Rasht

Rasht رشت‎  (Persian) Rəsht  (Gilaki)
City
Seal
Nickname(s):  Rain City, Rasht-Heaven
Rasht
Coordinates: 37°16′51″N 49°34′59″E / 37.28083°N 49.58306°E / 37.28083; 49.58306Coordinates: 37°16′51″N 49°34′59″E / 37.28083°N 49.58306°E / 37.28083; 49.58306
Country	Iran
Province	Gilan
County	Rasht
Bakhsh	Central
Government
• Mayor	Ali Baharmast
• City Council Chairman	Amir Hossein Alavi
Area
• Total	180 km2 (70 sq mi)
Population  (2016 Census)	956,971 [1]
Time zone	UTC+3:30 (IRST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Area code(s)	013
Website	rasht.ir

Rasht (Persian: رشت‎, romanized: Rašt [ɾæʃt] (listen); Gilaki: Rəšt; also romanized as Resht and Rast, and often spelt Recht in French and older German manuscripts)^[2] is the capital city of Gilan Province, Iran. Also known as the "City of Rain" (شهر باران, Ŝahre Bārān), it had a population of 956,971 as of the 2016 census^[3] and is the most densely populated city of Iran.

Rasht is the largest city on Iran's Caspian Sea coast. It is a major trade center between Caucasia, Russia and Iran using the port of Bandar-e Anzali. Rasht is also a major tourist center with the resort of Masouleh in the adjacent mountains and the beaches of Caspian as some of the major attractions.

Historically, Rasht was a major transport and business center which connected Iran to Russia and the rest of Europe, and because of this was known as the "Gate of Europe". The city has a history that goes back to the 13th century but its modern history dates back to the Safavid era during which Rasht was a major silk trade center with numerous textile workshops.

History[]

For a more comprehensive treatment of the region, see the history section of Gilan.

Timeline[]

• 682: Rasht was first mentioned in historical documents.
• 1669: Stenka Razin, a Cossack warlord, plundered the city.
• 1714: Rasht destroyed by earthquake.
• 1722–1732: Occupation by the Russians due to the Russo-Persian War.
• 1901: A major epidemic plague devastates the city.
• 1917–1920: The Russian and British armed forces fight in the port city of Bandar-e Anzali and Rasht. The British retreat and the Russians occupy the area.
• 1920–1921: The short-lived Gilan Soviet Socialist Republic was established with its capital in Rasht.
• 1937: A revolt, sparked by the desire to collect a "road tax" from the Russians, was suppressed.
• 1974: First university established in Rasht.

Rasht was first mentioned in historical documents in 682 CE, but it is certainly older than this and appears on the Peutinger Map of late antiquity. It has seen the Sassanid era, the armies of Peter the Great and later Russian rulers, and British colonialism. The people of Rasht also played a major role in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran.

The name Rasht comes most plausibly from the verb reshtan, weaving. Rasht has, along with regions around Tabriz and Tehran, one of the earliest industry plants during the last quarter of the 19th century, prominently in fields such as fishing, caviar production, the Caspian sea oil pipeline construction and textiles. During the 20th century, until the mid-70s, Gilan and the Rasht region was the third-ranking industrial city in Iran by number of workers and per capital productivity. It lost its cultural and industrial status to a large extent after the 1970s.

The people of Rasht played a prominent role in instigation and radicalization of the Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1907). Rasht is the birthplace of Mīrzā Kūchak Khān, one of the leading figures of the Constitutional Revolution. His own movement in Gilan, which went by the name of Jangalis, represented a pro-modern and social democratic program for reformation of Muslim rituals and traditions. Mirza established the short-lived Persian Socialist Soviet Republic in 1920 after the defeat of the constitutional forces and in coalition with Iranian communists. The republic had the support of the newly established Russian Red Army. The Soviet Government, after a turn of military and political strategy proposed by Trotsky, withdrew its support and the republic itself was tormented by the inner conflicts between the newly established Iranian Communist Party (1919) and the Jangalis and other factions. The republic was finally defeated by the Iranian army under the command of Reza Shah.

The first national library of Iran was established in Rasht under the Qajar dynasty. Furthermore, Nasim e Shomal as the first modern newspaper of Iran after the constitutional revolution has been published in Rasht, but later moved its headquarters to Qazvin. First Public Library of Iran was built in Rasht City.[2] First Branch of the First Iranian Bank (Sepah Bank) was located in Rasht City.[3] First branch of 24/7 pharmacy (Karoon pharmacy) was built in Rasht City. First school for girls and first fire station in Iran were also built in Rasht City. The city of Rasht was the center of Gilan and the center of the first province of the country. During the Qajar period, along with economic development between Iran and Russia, Noghan trade and other products expanded. Thus, Rasht became the gateway to Europe in the 19th century. Gregory Valeriano Vich Melgunov, a Russian traveler who traveled to Rasht in 1275 AH, wrote in his memoirs that the city at that time had 546 houses, 1021 shops and a population of 27,314. At that time, Rasht's political credibility was such that the Russian, British, and Ottoman governments had consulates in Rasht.^[4]

Modern day[]

Rasht is turning into an industrialized town like most of the Iranian large cities and province capitals. Enjoying the Kadus International Hotel and hundreds of tourist attractions, Rasht receives thousands of foreign tourists annually, mostly from Austria, Germany, Netherlands, France, Australia, Japan and African countries like Senegal and Cameroon as well as countries from Oceania like Micronesia. Rasht is known for its famous municipal building, located in the Square of Municipality, which was constructed circa 1900, and has been renovated each year. Due to the high amount of humidity in Rasht which damages and destroys the aged buildings, the native, older architectural texture of Rasht is gradually being replaced with the modern skyscrapers and apartments.

The culture of consumerism is prevalent among the people of Rasht as a cultural and urban center which is historically engaged in close commercial and political ties with the United Kingdom, Russia and France. Due to this background which makes the inhabitants much familiar with the industrial, cultural and political developments of the west, the finance and credit institutions are more willing to open representative offices and bureaus in Rasht and it has made the city a center of various banks and financial organizations. There are many commercial centers, malls and financial institutions in Rasht including one branch of the Exports Development Bank of Iran which is an international bank dealing with the Iranian exports. The organizers and directors of national Iranian or non-Iranian banks afford to spend considerable amounts of budgets to construct attractive and modern buildings for their offices in Rasht.

Since the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran, there have always been requests on behalf of Russian, Turkish and Azeri banks to open branches in Rasht and that is why the city is endowed as the "gate of Europe" in Iran. The head consulate of the Russian Federation government is located in Rasht and some of the other Caspian region countries are also keen to establish representative headquarters in Rasht alongside their embassies in Tehran. Some evidences are the University of Gilan which was constructed jointly by the governments of Iran and West Germany about 40 years ago, the building of IRIB representatives in Rasht which was constructed jointly by the Iranian and Belgian engineers.

Bigler Beigi Pavilion (Qajar dynasty)

Mohtasham Park in Rasht City

Rasht municipality

Rasht Saravan Park

First of Iran[]

• The first branch of Bank Sepah and first Bank of Iran was established in Rasht in 1925^[5]
• The first Girl's School in Iran was established in Rasht^[6][7]
• The first day & night pharmacy in Iran was established in Rasht^[8]
• The first sanatorium for the elderly and disabled in Iran was established in Rasht^[9]
• The first National Library of Iran was established in Rasht in 1920^[10]
• The first bus Iran arrived in Rasht^[11]
• The first city in which the sewage system was established
• The first city in which the Russian, British, French and Ottoman governments opened their consulates and had political representatives.^[12]
• The first silk factory in Iran^[13]
• The first national hospital in Iran named Poursina Hospital^[14]
• The first classical theater in Iran^[15]

Climate[]

Depending on the precipitation threshold used, Rasht either has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) or a Mediterranean climate (Csa). The climate is one of the wettest in Iran, with warm summers and cool winters, sometimes with snow.^[16] It is also relatively continental with cooler winters and higher seasonal temperature variation than in much of Iran, despite its marine position. The average humidity is 81.2%, contrasting heavily with cities in many other parts of Iran. Sunshine hours, averaging roughly 1,520 per year, are lower than in most places in Iran and also compared to most places at this latitude. Rasht is also known as "The City of Rain".

Demography[]

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1986	290,897	—
1991	340,637	+3.21%
1996	417,748	+4.17%
2006	557,366	+2.93%
2011	639,951	+2.80%
2016	679,995	+1.22%
source:[19]

Language[]

The people of Rasht speak Gileki as their mother tongue and Persian language as of the official language of Iran. Gileki is spoken by more than 3 million people. The vast majority of Gileki speakers live in the Gilan Province of Iran. It belongs to the northwestern branch of the Iranian languages. The Iranian languages belong to the Indo-European language family, in the Indo-Iranian branch. Gileki is closely related to Mazanderani and is subdivided into two main dialects: Bie-pas and Bie-pish. Bie-pas dialect is mainly spoken in west of Sepidroud, including Rasht and Fuman, while Bie-pish dialect belongs to eastern part of Gilan, including Lahijan and Langrud.

In some rural areas near Rasht, school teachers give their courses in Gileki rather than Persian.

Culture[]

People of Rasht spend much on arts, food, and clothes. They spend the leisure times going to cinemas, art exhibitions, music concerts and international book fairs that are being held in the city most of times in a year. Also the municipality kicks off sports, cultural or IT-related competitions to involve the youth in healthy and constructive activities. The most beloved competition is the annual blogging competition which awards the top young bloggers each year.

Rasht has been playing a major role in Iranian history. It was Iran’s gateway to Russia and Europe; therefore it was influenced by western architecture. Iran’s first public library was built here and it was the first city in Iran where girls were allowed to go to school.

Iranian cities of Isfahan and Rasht were accepted to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network on December 11, 2015. Isfahan is registered because of its creative Crafts and Folk Art and Rasht because of its unique Gastronomy.^[20]

In 2015, January 4, the day that Rasht was selected as the political center of Gilan more than 4.5 centuries ago, was included in the official calendar of the country as Rasht Day.

Historical and natural attractions[]

• Municipal Complex
• Iran Hotel
• Post Building
• National Library
• Tomb of Mirza Kuchak Khan
• Mirza Kuchak Khaan House
• Safi Mosque
• Kolah Farangi Mansion
• Sabzeh Meydan Park
• Gilan Rural Heritage Museum
• Saravan Forest Park
• Gilan Rural Heritage Museum
• Rasht Museum of Anthropology
• Avanesian House
• Rasht Grand Market
• Hajj Samad Khan Mosque
• Haj Samiee Mosque
• Badyollah Mosque
• Qadiri House of Rasht
• Mirza Khalil House
• Governor's Building
• Mohtasham Garden
• Mafakher Park
• Emamzadeh Hashem
• Imamzadeh Ismail and Abbas
• Mellat Park
• Eynak Lagoon
• Keshavarz Park
• Meshkat Park
• Towhid Park
• Golshan Mosque
• Kase Forushan Mosque
• Zargaran Mosque
• Abrishamchi House
• Ashkouri House
• Seyyed Ali Moghimi House
• Mohtasham Caravanserai
• Haji Bath
• Ebrahim Pourdavoud Tomb
• Chomarsara Clay Bridge
• Gishe Damerdeh Bridge
• Gurab-e Lishavandan
• Tomb of Imam's sister
• Imamzadeh Bibi Zeynab
• Tomb Tower Danaye Ali
• Siah Estalakh Village
• Lat Carvansary
• Shahid Beheshti High School
• Ghasr-e Bazi Rasht
• Mahan Bird's Garden

Cuisine[]

The dominant foods of Rasht people are various types of fish. Mirza Ghassemi, vavishka (a type of haggis), nargesi, baghala ghatogh, and ashpal (roe) are some other popular local dishes. Reshteh khoshkar is a well-known sweet. Zeitoun Parvardeh is a kind of delicacy prepared from olives and pomegranates; it is a popular seasoning in the city.^[21]

Sports[]

The people of Rasht have always been regular fans of football which is the beloved sport in the city. Most are fans of Damash Gilan who play in the Azadegan League or Sepidrood Rasht who play in the Persian Gulf Pro League. Damash Gilan is the newer version of former Pegah football club that belonged to the municipality of Rasht, but was purchased later by the mineral water factory of Damash and changed its name and properties to Damash Gilan. The home stadium of Damash Gilan is Dr. Azodi Stadium which is an old stadium dating back to almost 40 years ago and its capacity is 11,000 people. Sardar Jangal Stadium is the cities second stadium.

Following football, wrestling, judo and weightlifting are the most popular sports of youth in Rasht and that is due to the enchanting appearance of Iranian wrestlers and weightlifters in the international competitions like Olympics. The outstanding figure of world weightlifting and the two-time olympics Gold medal winner Hossein Rezazadeh is a main inspirer of Rasht youth to try Weightlifting as their professional job. Asghar Ebrahimi who was the squad captain of Iranian weightlifting team at the 2008 Olympics is from Rasht and a successful example of those youth from Rasht who tried this national field of sport after Hossein Rezazadeh.

Pharmaceutical industry[]

At present, Rasht has a Faculty of Pharmacy under the auspices of Gilan University of Medical Sciences and several drug production centers, one of which is a center for the production of anti-cancer nano-drugs with 24 pens. Sobhan Daroo Co. is one of the most successful pharmaceutical companies in Iran. And with more than 100 production licenses, it is currently the second largest producer in the country in terms of production volume. Sobhan Oncology Pharmaceutical Company is one of the most modern and advanced production units of anti-cancer and chemotherapy products in the world.^[22]

Colleges and universities[]

• University of Gilan
• Gilan university of medical sciences
• Islamic Azad University of Rasht
• Jaber ebn Hayyan Institute of Higher Education
• Payame Noor University
• Institute of Higher Education for Academic Jihad of Rasht
• Guilan Technical & Vocational Training Organization^[23]
• Gilan Advanced Skills Training Center^[24]
• Rasht Technical and Vocational Institute^[25]
• Guilan University of Applied and Scientific Technology^[26]

Economy[]

This city is greatly important based on its geographical situation (locating on the central plain and its large width, fertile lands and soil, being the most important region of the province and Iran in terms of rice cultivation), communicative situation (locating among Tehran–Qazvin-Anzali-Astara roads, in one hand, and the main road from Gilan to Mazandaran and the east of Gilan, on the other hand), political–administrative situation (situating as the capital city of Gilan province) and economic development, towns expansion and industrial factories and the following increase in the agricultural-commercial activities and in the number of science and technology centers. The most residents of this city are active in service, trading and industrial jobs and paddy is the main activities of the villagers in this region.^[27][28][29]

Transportation[]

Taxi[]

In 1326, 50 taxis were purchased from England by the order of Fakhr-ol-dowleh (daughter of Muzaffar al-Din Shah) and imported to Iran. In 1327, the first taxi entered Rasht by crossing the main street of the city due to his interest in Gilan. Rasht Metropolitan Taxi Organization has so far organized more than 9,500 taxis and private cars.

Railway[]

Rasht is served by Rasht railway station. There are daily train departures from Tehran to Rasht, leave Tehran at 07:45 and arrive Rasht in 13:10. The non-reduced ticket price costs 430,000 Rials (2 euros 50 cents in May 2019) and can be bought either online from the Iranian railway website or in travel agencies. The railway passes through Alborz mountains and then Sefidrood river valley and stops in Karaj and Qazvin on its way to Rasht.

International airport[]

The Rasht International airport is the only airport in the small province of Gilan and was established in 1969 with an approximate area of 220 hectares. At first, the airport just handled domestic flights to Tehran and Mashhad, but after it was renamed to Sardar Jangal International airport in 2007, additional routes were established.

The airport is in close affiliation with hundreds of flights by national and international airlines, including Mahan Air, Iran Air, Iran Aseman Airlines, Kish Air and receives more than 2000 flights annually.

Rose de Rescht[]

Rosa 'de Rescht', like many old garden roses, presents an interesting historical background story. This cultivar, originating in Iran, was reported at the end of 19th century in England, but it was then forgotten. It was rediscovered near the Iranian provincial capital of Rascht by Miss Nancy Lindsay in 1945, and was brought back to the United Kingdom, where it was re-introduced around 1950. Today it is shown in the Victorian Class, winning many trophies.^[30]

Notable citizens[]

Health centers and hotels[]

Hotel

Hospital

Distance[]

Away with some of the major cities in Iran:

City	Km distance
Isfahan	640
Tehran	326
Kerman	1250
Mashhad	1063
Tonekabon	137
Shahrekord	739
Ahvaz	956

Twin towns – sister cities[]

Rasht is twinned with:^[31]

• Astrakhan, Russia
• Moscow, Russia
• Multan, Pakistan
• Trabzon, Turkey

References[]

External links[]

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Rasht.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rasht.

• Rasht Municipality Organization شهرداري رشت
• Damash Rasht Football Team Fans Site
• Gilan Province
• Iran Chamber Society: Rasht
• Iran Chamber of commerce, Industries & Mines: Gilan
• Encyclopedia of the Orient
• Info Please
• Photos of Rasht in Panoramio

v t Largest cities or towns in Iran 2016 census
	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.
Tehran Mashhad	1	Tehran	Tehran	8,693,706	11	Rasht	Gilan	679,995	Isfahan Karaj
	2	Mashhad	Razavi Khorasan	3,001,184	12	Zahedan	Sistan and Baluchestan	587,730
	3	Isfahan	Isfahan	1,961,260	13	Hamadan	Hamadan	554,406
	4	Karaj	Alborz	1,592,492	14	Kerman	Kerman	537,718
	5	Shiraz	Fars	1,565,572	15	Yazd	Yazd	529,673
	6	Tabriz	East Azarbaijan	1,558,693	16	Ardabil	Ardabil	529,374
	7	Qom	Qom	1,201,158	17	Bandar Abbas	Hormozgan	526,648
	8	Ahvaz	Khuzestan	1,184,788	18	Arak	Markazi	520,944
	9	Kermanshah	Kermanshah	946,651	19	Eslamshahr	Tehran	448,129
	10	Urmia	West Azarbaijan	736,224	20	Zanjan	Zanjan	430,871