Russian–Ukrainian information war

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One of the mouthpieces of Russian propaganda-disinformation - information agency "ITAR-TARS"

The Russian–Ukrainian information war is a set of measures constantly carried out by governmental and non-governmental organizations of Russia and Ukraine in the information space of Ukraine, Russia, other countries and international organizations, aimed at obtaining strategic political preferences by demoralizing or misleading the enemy and countering the actions of the other side in the global confrontation between Russia and Ukraine, as well as the confrontation between Russia and the Western world. It began during the collapse of the USSR and continues to this day as an essential ideological component of the modern Russian-Ukrainian war.

Reasons for conflict[]

Immediately after the collapse of the USSR, Russian politicians took a course towards restoring Russia's influence on the post-Soviet countries. First of all, this influence was directed against Ukraine, whose withdrawal from the USSR led to its collapse. The reasons that prompted the Russian politicians to revive the ex-USSR are quite complex, from the imperial mentality of Russians, aimed not at the development of their state, but at the enslavement of neighbouring nations, to the desire to keep the production capacities of the former USSR and guaranteed sales markets under their control. Thus, relations with Ukraine in Russia were traditionally viewed in the context of their global geopolitical interests.

The information war against Ukraine is being waged by all possible means, and not only Ukrainians are its indirect victims. As an example, the well-known statement of Vladimir Putin addressed to US President George W. Bush: "You understand, George, that Ukraine is not even a state! What is Ukraine? Part of its territory is Eastern Europe, and another part, and a significant one, was donated by us!" (From a conversation between Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush, Bucharest, April 2–4, 2008).[1][2]

Since November 2013, when Viktor Yanukovych blocked the legislatively enshrined course towards European integration and began the Revolution of Dignity in the country, the Kremlin propaganda has evolved into an openly chauvinistic, aggressively imperial and deceitful information war against Ukraine, which had the goal of preparing wolds public opinion for external aggression of Russian Federation to Ukraine.

The beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2014 marked Russia's desire to increase its influence on Ukraine,[3] which began a geopolitical turn to the West with the Revolution of Dignity. Traditionally for Russia, this influence began to take the form of a hybrid (in fact - undeclared) war, bordering on state terrorism. Thus, the information war, which Russia intensified with the beginning of the Russian armed aggression, is aimed at providing information to the separatist movement in eastern Ukraine, weakening the control of the central government, and creating security and economic problems

Informational potential and resources of the parties[]

Russia[]

Media[]

The Russian media, including those accredited in the West, were used for intensive, multi-channel propaganda and persuading the world community in the points of view proposed by the Russian military-political leadership. Among the most famous are Sputnik, RussiaToday, Ria Novosti, LifeNews.[4]

According to Simon Schuster, the global network RussiaToday is the main weapon of the Russian authorities in the information war. Its audience as of 2015 was 700 million people in more than 100 countries around the world.[5] The budget of RussiaToday for 2012 was €275 million,[6] and in 2014 it was already $500 million.[7] As of 2012, this channel ranked first in the world in terms of government spending per employee, which reached $183 thousand per person.[6]

According to former US Congressman Dan Mike, as of 2014, Russia has spent more than $9 billion on its propaganda.[8][7][9]

At the local level, Russia also funds numerous pro-Russian regional media outlets, including in Ukraine.[7]

Information Operations Forces[]

According to the American Washington Post, in 2014 the Russian military intelligence (RMI) created more than 30 pseudo-Ukrainian groups and social media accounts, as well as 25 "leading English-language" publications. Posing as ordinary Ukrainians, RMI operatives concocted news and disseminated comments to turn pro-Russian citizens against the protesters.[10]

In February 2017, the Russian Minister of Defense acknowledged the existence of "information operations forces" in Russia.[11]

Representatives of culture[]

Representatives of Russian culture and their products, which directly or indirectly glorify baseness, extol the life and customs of representatives of the underworld, make heroes of representatives of Russian power structures, and the like, have become another means of waging war.

Using Wikipedia as a Means of Information Warfare[]

The high webometric characteristics of Wikipedia and other factors that determine the great popularity of the free online encyclopedia do not go unnoticed by the structures waging an information war. One of the most used methods in this plane is the influence on historical consciousness. A typical example is the article "Kievan Rus" of the Russian-language segment of Wikipedia and the war of edits that goes around this article, or the article "Konotop battle" (rus.), in which the Konotop battle is defined as an episode of the Russian-Polish war (in the Russian-language Wikipedia, the Russian-Ukrainian wars are absent as a concept ). On the other hand, the Russian version of Wikipedia lacks articles on Russian soldiers who died as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine or were taken prisoner, and there is no article on the Russian forces invading Ukraine.[12]

Ukraine[]

Media[]

On August 11, 2014, the first Ukrainian international TV channel, Ukraine Today, began broadcasting in test mode.[6]

Ukrainian Crisis Media Center[]

With the beginning of the Russian aggression, the Ukrainian Crisis Media Center was created, which is a platform for speeches by experts, government officials, international organizations and the diplomatic corps. It provides support to media representatives who cover events in Ukraine.

Methods[]

Russian[]

The split of self-identification[]

Beginning in the 2000s, Russia launched a large-scale anti-Ukrainian and anti-Western propaganda on the territory of Ukraine, which was based on the doctrine of the "Russian World". The ideological basis of this doctrine is the revanchism of the Russian Federation for the collapse of the Soviet Union through the cultural, economic, and then the political restoration of Russia within the borders of the USSR until 1991 and the restoration of the former "zone of influence". in the Soviet camp "in Europe and Asia.[13][14][15][16] According to this doctrine, three categories of the world's population are considered "Russians":[17] ethnic Russians, regardless of where they live; Russian-speaking population regardless of nationality; compatriots who have ever lived on the territory of the Russian Empire, the USSR and other state entities, as well as their descendants.

Stamps and cliches[]

Since the collapse of the USSR, Russia has implemented a developed system of anti-Ukrainian propaganda and disinformation, which was aimed at forming an image of the enemy, splitting Ukrainian civil society, changing the guidelines of social and political development, etc. A whole series of propaganda clichés have become striking signs of this propaganda and disinformation.

One of the first such propaganda cliches in the early 1990s was the cliché in which the phenomena of that time were usually presented together with the phrases "after the collapse of the USSR", "with the collapse of the USSR", etc., which subconsciously created the impression that these phenomena arose in as a result of the collapse of the USSR, and not, among other things, for the reasons that led to the collapse.

In the early 1990s, propaganda clichés became popular, designed to prove the economic and then political bankruptcy of Ukraine as a state. It was at this time that the well-known «Ukraine steals Russian gas», «Independent» instead of «Ukraine» and others belong.

Disinformation and falsification[]

Disinformation and falsifications were used by Russia mainly to create the illusion of the significance and greatness of Russia, and in some cases - as a way to avoid responsibility for illegal actions.

Thus, one of the examples of creating the illusion of one's significance was the falsification of photographs of the visit of the Russian patriarch to Kharkiv in 2011,[18] where painted people were found.

One of the most illustrative examples of disinformation and falsification was the informational support for the downing of the MH17 aircraft, where Russia used a wide range of measures in an attempt to hide its involvement in the crime.[19] December 20, 2017, The Intelligence and Security Committee of the British Parliament in its report specifically emphasized that Russia is waging an information war on a massive scale, expressed in intense, multi-channel propaganda, which is conducted to convince the world that Russia is not responsible for shooting down the plane.[20][21][22]

Blocking Ukrainian media and Facebook accounts[]

  • On August 10, 2014, the German provider Hetzner Online AG sent a letter of forgiveness to Glavkom. The provider previously wanted to block the Glavkom at the request of the Russian "Roskomnadzor" for publishing material about the March for the federalization of Siberia.[23]
  • According to the host MSNBC in October 2017, Russian information warfare operatives used surprisingly successful blocking technology on Ukrainian activists to remove Ukrainian voices from Facebook and deny Russian competition in the information space during the invasion of a neighbouring state. The operatives "reported" the posts of Ukrainian activists, and whatever the posts or photos were, they claimed that it was pornography or another category of messages that Facebook has to eliminate.[24]
  • On July 14, 2014, the administration of the Facebook social network blocked the page "Book of Memory of the Fallen for Ukraine" in this network. Before blocking, the social network warned that the content of some messages "violates Facebook standards".[25][26][27] It was primarily messages about the death of Ukrainian soldiers from the OZSP NSU "Azov".[4]
  • In July 2019, the German provider Hetzner Online GmbH warned the Ukrainian Week that the site should be blocked until "extremist content" is removed. The provider received a request for this from Roskomnadzor, which considers the 2015 material on Right Sector to be a violation of Russian legislation.[28]

Discrediting the discussion[]

According to The Guardian, the statistics of discussions under articles of the newspaper, which mentions Ukraine, receive tens to hundreds of times more discussions, comments, etc., destroying the type and possibility of discussion. According to Natalia Popovich, the co-founder of the UCMC, the armies of bots paid by Russia only undermine the discussions in the forums in which they participate. Thus, undermining confidence in Russia as a source of information.[4]

Ukrainian[]

Blocking Russian and pro-Russian media[]

Since the summer of 2014, the State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting of Ukraine began fighting against separatist and anti-state materials in the media. In October 2014, they have revoked the certificates of state registration of 1 collection, 7 newspapers and 11 magazines.[29]

Prerequisites[]

The first victims of the information war before the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine were the Russians themselves: the propaganda of a future war against Ukraine covered almost all spheres of their public and private life. The topic of Russian armed aggression against Ukraine has gained popularity in Russian fiction[30] and on Internet forums, has become an element of children's creativity.

Since the proclamation of Ukraine's independence, the Russian Federation has been waging a constant information war against Ukraine. It was especially intensified during the years of the pro-Russian regime of Yanukovych.[31] Since the beginning of the Russian Federation's aggression (February 2014), Russian propaganda has taken the form of Goebbels' propaganda during the Second World War.[32] To discredit Ukrainian figures, provocative statements are used allegedly on their behalf,[33] based on which the state bodies of the Russian Federation initiated a criminal case on the same day.[34] Citizens of the Russian Federation and the audience of Russian TV channels in other countries - Channel One (Russia), Russia-24 and others - are deliberately misinformed and misled by the leadership of the Russian Federation.[35]

In June 2014, the NSDC received instructional materials on conducting an information war, used for basic training of specialists of the power structures of Russia in conducting an information war.[36]

According to activists of the campaign to boycott Russian cinema, Russia is waging an information war against Ukraine also through cinema.[37]

Russian information policy[]

The information policy of the Russian Federation has acquired the character of a purposeful information war against Ukraine: bias, manipulation, distortion of facts, outright lies, Putin - Kremlin propaganda as part of the Kremlin's policy as a whole. The work of the media is conducted like the yellow press. A huge number of actors - citizens of Russia, Ukraine and other countries - as well as other specialists in Ukraine, are involved to get the right TV picture.

For several months, DDoS-attacks have been carried out on Ukrainian information sites: Censor.NET, Tizhden.ua, Ukrainskaya Pravda and others - as well as on the website of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, with the appearance of ads for V. Yanukovych.[38]

Representatives of the leadership and diplomats of the Russian Federation in their speeches, including speeches at the UN, spread false information. During a press conference in Moscow, when asked by a journalist whether the Russian military was used to blockade Ukrainian troops, Russian President Vladimir Putin said it was a "Crimean self-defence" force and that Russia had no part in training it.[39] However, the analysis of photos of military equipment blocking Ukrainian military units in the Crimea (according to the Russian edition of The New Times) shows that the license plates are military vehicles of the North Caucasus Military District, on one of the cars you can see the icon of the Guards Division, which was forgotten camouflage, as well as modifications of small arms (for example, Dragunov's self-loading sniper rifle), which officially enters service only with the Russian military,[40] all indicate the use of the Russian Federation's armed forces to escalate the conflict in Crimea.

The Russian Federation spent more than $5 million a day on false coverage of events in Ukraine in international publications.[41]

The propaganda of the war in Russia[]

Due to the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, as one of the areas of information warfare, the aggressor uses the propaganda of war in the media, as well as representatives of the country's leadership, politicians and scientists connected to it.[42][43]

Those who are against the war with Ukraine, Vladimir Putin calls nothing more than "traitors" and "fifth column".[44]

As early as September 2008, A. Dugin, a Russian fascist[45][46] known as "Putin's brain," demanded an invasion of Ukraine and other countries that had previously been part of the USSR:[47][48] "The Soviet empire will be restored. in different ways: by force, diplomacy, economic pressure ... Everything will depend on place and time.

In April 2014, the rebroadcasting of four Russian TV channels was banned for inciting ethnic strife and propagating war in Ukraine. At the same time, two Russian channels were banned from broadcasting in Lithuania.[49]

On 13 April 2014, NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, in a statement posted on the alliance's website, accused Russia of promoting war and wanting to overthrow Ukraine.[50]

In May 2014, the network received a commercial created in the autumn of 2013 by order of the Russian Defense Ministry, which is campaigning to join the armed forces of the Russian Federation. The video was criticized for promoting the war and its origin was removed from Vimeo video hosting (now only posted on YouTube).[51]

To justify the aggression, the Putin regime draws a line between "ours" and "fascists" in Ukraine. At the same time, the Russian leadership continues to promote violence applied to "not ours" as something desirable and even obligatory.[52]

Children's programs are also used for propaganda.[53]

On July 5, the SBU opened criminal proceedings against Russian presidential adviser Sergei Glazyev for the public appeal for a military conflict with Ukraine.

Accusations against Ukraine of antisemitism[]

Representatives of the Jewish community of Ukraine addressed an open letter to V. Putin to clarify the real situation with the rights of Russians in Ukraine, where they indicated that they were "confident" that he "cannot be misled." And this means that he "deliberately chooses lies and slander from the mass of information about Ukraine." And he is well aware that the words of Yanukovych during a press conference in Rostov-on-Don, that "... Kyiv was filled with armed people who began to smash buildings, places of worship, temples. <...> People were simply robbed and killed in the streets" this is a lie from the first to the last word. They also pointed out that V. Putin "confused Russia and Ukraine" when he spoke about the growth of anti-Semitism in Ukraine. By contrast, in Russia, Jewish organizations recorded an increase in anti-Semitism in the past year. In Ukraine, however, even nationalist groups do not allow themselves to demonstrate anti-Semitism and other forms of xenophobia. In Russia, neo-Nazi organizations are encouraged by the special services. The letter also states that "stability in our country is under threat. And this threat comes from the Russian authorities, that is, from you. It is your policy of inciting separatism and crude pressure on Ukraine that poses a threat to us - the Jews, as well as to the entire people of Ukraine, including the inhabitants of Crimea and southeastern Ukraine, and they will be convinced of this very quickly."[54]

An assessment of the information war against Ukraine on March 7 was given by Yevhen Marchuk, the former head of the SBU, earlier - the prime minister, defence minister and secretary of the NSDC of Ukraine. He also pointed out the necessary measures of state bodies today to counter the information and military aggression of the Russian Federation.[55]

The well-known Russian politician Boris Nemtsov described the information war, which is the information support for the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, as a war of the Nazi regime against a democratic state: "The Nazis with Goebbels at their head can win the war. The fact that Ukraine has lost the information war is a fact. But the fact that you shouldn't worry too much about this is also a fact. You are not a Nazi state," the Russian oppositionist said.

Information attacks of the aggressor[]

On March 6, "1 + 1" and the fifth TV channels were turned off on the territory of the ARC. Earlier, the Russian TV channel "Russia 24" captured the air frequencies of the Crimean private "Chernomorskaya TV and Radio Company". The state television and radio company Krym in Simferopol was also blocked by people in camouflage uniforms without weapons. General Director of the TV and Radio Company Stepan Gulevaty called the police, but they did not respond to the call.[56]

On March 6, 2014, an Internet referendum was held on the ATR TV channel website, during which one could express one's opinion on the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation. Most of the people who took part in the vote were against.[57] Therefore, on March 7, the Russian military in Crimea disconnected the first Crimean Tatar TV channel ATR from the Internet. On the same day, they stopped the analogue broadcasting of the Ukrainian TV channel Inter, on the frequencies of which NTV is broadcast.[57]

Complete denial of the introduction of Russian troops[]

At meetings and in an interview, Putin for some time denied that the troops of the Russian Federation were brought into the territory of Ukraine. On 17 April,[when?] he recognized the presence of Russian troops in Crimea even before the referendum, which he described as "protecting" the Russian-speaking part of the population. Representatives of the population argued that they did not need protection.

The course of events[]

2014[]

With the beginning of the occupation and annexation of Crimea and Ukraine's resistance to the Russian aggression in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, the information policy of the Russian Federation turned into total military disinformation aggression aimed at demonizing the Ukrainian leadership in the eyes of the Russian and international communities.[58][59][60][61]

One of the first and main manifestations of the information war was the throwing into the information space of the thesis of an unconstitutional coup in Ukraine. At the same time, the Russian media and Russian politicians deliberately distorted the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, according to which power in Ukraine belongs to the people and is exercised by them through elected representatives, and that the current power at the time and after the Revolution of Dignity all countries, including Russia itself.

The next thesis was about the unconstitutional nature of removing Viktor Yanukovych from power and appointing acting President Alexander Turchinov. At the same time, it was not mentioned that the exclusive right to interpret the Constitution of Ukraine belongs not to Russian politicians and various experts, but exclusively to the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, which in its current composition of anti-constitutional actions in the appointment of acting did not find the president.

  • On the night of February 20–21, 2014, in Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi, Cherkasy Oblast, a bus convoy of anti-Maidan participants was stopped by Euromaidan activists and residents. They took the anti-Maidan activists off the buses, smashed the windows and burned several buses. Russian media have come up with a story about 7 anti-Maidan participants who died in the fight. On April 3, 2014, the occupying Crimean authorities made a statement about 7 people dead and 30 went missing as a result of an attack by Ukrainian activists on a convoy of anti-Maidan buses near Korsun. There were no casualties or missing in the episode, on the contrary, three Maidan activists who were held hostage were released from the buses.[62][63][64] Vladimir Putin called this story the reason for the military operation in Crimea, and the killings of anti-Maidan activists near Korsun were later reflected in the Russian film "Crimea. The way home", which is positioned as a documentary.
  • On March 2, 2014, Russian media reported on the alleged shooting of Ukrainian saboteurs by the crowd and the House of Trade Unions near the Crimean Cabinet in Simferopol. The masked saboteurs were armed with modern Russian weapons, including the latest GM-94 grenade launcher, and the "victims" of the attack were unharmed.
  • On March 19, 2014, Russian media reported that a 17-year-old Lviv sniper who had fired in Simferopol the day before had been detained, killing APU serviceman Sergei Kokurin and a Russian mercenary. Information about the 17-year-old sniper was not further confirmed, but Igor Girkin later admitted that the responsibility for the shooting lay with his assault unit.
  • On March 24, 2014, several media outlets reported that the deputy commander of the Kerch Marine Battalion, Alexei Nikiforov, had written a statement about joining the Russian army. However, Alexei went to the mainland and studied at a Ukrainian military university.
  • On April 27, 2014, Russian media covered a story about "EU concentration camps in Ukraine."
  • On April 28, 2014, the Russian news agency ITAR-TASS commented on the brutal attack by a pro-Russian mob at a Ukrainian peaceful march in Donetsk as "[Ukrainian] radicals attacked members of thousands of anti-fascist marches."
  • In June 2014, after the capture of Nadezhda Savchenko, Russian TV channels, in particular, NTV and Channel 5, showed the story, using an excerpt from an interview with Nastya Stanko from a soldier Vladimir Kosolap, a resident of Happiness and a fighter "Aidar". Russian media presented his words as a confession of a "punisher" from a barricading detachment, who was ordered to shoot anyone who did not want to kill "his fellow citizens" - members of pro-Russian armed groups. However, in the full Public video of June 16, 2014, Vladimir Kosolap denies the misinformation of the Russian propaganda media LifeNews about the alleged executions of the city's residents after its liberation by Ukrainian forces. He also said that if any of Aidar's fighters had such an opinion, Volodymyr would have shot him with his hand, which was taken out of context by Russian propaganda.
  • On July 15, 2014, the English-language Russian resource The Voice of Russia published an article in which pro-Russian militants attributed the killing of Pentecostals in Sloviansk to "Ukrainian nationalists," twisting Anton Gerashchenko's words.
  • In late July-early August 2014, a video of Bohdan Butkevich was widely publicized, allegedly calling for the killing of 1.5 million Donbas residents.[65][66] The video is a rough snippet from his interview, which completely distorts the meaning of what was said.

2015[]

  • On March 23, 2015, Russian resources spread the news about the alleged death of a 10-year-old girl from Ukrainian shelling in the Petrovsky district of Donetsk.[67] BBC correspondent Natalia Antelava went to Donetsk to find out the details, and it turned out that the whole death story was invented by Russian propaganda. The journalist asked Russian media about the girl's death, to which they replied that "she is not here anymore" and no one was killed. When asked why TV stories were published about it then, they answered that they were "forced".[68][69]

2016[]

  • On December 12, 2016, the press centre of the Special Operations Forces of Ukraine reported that unofficial information resources appeared with symbols and photo materials of the Special Operations Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which may provide distorted official or unverified information.
  • On December 13, 2016, Russian media preliminarily accused Ukraine of initiating gas theft.
  • On December 22, 2016, the American cybersecurity company CrowdStrike released a report according to which Russian hackers from the Fancy Bear group monitored the situation of APU D-30 howitzers through an Android application written by Ukrainian gunner Yaroslav.

2017[]

2018[]

Staged videos[]

  • On July 22, 2015, the information resources of the Luhansk People's Republic organization spread the news that a warehouse of American weapons was discovered during the excavation of the debris near Luhansk airport. The video allegedly showed army boxes and an American Stinger MANPADS. The analysis of the video revealed that the Stinger demonstrated was a rough model of a weapon of poor quality welded from pipes, and the markings on it were taken from the video game Battlefield 3, including the identification number and an error in the text.[70][71] The fake was distributed by the Russian media, in particular by RIA Novosti and TV-Zvezda.[72][73]
  • On the eve of the Dutch referendum on the signing of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement, on January 18, 2016, a video was circulated through Russian sources where Azov fighters allegedly burned the flag of the Netherlands. The video was exposed as a Russian forgery.
  • On December 2, 2016, an attempt by the speakers of the DNR organization and the Cyberberkut group to accuse Ukraine of fighting ISIS militants on the side of the Azov Regiment was stopped. In materials released in January 2016, there were photos and video productions by pro-Russian militants, where armed men with ISIS and Azov symbols fired on industrial buildings.[74][75] The building was identified as the hangars of the Isolation mineral wool plant in Donetsk, which in 2011 were converted into an art space for the Isolation art project, and in June 2014 were seized by pro-Russian militants.[76][77]
  • On July 23, 2018, a video was spread through the Russian media, where allegedly a special unit of the SBU stormed the base of Ukrainian volunteers using armoured personnel carriers. The video then showed a scene of the alleged beating of volunteers. As early as July 25, the video was exposed as fake: the SBU uniform had outdated elements and insignia; the armoured personnel carrier had white identification lines in a form that has not been used for a long time, as well as anti-accumulation grilles, which the SBU does not equip the equipment with. Actors who played SBU special forces spoke with an accent, threw demonstrative phrases about hatred for Bandera members and unprofessionally imitated the beating with their feet.[78] On September 11, an armoured personnel carrier was filmed on video in Donetsk.[79][80] On September 20, the location of the staging assault was identified — the territory of the abandoned Reaktiv chemical plant in occupied Donetsk.
  • On August 16, 2018, a video of alleged brutal detention of a person at a Ukrainian checkpoint was published on an unknown YouTube channel. The video immediately began to be distributed among the Russian occupation forces, in particular through the Lost Armor website. The Ukrainian militarist portal published a revelation of falsification - the appearance of all Ukrainian checkpoints (Majorca, Marinka, Gnutovo, Stanitsa Luhanskaya, as well as Chengar and Kharkiv) was analyzed, and none of them looked like the video. Besides, it was noticed that in a frame there was a minimum of cars and practically there are no people though the Ukrainian checkpoint during the day passes 5-10 thousand. people and 1000-2000 vehicles. Assumptions were also made about falsified car numbers in the frame. The reason for the falsification was an attempt to discredit the SBU program. "You are waiting at home" was the context in the words of the actors in the video.[81]

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