him such as Krishna Leela, Godavari of Eastern Ghats and Milkmaids of Kathiawar.[31]

Ratnam pens are the first handcrafted pens in India since 1932.[32] The pens are made from ebonite with gold or silver plated nibs. Ratnamson is a brand name of the K.V.Ratnam and sons, Ratnam Ball pen works at Fort Gate, Rajmudry.[33]

Literature[]

Nannayya is the earliest known Telugu poet, and the author of the first third of the Andhra Mahabharatam, a Telugu retelling of the Mahabharata. Sri Kandukuri Veeresalingam (1848–1919), a renowned social reformer, is widely considered as the man who first brought about a renaissance in Telugu literature and Telugu people; he is also known to have fought for women's issues.[34] General Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton, (15 May 1803 – 24 July 1899) was a British General and an Irrigation engineer.[35] Adurthi Subba Rao, prominent old-time Director and Producer of Telugu Films.[citation needed] Julia Maitland, a campaigner for "native" education, founded a multilingual school and reading room in the town in 1837.[36]

Music and films[]

Durga Cinetone was the first South Indian film studio, to be built in Rajahmundry in the year 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya. Many other films are being shot in the city.[37]

The city has produced many well-known artists in the Telugu film industry such as Adurthi Subba Rao, S. V. Ranga Rao, Ali, Raja Babu, Jaya Prada, Sameera Reddy, Bhanupriya, Sriman, , Thotakura Venkata Raju, Uma Pemmaraju, Ramesh, , Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar and J. D. Chakravarthy.[citation needed]

Tourism[]

Sir Arthur Cotton Barrage in Rajahmundry on River Godavari
Cotton museum

The river Godavari and its bridges and the Sir Arthur Cotton Museum[38] are some of the attractions in the city. Rajahmundry is a tourist destination in the state. Daily tourist boats are availed from to Papikondalu and Bhadrachalam. Nurseries in Kadiam mandal is another tourist destination.

Government of Andhra Pradesh is rehabilitating the old Godavari bridge (Havelock Bridge) and constructing resorts, convention centers, film studios, hotels, recreational places at Pichukalanka and other islands on River Godavari and eco-tourism centre at Kadiyapulanka, Zoological Park. Government of Andhra Pradesh is constructing Rajahmundry International Cricket Stadium on PPP mode to host international matches.[39] Greater Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation (GRMC), Godavari Urban Development Authority (GUDA) and Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (APTDC) is planning River Front Development on 22 km (14 mi) stretch of river Godavari from Venkatanagaram to Vemagiri. The Government is signing MoUs with private agencies for Malls, Multiplexes, Hotels, Convention Centers and Recreational places on PPP mode as a part of tourism development. Rajahmundry Airport is being developed as an international airport for giving a major boost to tourism in Godavari districts. Polavaram Project, which is 25 km (16 mi) away from city will become another major tourist site near the city.[40]

Transport[]

Main article: Transport in Rajahmundry
Godavari Rail Bridges view from PushkharGhat
Rajahmundry Railway station Entrance
Rajahmundry Airport

The bridges across Godavari river are an important transport infrastructure for connectivity such as, the Godavari Bridge,[41] which is the third longest railroad bridge in India;[42] and the Godavari Arch Bridge, commissioned on 14 March 1997 for Howrah–Chennai main line.[43] While, the Old Godavari Bridge (The Havelock Bridge) was the earliest of all, built in 1897 and was decommissioned in 1997.[42][44][45] The city also has Dowleswaram Cotton Barrage bridge and fourth bridge on either side of the main city that connects the highways of East Godavari and West Godavari districts.

Roads[]

Rajahmundry is very well connected to the state and the rest of India with a network of state and national highways. NH 16 passes through the city. NH 365BB, NH 516D connects the city with Khammam, Suryapet and Hyderabad. NH 216A which is a spur road to NH-16 connects the city with Ravulapalem, Tanuku, Tadepalligudem and Eluru. NH 516E connects the city with Vizianagaram via Rampachodavaram, Narsipatnam and Araku.

ADB Road and SH 40 (Canal Road) connects the city with Kakinada and SH 41 is connected with Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Telangana borders with Andhra Pradesh and Bhadrachalam. connects the city with Amalapuram. is connected to and Polavaram Project. connects the city to Nidadavolu, Palakollu and Narasapuram, Bhimavaram.

NHAI is constructing flyovers on NH 16 and NH 216A at Diwancheruvu, Lalacheruvu, , Vemagiri and Kadiyapulanka junctions in the city to ease traffic. Trumpet Bridge is being constructed at ADB road on NH 16 in Rajanagaram. An ROB was proposed from Morampudi to Kotipalli Bus stand. Godavari Urban Development Authority (GUDA), Greater Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation (GRMC) are constructing an outer ring road (ORR) for the city to ease traffic in the city.

Railways[]

Rajahmundry railway station is classified as an A category station.[46] It is located on the Howrah-Chennai main line of South Central Railway zone. Godavari and Kadiyam, Kovvur are other railway stations serving the city. A second railway line is proposed on the Godavari Arch Bridge. A new railway line to Raipur from the city connecting Rampachodavaram and other East agency areas was in proposal. The frequency of trains will be increased after completion of Kovvur-Bhadrachalam railway line and distance to Secunderabad will be decreased.[47]

Waterways[]

National Waterway 4 was declared on 24 November 2008, which connects the Indian states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and the union territory of Puducherry. It passes through Kakinada, Rajahmundry, Tadepalligudem, Eluru, Commanur, Buckingham Canal and also part of Krishna and Godavari rivers. Kakinada Port is the nearest port to the city. A new commercial port is under construction at Kakinada City by GMR on PPP mode. Narasapuram Port is proposed according to AP State Reorganisation Act.[48] It is being developed by Inland Waterways Authority of India.Inland water port is proposed at . APTDC and other private agencies' boats and launches are available daily from Pushakar Ghat to Papikondalu and Bhadrachalam.[49]

Airways[]

Rajahmundry Airport is situated at Madhurapudi, in the outskirts of the city.[50] This airport serves the people of both the Godavari districts. A new terminal building was inaugurated on 16 May 2012. Runway was expanded from the 1,749 m to 3,165 m. The airport's runway is the second longest runway in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Government proposed an IAF base in this airport. This airport plays a crucial role in economy of the Godavari districts. The government of AP is keen in exporting flowers through this airport from nurseries in Kadiyam mandal in the city. A new integrated domestic terminal will come up at Rajahmundry airport as part of its expansion and upgradation plans. The new terminal building, which will be built at a cost of Rs 135 crore, will have all modern facilities including aero bridges and will be able to handle 1,400 passengers (700 arrivals and 700 departures) at a time. The airport has also obtained a DGCA licence for handling wide-bodied aircraft such as Airbus 321 and Boeing 737. The airport also has a dedicated cargo terminal. Currently, Rajahmundry airport serves direct flights to and fro the destinations namely Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Tirupati and Visakhapatnam. There is a demand for direct flight services to Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.[51]

Education[]

The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.[52][53] As per the school information report for the academic year 2016–17, the city has 55,501[54] students enrolled in 244 schools.[55] The medium of instruction followed by schools are Telugu and English.[56][57] The Railway High School in the city has a history of more than hundred years, established in the year 1909.[58]

The city has one of the thirteen regional offices of the Board of Intermediate Education, which administers Intermediate education (10+2) education.[59] The Government Junior College is the only government run junior college, established in 1974 and there are four private-aided, twenty private-unaided colleges in the city.[60]

The Government Arts College was founded more than 150 years ago by the reformer, Kandukuri Veeresalingam Panthulu.[61] The BEd Training Institute is one of the oldest in India. Adikavi Nannaya University was established in March 2006, named after an 11th-century poet, Nannayya.[62] Other major universities in the city include Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University,[63] Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University,[64] Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University Study Center.[65] Andhra Pradesh State Forest Academy is located in the city for Forest skills training.[66]

National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem is located 34 km (21 mi) from the city.

Central Government Institutions in the city are as follows:

  • "Central Tobacco Research Institute (CTRI)".[67]
  • "National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)".
  • "National Academy of Constructions (NAC)".[62]

"Central Floriculture Institute and Research Centre" is in construction at Vemagiri.[28] "Science City" is in construction at Bommuru.[68]

After the Reorganization of Andhra Pradesh State the following institutes are sanctioned for the city:

  • "Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy (IIPE)".
  • "National Civil Aviation Academy".[60]
  • "National Institute of Drama (NID)".
  • "AP State Forest Academy".[58]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ https://rajahmundry.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/rajamahendravaram-municipal-corporation. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Greater Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation (GRMC)". 14 January 2020 – via www.thehansindia.com.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b "Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs" (PDF). Directorate of Town and Country Planning. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b "Census of India: Search Details". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  5. ^ "Agglomerations and Cities". citypopulation.de.
  6. ^ "New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched". The New Indian Express. Vijayawada. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Municipality Profile". Rajahmahendravaram Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  8. ^ Staff Reporter (17 October 2015). "Rajahmundry is now 'Rajamahendravaram'". The Hindu. Vijayawada. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  9. ^ "Andhra Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b Bhaskar, B. v s (8 June 2014). "Nyapathi Subbarao carved an identity for Telugus" – via www.thehindu.com.
  11. ^ "East Godavari District Mandals" (PDF). Census of India. pp. 365–366, 409. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  12. ^ "District Census Handbook – East Godavari" (PDF). Census of India. p. 3,16–17. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  13. ^ "Andhra Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts".
  14. ^ "FM waves to touch Rajahmundry soon". 28 July 2006 – via www.thehindu.com.
  15. ^ "Andhra Pradesh Government to Rename Rajahmundry as Rajamahendravaram". NDTV.com. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  16. ^ Staff Reporter (17 October 2015). "Rajahmundry is now 'Rajamahendravaram'". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  17. ^ "Rajahmundry in AP renamed as Rajahmahendravaram – The Times of India". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  18. ^ "19th century coins unearthed from an Andhra Pradesh temple". NDTV.com.
  19. ^ "Rajahmundry to get back it's [sic] original name".
  20. ^ "All eyes on Rajahmundry central jail land". News18.
  21. ^ "1000+ Years History (Since 919 AD)". History of Rajahmundry. Rajahmundry.net. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
  22. ^ Kalavalapalli, Yogendra (19 July 2016). "Pensioner's paradise Kakinada coming of age". Mint.
  23. ^ "Maps, Weather, and Airports for Rajamahendravaram, India". fallingrain.com.
  24. ^ Ajoy K Baksi. "Rajahmundry Traps: Deccan traps" (PDF). The Rajahmundry Traps, Andhra Pradesh: Evaluation of their petrogenesis relative to the Deccan Traps. Indian Academy of Science. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
  25. ^ "Chapter–3 (Literates and Literacy rate)" (PDF). Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  26. ^ "CommissionerProfile". Rajahmundry Corporation. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  27. ^ "Rajahmundry Municipal Corporation submits Rs 634 crore DPR on underground drainage". Deccan Chronicle. 2 April 2016.
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b "floriculture" – via www.thehindu.com.
  29. ^ "Regarding expansion and development of Rajamahendravaram Airport".
  30. ^ "industries". 22 April 2016 – via www.thehindubusinessonline.com.
  31. ^ "Damerla Rama Rao Art Gallery: a picture of neglect". The Hindu. 11 August 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  32. ^ John, Paul (11 December 2016). "Pen with swadeshi writ" (Ahemdabad). Benett Colman &Co. Times of India. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  33. ^ Mehandiratta, Vaibhav. "Ratnamson Catelogue". www.mehandiratta.wordpress.com. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  34. ^ Staff Reporter (12 December 2012). "Kandukuri had pragmatic approach to social problems" – via www.thehindu.com.
  35. ^ "No documentary on Sir Arthur Cotton". 15 May 2009 – via www.thehindu.com.
  36. ^ Letters from Madras, during the years 1836–1839, by a Lady (London, 1843).
  37. ^ Ram, P (2014). Life in India. AnVi. p. 153. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  38. ^ "Museum being spruced for visit of Cotton's great-grandson". 28 November 2009 – via www.thehindu.com.
  39. ^ "Andhra CM Approves Establishment of Archaeological Corporation Instructs Officials to Boost Tourism". 19 October 2019 – via ANI News.
  40. ^ "Saluting Sir Arthur Cotton". The Hindu. 15 May 2008 – via www.thehindu.com.
  41. ^ INDIA, THE HANS (17 February 2016). "Road-cum-rail bridge to be illuminated". www.thehansindia.com.
  42. ^ Jump up to: a b R.R.Bhandari. "Bridges: The Spectacular Feat of Indian Engineering" (PDF). Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers. Retrieved 6 August 2012. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  43. ^ Dayaratnam, P. (2000). International Conference on Suspension, Cable Supported, and Cable Stayed Bridges: November 19-21, 1999, Hyderabad. Universities Press. p. 219. ISBN 9788173712715.
  44. ^ Khan, Mukram (21 March 2009). "The Havelock Bridge Memorial Stone". Flickr. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  45. ^ "Engineering Tourism". East Godavari district official website. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  46. ^ "Statement showing Category-wise No.of stations" (PDF). Indian Railways. p. 2. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  47. ^ Staff Reporter (27 September 2012). "Railway station to have two more platforms". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
  48. ^ Ministry of Shipping (Government of India). "National waterways Declaration". Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  49. ^ Press Information Bureau, Government of India (2 August 2010). "Development Authority for Inland Waterways in India". Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  50. ^ Samaritan, Sampat G. (10 August 2016). "Rajahmundry airport tops in occupancy rates". Deccan Chronicle.
  51. ^ "Rajahmundry airport terminal operational". The Times of India. 17 January 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  52. ^ "School Education Department" (PDF). School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  53. ^ "The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal". www.ap.gov.in. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  54. ^ "Student Information Report". Commissionerate of School Education. Child info 2015–16, District School Education – Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  55. ^ "Student Information Report". Commissionerate of School Education. Child info 2016–17, District School Education – Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  56. ^ Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514890-9. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  57. ^ Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (2002). Education and the Disprivileged: Nineteenth and Twentieth Century India. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 9788125021926. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  58. ^ Jump up to: a b "Railway school completes 100 years". The Hindu. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  59. ^ "Regional Offices". Board of Intermediate Education AP. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  60. ^ Jump up to: a b "List of colleges in Guntur district" (PDF). Board of Intermediate Education. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  61. ^ Staff Reporter (12 March 2012). "Government Arts College receives NAAC certificate". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
  62. ^ Jump up to: a b Bureau, Our (27 November 2016). "Nannaya University Developing as top". www.thehansindia.com.
  63. ^ "Bifurcation blues in Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University". Deccan Chronicle. 23 August 2015.
  64. ^ INDIA, THE HANS (21 April 2016). "PM Modi clears two more national institutes for AP". www.thehansindia.com.
  65. ^ "Open university to set up study centres in Agency". The Hindu. 28 May 2008 – via www.thehindu.com.
  66. ^ "Forest academy hones skills of staff". The Hans India. 6 May 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  67. ^ "CTRI - Rajahmundry" – via https://ctri.icar.gov.in/index.php.
  68. ^ "Science City" – via m.timesofindia.com.

External links[]

Retrieved from ""