Royal Air Maroc

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Royal Air Maroc
Arabic: الخطوط الملكية المغربية‎
Royal Air Maroc logo.svg
IATA ICAO Callsign
AT RAM ROYAL AIR MAROC
Founded1957; 64 years ago (1957)
HubsMohammed V International Airport[1]
Focus cities
Frequent-flyer programSafar Flyer
AllianceOneworld
Subsidiaries
Fleet size59
Destinations103[2]
Parent companyMoroccan Government
HeadquartersCasablanca-Anfa Airport
Casablanca, Morocco
Key peopleAbdelhamid Addou (President)
RevenueUS$1.7 billion (FY 2017)[3]
Operating incomeUS$48.5 million (FY 2017)[3]
Employees5,413[3]
Websiteroyalairmaroc.com

Royal Air Maroc (French pronunciation: ​[ʁwajal ɛʁ maʁɔk]; Arabic: الخطوط الملكية المغربية‎, al-Khuṭūṭu l-Malakiyyatu l-Maghribiyyah, literally Royal Moroccan Lines or Royal Moroccan Airlines; Berber languages: ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ, Amuni Aylal Ageldan n Amurakuc), more commonly known as RAM, is the Moroccan national carrier,[4] as well as the country's largest airline.[5] RAM is wholly owned by the Moroccan Government, and has its headquarters on the grounds of Casablanca-Anfa Airport. It joined the Oneworld alliance in 2020. From its base at Mohammed V International Airport,[6] the carrier operates a domestic network in Morocco, scheduled international flights to Africa, Asia, Europe, and North and South America, and occasional charter flights that include Hajj services.[7]

History[]

Early years[]

A Royal Air Maroc Caravelle at Düsseldorf Airport in 1973. The carrier ordered its first two aircraft of the type in 1958.[8]:101
A Royal Air Maroc Boeing 727-200 Advanced at Düsseldorf Airport in 1993.
A Royal Air Maroc Boeing 747-200B at Charles de Gaulle Airport in 1996.

Royal Air Maroc—Compagnie Nationale de Transports Aériens was formed in July 1953 (1953-07) as a result of the merger of Compagnie Chérifienne de'l Air (Air Atlas) — set up in 1946 with Junkers Ju 52s — and Compagnie Chérifienne de Transports Aériens Air Maroc, that was founded in 1947 and commenced scheduled operations in 1949.[9] The fleet of the newly formed airline included six Bretagnes, four Commandos, five DC-3s and two Languedocs.[10] These aircraft worked on routes previously served by the predecessor companies, plus Frankfurt, Geneva and Paris.[11] The name Royal Air Maroc (RAM) was adopted on 28 June 1957 (1957-06-28),[nb 1] with the government of Morocco having a 67.73% stake.[12] Hajj flights commenced in 1957.[11] The carrier's fleet comprised 16 aircraft by April 1958 (1958-04), including four DC-4s, three DC-3s, seven Bretagnes and two C-46s.[13] In May 1958 (1958-05), the airline ordered two Caravelles.[8]:101 In July, a number of long-haul routes were launched using four Lockheed L-749 Constellations leased from Air France, and the coastal Oran–Oujda run — which had been suspended in May — was reopened. Also in 1958, the carrier started flying to Gibraltar. The arrival of the Constellations enabled the airline to withdraw the DC-4s from service.[11]

A single Caravelle was part of the fleet of four L-749 Constellations, four DC-4s and three DC-3s by April 1960 (1960-04), making the Caravelle the first jet aircraft operated by the company; another Caravelle was yet to be delivered.[9] The type began serving the Rabat–Bamako route in July 1961 (1961-07). By 1964, there were three Caravelles in the fleet.[11] A fourth was ordered in late 1964.[14] At April 1965 (1965-04), the company had 758 employees and chairmanship was held by Mohammed Al Fassi. The route network included services within North Africa, and also linked North Africa with France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Switzerland; the Casablanca–Dakar and Casablanca–Las Palmas sectors were also flown. Shareholding at the time was split between the government of Morocco (64%), Air France (21%), Compagnie Generale Transatlantique (7.6%), Aviacion y Comercio (5%) and others (2.4%).[15] An order for a fifth Caravelle was placed in early 1968.[16] By 1969, all routes to Europe and North Africa were flown using solely these aircraft.[17] In 1969, the carrier placed its first order with Boeing.[18]

Royal Air Maroc took delivery of the first Boeing aircraft, a Boeing 727-200, in 1970,[19] with the carrier deploying it on revenue service on 15 May.[11] Subsidiary airline Royal Air Inter was formed early in the year to undertake domestic routes using Fokker F-27 Friendship equipment; this sister company started operations on 2 April 1970, and by May 1971 (1971-05), it was serving Agadir, Al Hoceima, Casablanca, Fez, Marrakesh, Oujda, Rabat, Tangier and Tetouan.[20] The RAM's fleet at May 1971 (1971-05) comprised two Boeing 727-200s, along with four Caravelles and two SIAI Marchetti SF.260s.[21] At a cost of US$8.85 million, a third Boeing 727-200 was ordered in 1972.[22] In 1974, the carrier ordered a single Boeing 727-200 Advanced,[23] followed by an order for a fourth Boeing 727-200.[24] Also that year, negotiations with Air France for the lease of a Boeing 707-320B started.[11] By March 1975 (1975-03), the Boeing 707 was part of an 11-strong fleet, along with four Boeing 727-200s, four Caravelles, and two SIAI Marchetti SF.260s.[25] RAM flew the leased Boeing 707 to New York for the first time in April 1975 (1975-04), becoming the first Arab airline in serving this destination.[11] During the year, the company acquired three Boeing 737-200s to replace the Caravelles.[26] Also in 1975, a weekly non-stop service to Rio de Janeiro was started.[27] An order for three more Boeing 727-200s was placed in early 1976.[28] That year, the four Caravelles were withdrawn from service and sold. A Boeing 747-200B entered the fleet in September 1978 (1978-09).[27]

1980s[]

By July 1980 (1980-07), Royal Air Maroc had 3,583 employees. At this time, the carrier's fleet consisted of a single Boeing 747-200B, two Boeing 707-320Cs, one Boeing 707-320, seven Boeing 727-200s and three Boeing 737-200s.[29] Another Boeing 727-200, ordered in January that year,[30] was still pending delivery.[29] At a cost of US$16 million, an additional Boeing 737-200 was ordered in 1981, with the US Export-Import Bank arranging a US$5 million loan to secure the delivery, and RAM and private financers funding the balance. Delivery was slated for March 1982 (1982-03).[31] During 1982, two Boeing 737-200Cs were ordered for US$33 million; deliveries were arranged for March and June 1983 (1983-06).[32] Late that year, the airline joined the International Air Transport Association.[33]

In July 1986 (1986-07), RAM was the first African airline that introduced the Boeing 757 into service.[34] The first of these aircraft that was delivered to the company set a record for the type when it flew the distance separating Seattle from Casablanca, 4,910 nautical miles (9,090 km; 5,650 mi), non-stop.[35]

1990s[]

In the early days of the decade, the last of the 707s was removed from the fleet. Meanwhile, newer, more efficient, Classic 400 and 500 Series Boeing 737s were introduced to increase the frequency of European routes. By the middle of the decade all 727s had disappeared. To consolidate its North American operations, Royal Air Maroc purchased a single Boeing 747-400. As the decade progressed, new routes to previously under-served African airports were opened.

2000-present[]

With the increasing number of passengers and newly opened routes as well as increasing oil prices, there was a need to buy new aircraft. In 2000 an order for 20 Next-Generation Boeing 737 aircraft and 4 Airbus A321s was placed. Meanwhile, more routes to the west and central African cities were opened. RAM was now changing, from providing flights to meet the demands of foreign tourists and Moroccan expatriates, to providing connections between European cities and African cities via the Casablanca hub. In 2002, the company leased two 767s to replace the single 747 in North American routes.

Morocco and the EU signed an open skies agreement in late 2006. This means that Royal Air Maroc will have to face tough competition from low-cost carriers eager to exploit profitable routes between Western Europe and Morocco. A further challenge arises from the high cost of kerosene and the fact that the company may have to drop some of its unprofitable domestic and international routes.

Royal Air Maroc became Oneworld's 14th member on 1 April 2020.[3][36][1][37]

Corporate affairs[]

Ownership and subsidiaries[]

A Boeing 737-400 wearing a combined Royal Air Maroc/Atlas Blue livery in 2009. The Atlas Blue fleet was merged with the parent company's one in 2011.[38]

As of 2018, the airline is owned by the Moroccan government; 53.94% of shares are owned directly by the state, an additional 44.10% are held via the Hassan II Fund for Economic and Social Development.[39] The remaining 2% are owned by private investors including Air France and Iberia.[40]

The government has considered the privatisation of the company for about 20 years;[41] the latest plan, dating from late 2012, reportedly included selling up to 44% of the stakes to a Gulf airline.[5]

As of December 2012, The Group Royal Air Maroc had the following subsidiaries:[citation needed]

Former RAM subsidiaries include:

  • Air Gabon International, formed in December 2005 (2005-12) as a joint venture between the State of Gabon and RAM, which held a controlling interest (51%).[42][43] It intended to be the new Gabonese flag carrier.[44]
  • Air Sénégal International, created in 2000, had its maiden flight in 2001;[45] the government of Senegal was the stockholder of 49% of the company and RAM held the balance at the time it ceased operations in April 2009 (2009-04).[46][47]
  • Amadeus Morocco[48]
  • Atlas Blue: RAM's fully owned low-cost subsidiary.[49] It was created on 28 May 2004,[50] and started operations in July the same year.[51] Based in Marrakech, it initially operated a single Boeing 737-400 that was transferred from its parent company and deployed on charter routes to France.[52] Operations were integrated into RAM in 2009,[53] while the fleets of both carriers officially merged on 10 February 2011.[38]
  • Atlas Catering Airlines Services
  • Atlas Hospitality Morocco,[54] a chain of hotels[55]
  • Matis, dedicated to the aircraft wiring industry[54]

Business trends[]

The carrier achieved the best result in ten years[56] for the fiscal year 2012; cost-cutting measures had included the reduction in the number of employees by 1,974 between June 2011 (2011-06) and October 2012 (2012-10) and a fleet renewal program, and the net loss for the same period was reduced to MAD43 million.[57] Following restructuring, which included the removal of ten medium-haul aircraft, the staff-to-aircraft ratio decreased from 110:1 to 58:1, whereas the ratio of passengers transported per employee increased from 1,054:1 to 2,329:1.[58]

Full formal accounts do not seem to be regularly published; available figures for recent years are shown below (for years ending 30 October):

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Turnover (MADm) 13,700 14,000 13,443
Operating profit (MADm) 460 168 −492 −499 718 789 616 522
Net profit (MADm) −1,670 −43 184 203 520
Number of employees (at year end) 5,280 5,352 5,018 3,892 2,725 2,928 3,091 2,263 2,273 2,282
Number of passengers (m) 6.1 5.8 5.6 6.2 6.1 6.7 7.4 7.3
Passenger load factor (%) 67 64 69 72 73
Number of aircraft (at year end) 53 53 56 56 62
Notes/sources [58] [58] [58] [58] [58] [58] [59][60] [61] [62][63][64] [37][65] [66][67]

The airline carried 7.5m passengers in 2019.[36]

Key people[]

As of December 2018, Abdelhamid Addou holds the CEO position.[68]

Head office[]

Royal Air Maroc has its head office on the grounds of Casablanca-Anfa Airport in Casablanca.[69][70] In 2004 the airline announced that it would move its head office from Casablanca to the Nouaceur Province, near Mohammed V International Airport. MAP, the official state news agency, said that the construction of the headquarters and a 500-room conference hotel would take 1 year and 6 months.[71] The agreement to build the head office in Nouaceur was signed in 2009.[72]

Destinations[]

Main article: List of Royal Air Maroc destinations

At December 2018, Royal Air Maroc served 94 destinations.[73]

Codeshare agreements[]

Royal Air Maroc has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:[74]

Frequent flyer programme[]

RAM's frequent flyer programme is called Safar Flyer.[83] As of January 2013, cardholders can earn and redeem miles either by flying RAM, its direct subsidiaries, or its partner airlines Iberia, Etihad Airways and Qatar Airways; hotels and car rental companies offer benefits too.[84]

Fleet[]

Current[]

Royal Air Maroc Boeing 737-800 in old livery.
Royal Air Maroc Boeing 787-9 in the new RAM livery.
Royal Air Maroc Boeing 787-8 in Oneworld livery.
Royal Air Maroc Boeing 737-800 in the new livery.

As of May 2021, the Royal Air Maroc fleet consists of the following aircraft:[85]

Royal Air Maroc fleet
Passenger fleet
Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes
C Y Total
ATR 72-600 6 — 12 58 70 Operated by Royal Air Maroc Express[86][87]
Boeing 737-700 6 — 12 120 132
— 138 138
Boeing 737-800 31 — 12 159 171
12 165 177
— 183 183
Boeing 737 MAX 8 2 2[citation needed] 12 144 156[88]
Boeing 787-8 5 — 18 256 274[89]
Boeing 787-9 4 — 26 276 302[90]
Embraer 190 4 — 12 84 96
Cargo fleet
Boeing 767-300BCF 1 — Cargo
Total 59 2

Recent developments[]

A former Royal Air Maroc Boeing 747-400.
A former Royal Air Maroc Airbus A321-200.

As of March 2013, Royal Air Maroc (RAM) operated an all-Boeing fleet.[91] RAM placed an order for nine Boeing 737 Next Generation in October 1996 (1996-10); the first of these aircraft the airline took possession of, in July 1998 (1998-07), was a Boeing 737-800, making the carrier the first scheduled one outside the United States to take delivery of this model.[92] RAM received its first Boeing 737-700 in April 1999 (1999-04).[93] In March 2001 (2001-03), RAM placed orders for 20 new Boeing 737 NGs plus two wide-bodied Boeing 767-300ERs in a deal worth about US$1.4 billion.[94][95] That same year, RAM became a new Airbus customer when it bought four Airbus A321s.[96] In January 2002 (2002-01), the airline took delivery of its first Boeing 767-300ER.[19]

After the carrier's Board of Directors agreed to buy a number of Boeing 787s on 29 July 2005,[97] a memorandum of understanding for the acquisition of these aircraft was signed with Boeing on 31 Jul the same year.[98] The deal, worth US$650 million and including five Dreamliners, was confirmed in early November that year, with initial delivery slated for October 2008 (2008-10).[99] The purchase contract was signed in December 2005 (2005-12), and also included an aircraft of the type on option.[100] Following an over-US$100 million-worth contract that was signed in February 2006 (2006-02), these aircraft will be powered with General Electric GEnx engines.[101] Boeing delivered RAM's first Dreamliner in December 2014 (2014-12).[102][103]

RAM was the launch customer for the ATR 72-600, when it took delivery of two of these aircraft, on behalf of its regional subsidiary RAM Express, in August 2011 (2011-08).[104][105] The carrier had placed an order for four aircraft of the type in March 2009 (2009-03), along with two ATR 42-600s.[106]

In September 2018, RAM retired its sole Boeing 747-400.[107] In December 2018, RAM took delivery of its first Boeing 737 MAX 8 and Boeing 787-9.[68][108][109]

Future plans[]

In June 2013 (2013-06), RAM's CEO indicated that the airline was seeking new generation aircraft as a replacement for its ageing fleet, adding that the carrier will need some 20 to 30 new aircraft by 2020, and that the Boeing 787 was being considered for long-haul routes, whereas the Airbus A220, the Airbus A320neo, the Boeing 737 MAX, and Embraer E-Jet E2 families were all being considered for medium-haul flights.[110] A contract for the lease of Four Embraer E-190s was signed in mid-2014;[6] the carrier took delivery of the first of these aircraft in November the same year.[58][111]

Previously operated[]

Throughout its history, the carrier operated the following equipment:[91]

  • Airbus A310-300
  • Airbus A321-200
  • Airbus A330-200
  • ATR-42-300
  • Boeing 707-120B
  • Boeing 707-320
  • Boeing 707-320B
  • Boeing 707-320C
  • Boeing 720B
  • Boeing 727-200
  • Boeing 737-200
  • Boeing 737-200C
  • Boeing 737-300F[112]
  • Boeing 737-400
  • Boeing 737-500
  • Boeing 747-100
  • Boeing 747-200B
  • Boeing 747-300
  • Boeing 747-400
  • Boeing 747SP
  • Boeing 757-200
  • Boeing 767-300ER[36]
  • Britannia 300
  • Caravelle III
  • Caravelle VI-R
  • Douglas C-47
  • Douglas C-47A
  • Embraer E-190-100LR[113]
  • Douglas C-54A
  • Douglas C-54B
  • Fokker 100
  • L-749 Constellation[9]

Incidents and accidents[]

Fatal accidents[]

  • 1 April 1970: A Caravelle III, registration CN-CCV, that was due to complete the first leg of an international Agadir–Casablanca–Paris scheduled flight, crashed on approach to Nouasseur Airport, near Berrechid, when control was lost at about 500 feet (150 m). Sixty one people perished in the accident, out of 82 occupants of the aircraft.[114][115]
  • 22 December 1973: a Caravelle VIN, registration OO-SRD, that was completing the first leg of an international non-scheduled Paris–Tangier–Casablanca passenger service, crashed into mountainous terrain on approach to Tangier Airport, some 40 kilometres (25 mi) off the airport. The aircraft had been leased from Sobelair. All 106 occupants on board perished in the accident.[116]
  • 21 August 1994: an ATR 42-300 operating Flight 630, the domestic Agadir-Casablanca route lost control at 16000 feet, entered a steep dive, and crashed into nearby mountains. Investigators suspect that the pilot deliberately disengaged the autopilot and directed the aircraft into the ground. All of the 44 passengers and crew members were killed.

Non-fatal hull losses[]

  • 14 November 1958: The undercarriage of a Douglas C-47A, registration CN-CCJ, collapsed on landing at Tangier Airport.[117]
  • 26 March 2003: The nosegear of a Boeing 737-400, registration CN-RNF, collapsed after landing at Oujda-Les Angades Airport.[118]

See also[]

  • Transport in Morocco

Notes[]

  1. ^ The title was also reported to have been adopted in February 1957 (1957-02).[9]

Citations[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Dron, Alan (1 February 2019). "Royal Air Maroc sees fleet, hub growth ahead of oneworld membership". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  2. ^ https://www.royalairmaroc.com/us-en/Travel-Info/oneworld/Global-network. Retrieved 2 April 2020. Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Royal Air Maroc to join oneworld on 1 April". oneworld. 15 January 2020.
  4. ^ Young, Kathryn M. (20 February 2015). "Royal Air Maroc to launch 787 services on Feb. 22". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. 
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b "Ryanair opens two new bases in Morocco, 6 months after charges dispute; and RAM looks for a partner". Centre for Aviation. 31 January 2013. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b "Airline News". Air Transport World. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014.
  7. ^ Hofmann, Kurt (20 August 2018). "Royal Air Maroc, pilot union reach agreement to end dispute". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Airlines of the world—Royal Air Maroc – Compagnie Nationale de Transports Aériens". Flight. 77 (2665): 509. 8 April 1960. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. 
  10. ^ "French independents merge". Flight: 468. 10 April 1953. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Guttery (1998), p. 128.
  12. ^ "RAM prépare ces 50 ans d'existence" [RAM prepares for its 50 years of existence] (in French). Aeronautique.ma. 3 February 2007. Archived from the original on 9 January 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  13. ^ "World airline directory – Royal Air Maroc". Flight: 546. 18 April 1958. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  14. ^ "Air commerce". Flight International: 990. 10 December 1964. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013. A fourth Caravelle 3 was ordered by Royal Air Maroc, bringing sales of Caravelle variants up to 190.
  15. ^ "World airline survey—Royal Air Maroc – Compagnie Nationale de Transports Aériens". Flight International. 87 (2927): 598. 15 April 1965. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013.
  16. ^ "Fifth Caravelle for Morocco". Flight International: 44. 11 January 1968. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013. An order for a fifth SA Caravelle has been signed by Royal Air Maroc.
  17. ^ "Air transport..." Flight International: 119. 24 July 1969. Retrieved 31 December 2012. Caravelles are used exclusively by Royal Air Maroc on all flights to Europe and points in North Africa.
  18. ^ "Royal Air Maroc to Acquire Next-generation 737s" (Press release). Boeing. 30 August 1996. Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b "Royal Air Maroc Receives Its First Extended-Range Boeing 767-300" (Press release). Boeing. 30 January 2002. Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  20. ^ "World airlines – Royal Air Inter". Flight International. 99 (3243): 641. 6 May 1971. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013.
  21. ^ "World airlines – Royal Air Maroc". Flight International: 642. 6 May 1971. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  22. ^ "Airline directory up-dated—October – Royal Air Maroc". Flight International: 487. 12 October 1972. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  23. ^ "Air transport". Flight International: 589. 9 May 1974. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013. Royal Air Maroc has ordered an Advanced 727-200 for delivery in March 1975, bringing its fleet of 727s to four.
  24. ^ "Air transport – Royal Air Maroc". Flight International: 516. 17 October 1974. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  25. ^ "World airline directory – Royal Air Maroc (Compagnie Nationale de Transports Aériens)". Flight International: 499. 20 March 1975. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  26. ^ "Airliner market". Flight International: 692. 1 May 1975. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013. Royal Air Maroc has bought three 737-200s for delivery in February, March and April 1976 (1976-04), to replace its Caravelles.
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b Guttery (1998), p. 129.
  28. ^ "Airliner market". Flight International. 109 (3496): 629. 13 March 1976. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Royal Air Maroc has ordered three 727-200s, for delivery starting in December.
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b "World airline directory – Royal Air Maroc (Compagnie Nationales de Transports Aériens)". Flight International. 118 (3716): 349. 26 July 1980. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013.
  30. ^ "Airliner market". Flight International: 6. 5 January 1980. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013. Royal Air Maroc, the Moroccan flag carrier, has ordered one Boeing 727-200 for delivery in July 1980.
  31. ^ "Airliner market". Flight International. 119 (3757): 1294. 9 May 1981. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Royal Air Maroc has ordered a Boeing 737-200 for March 1982 delivery. The US Export-Import Bank is to lend nearly $5 million for the purchase, which includes an extra engine and other spares. Total value of the order is $16 million, almost $9 million of which will be raised by private financing. Royal Air Maroc will make a cash payment for the balance.
  32. ^ "Marketplace". Flight International. 122 (3820). 24 July 1982. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Royal Air Maroc has ordered two Boeing 737-200 Convertibles. The 737-200Cs will be delivered in March and June 1983, and will be fitted with JT8D-15A engines. The order is worth $33 million.
  33. ^ "Short hauls". Flight International: 912. 25 September 1982. Retrieved 31 December 2012. Royal Air Maroc, the Moroccan national airline, has joined the International Air Transport Association as an active member.
  34. ^ "Background" (PDF). Boeing. August 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  35. ^ "RAM sets range record". Flight International: 4. 9 August 1986. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
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Bibliography[]

  • Guttery, Ben R. (1998). Encyclopedia of African Airlines. Jefferson, North Carolina 28640: Mc Farland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0495-7.CS1 maint: location (link)

External links[]

Media related to Royal Air Maroc at Wikimedia Commons

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