Rubber stamp (politics)
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A rubber stamp, as a political metaphor, is a person or institution with considerable de jure power but little de facto power — one that rarely or never disagrees with more powerful organizations.[1] Historian Edward S. Ellis called this type of legislature a toy parliament.
In situations where this superior official's signature may frequently be required for routine paperwork, a literal rubber stamp is used, with a likeness of their hand-written signature. In essence, the term is meant to convey an endorsement without careful thought or personal investment in the outcome, especially since it is usually expected as the stamper's duty to do so. In the situation where a dictator's legislature is a "rubber stamp", the orders they are meant to endorse are formalities they are expected to legitimize, and are usually done to create the superficial appearance of legislative and dictatorial harmony rather than because they have actual power.
In a constitutional monarchy or parliamentary republic, heads of state are typically "rubber stamps" (or figureheads) to an elected parliament, even if they legally possess considerable reserve powers or disagree with the parliament's decisions.
Rubber-stamp legislatures may occur even in democratic countries if the institutional arrangement allows for it.
Examples[]
Historian Edward S. Ellis called this type of legislature a toy parliament, with specific reference to Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II's General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire, created in 1876 with the sole purpose of appeasing the European powers. One of the most famous examples of a rubber stamp institution is the Reichstag of Nazi Germany, which unanimously confirmed all decisions already made by Adolf Hitler and the highest-ranking members of the Nazi Party. Many legislatures of authoritarian and totalitarian countries are considered as rubber stamps, such as communist parliaments like the Chinese National People's Congress, or the Italian Chamber of Fasces and Corporations during the Fascist regime.
Unlike in the United States Congress, where the legislative leadership is exercised by a Leader of the House Majority chosen separately from the President of the United States, the dominant figure in the French Fifth Republic's National Assembly is a presidentially-appointed Prime Minister (who is still dependent on the parliamentary majority's support). Since the French National Assembly is elected two months after the President, which results in a coattail effect guaranteeing the President's party a parliamentary majority, the French President can effectively control the legislative agenda through appointing a subordinate as Prime Minister.
During the reign of Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden (1751–71), the Riksdag of the Estates had the power to sign binding documents with a literal name stamp, sometimes against the will of the king who by law was an absolute monarch.
Then-king Baudouin of Belgium, because of his religious objections, refused to sign a bill liberalizing abortions in April 1990. Instead he requested that the country's Parliament declare him temporarily unable to reign. That effectively transferred his powers to the Cabinet, for a single day, consequentially overriding his veto.[2]
List of rubber-stamp legislatures[]
Defunct Legislatures[]
- Reichstag – Nazi Germany
- Chamber of Fasces and Corporations – Fascist Italy
- General Assembly – Ottoman Empire
- Grand National Assembly – Turkey (1920–1950)
- Supreme Soviet – Soviet Union
- Great National Assembly – Communist Romania
- Volkskammer – East Germany (apart from last legislative period following the first free election in East Germany in 1990)
- 2017 Constituent National Assembly – Venezuela
- Cortes Españolas – Francoist Spain
- Roman Senate and Byzantine Senate – Roman Empire, Papal States, and Byzantine Empire
- Revolutionary Command Council – Ba'athist Iraq
- Estates General – Kingdom of France before the French Revolution
- National Assembly and Federal Assembly – Communist Czechoslovakia
- Batasang Pambansa – Fourth Philippine Republic
- – Zaire
Legislatures with Rubber-Stamp History[]
- National Assembly – Communist Hungary
- Louisiana State Legislature – Louisiana under Huey Long
- Sejm – Communist Poland
- National Assembly – Estado Novo
- Federal Senate – Brazil under Military dictatorship between 1977 and 1985[3]
- National Assembly – South Korea prior to democratization
- Legislative Yuan and National Assembly – Taiwan under martial law
- Congress of the Union – Institutional Revolutionary Party rule between 1946 and 2000
Current Rubber-Stamp Legislatures[]
- National People's Congress – China
- National Assembly of People's Power – Cuba
- Supreme People's Assembly – North Korea
- People's Assembly – Ba'athist Syria
- National Assembly – Belarus
- Federal Assembly – Russia (after the 2003 elections)[4][5][non-primary source needed]
- National Council – Turkmenistan
- Legislative Council - Hong Kong (after the 2021 election)
References[]
- ^ Webster's New World Dictionary, Second College Edition, ISBN 0-671-41809-2 - page 1242 - "*rubber-stamp 2. [Colloq.] to approve or endorse in a routine manner, without thought - *rubber stamp - 2. [Colloq.] a) a person, bureau, legislature, etc., that approves or endorses something in a routine manner, without thought, b) any routine approval"
- ^ Montgomery, Paul (5 April 1990). "Belgian King, Unable to Sign Abortion Law, Takes Day Off". New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
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: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Anos 60 e 70: ditadura, bipartidarismo e biônicos - Notícias". Portal da Câmara dos Deputados (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-09-24.
- ^ Rosefielde, Steven; Hedlund, Stefan (2009). Russia Since 1980. Cambridge University Press. p. 174. ISBN 9780521849135. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^ Troianovski, Anton; Nechepurenko, Ivan (2021-09-19). "Russian Election Shows Declining Support for Putin's Party". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- Political metaphors
- Metaphors referring to objects