Saint Andrew's Day
Saint Andrew's Day | |
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![]() Henryk Siemiradzki. St. Andrew's Night – Fortune-telling, 1867 | |
Observed by | Eastern Orthodox Church Roman Catholic Church (traditional holy day of precept) Anglican Communion Presbyterianism Patronal feast of Scotland |
Type | Religious National (in Scotland and Romania) |
Celebrations | Bank holiday (in Scotland) |
Date | 30 November (Western), 13 December (Eastern) |
Frequency | Annual |
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Saint Andrew's Day, also called the Feast of Saint Andrew or Andermas,[1] is the feast day of Andrew the Apostle. It is celebrated on 30 November. Saint Andrew's Day (Scots: Saunt Andra's Day, Scottish Gaelic: Là Naomh Anndrais) is Scotland's official national day. It has been a national holiday in Romania since 2015. Saint Andrew is the disciple in the New Testament who introduced his brother, the Apostle Peter, to Jesus as the Messiah.[2] He is the patron saint of Cyprus, Scotland, Greece, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople,[3] San Andres Island (Colombia), Saint Andrew (Barbados) and Tenerife (Spain).
In Germany, the feast day is celebrated as Andreasnacht ("(St.) Andrew's Night"), in Austria with the custom of Andreasgebet ("(St.) Andrew's Prayer"), in Poland as Andrzejki ("Andrew's (festivities)"), and in Russia as Андреева ночь ("Andrew's night").
Traditions and celebrations[]
Saint Andrew's Day marks the beginning of the traditional Advent devotion of the Saint Andrew Christmas Novena.[4]
Scotland[]
The celebration of Saint Andrew as a national festival among some social strata and locales is thought to originate from the reign of Malcolm III (1058–1093). It was thought that the ritual slaughter of animals associated with Samhain was moved to this date so as to assure enough animals were kept alive for winter.[5] But it is only in more recent times that 30 November has been given national holiday status.[6]
Bank Holiday[]
In 2006, the Scottish Parliament passed the St. Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007,[7] which designated the Day as an official bank holiday. If 30 November falls on a weekend, the next Monday is a bank holiday instead. Although it is a bank holiday, banks are not required to close and employers are not required to give their employees the day off as a holiday.[8]
The University of St Andrews traditionally gives the day for all the students as a free holiday, but this is not a binding rule.[9]
The Saltire[]
Saint Andrew's Day is an official flag day in Scotland. The Scottish Government's flag-flying regulations state that the Flag of Scotland (the Saltire or Saint Andrew's Cross) shall fly on all its buildings with a flagpole.[10] Prior to 2002, the Scottish Government followed the UK Government's flag days and would fly the Saltire on Saint Andrew's Day only. The regulations were updated to state that the Union Flag would be removed and replaced by the Saltire on buildings with only one flagpole.[11]
The flying of the Union Flag from Edinburgh Castle on all days, including Saint Andrew's Day, causes anger among some Scottish politicians and members of the Scottish people who have argued that the Saltire should fly on 30 November instead.[12] However, the Union Flag is flown by the British Army at the Castle as it is an official British Army flag flying station.[13]
Celebrations[]
In Scotland, and many countries with Scottish connections, Saint Andrew's Day is marked with a celebration of Scottish culture, and with traditional Scottish food and music. In Scotland the day is also seen as the start of a season of Scottish winter festivals encompassing Saint Andrew's Day, Hogmanay and Burns Night.[14] There are week-long celebrations in the town of St Andrews and in some other Scottish cities.[15]
Barbados[]
Saint Andrew's Day is celebrated as the national day of Independence in Barbados. As the patron saint, Saint Andrew is celebrated in a number of Barbadian symbols including the cross formation of the Barbadian Coat of Arms, and the country's national honours system which styles recipients as Knights or Dames of St. Andrew.[16]
Romania[]
There are a few pre-Christian Romanian traditions connected to Saint Andrew's Day, some of them having their origin in the Roman celebrations of the god Saturn, most famously the Saturnalia.[17][18][19]
The Dacian New Year took place from 14 November until 7 December; this was considered the interval when time began its course.[20] One of the elements that came from the Roman and Thracian celebrations concerned wolves. During this night, wolves are allowed to eat all the animals they want. It is said that they can speak, too, but anyone who hears them will soon die. Early on Saint Andrew's day, the mothers go into the garden and gather tree branches, especially from apple, pear and cherry trees, and also rosebush branches. They make a bunch of branches for each family member. The one whose bunch blooms by New Year's Day will be lucky and healthy the next year. The best known tradition connected to this night concerns matrimony and premonitory dreams. Single girls must put under their pillow a sprig or branch of sweet basil. If someone takes the plants in their dreams, that means the girl will marry soon. They can also plant wheat in a dish and water it until New Year's Day. The nicer the wheat looks that day, the better the year to come.[17]
Saint Andrew's Eve[]
In parts of Ukraine, Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Poland, Russia and Romania, a superstitious belief exists that the night before Saint Andrew's Day is especially suitable for magic that reveals a young woman's future husband or that binds a future husband to her.[21] The day was believed to be the start of the most popular time for vampire activity, which would last until Saint George's Eve (22 April).[22]
In Poland, the holiday Andrzejki is celebrated on the night of the 29th through 30 November. Traditionally, the holiday was only observed by young single girls, though today both young men and women join the party to see their futures.[23] The main ceremony involved pouring hot wax from a candle through the hole in a key into cold water.[21]
In Romania, it is customary for young women to put 41 grains of wheat beneath their pillow before they go to sleep, and if they dream that someone is coming to steal their grains that means that they are going to get married next year. Also in some other parts of the country the young women light a candle from Easter and bring it, at midnight, to a fountain. They ask Saint Andrew to let them glimpse their future husband. Saint Andrew is invoked to ward off wolves, who are thought to be able to eat any animal they want on this night, and to speak to humans. A human hearing a wolf speak to him will die.[24] Saint Andrew is also the patron saint of Romania and the Romanian Orthodox Church.[25]
In Póvoa de Varzim, an ancient fishing town in northern Portugal, Cape Santo André (Portuguese for Saint Andrew) is a place that shows evidence of Romanisation and of probable earlier importance, with hints of Stone Age paintings.[26] Near the cape there are small depressions in a rock, a mystery stone, that the people believe are the footprints of Saint Andrew. Saint Andrew's Chapel is of probable mediaeval origin, referenced in 1546 and in earlier documents. It is the burial site of drowned fishermen found at the cape. Fishermen also requested intervention from the saint for better catches. Single girls wanting to get married threw a little stone to the roof of the chapel, hoping it would lodge. Because of pagan syncretism, it is also associated with white magic up to the present day. It was common to see groups of fishermen, holding lights in their hands, making a pilgrimage to the cape's chapel along the beach on Saint Andrew's Eve. They believed Saint Andrew fished, from the depths, the souls of the drowned. Those who did not visit Santo André in life would have to make the pilgrimage as a corpse.[27]
See also[]
- Calendar of saints
- General Roman Calendar
References[]
- ^ "Liturgical Year : Recipes : Tuna Fondue". www.catholicculture.org. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ^ Holy Bible, English Standard Version, John 1:40–42
- ^ "Fast Facts about Saint Andrew's Day", Scotland.org; accessed 29 November 2017.
- ^ ""Christmas Anticipation Prayer", EWTN".
- ^ Folklore Myths and Legends of Britain (2 ed.). Great Britain: Reader's Digest Association Ltd. 1977. p. 22. ISBN 9780276000393.
- ^ Di Consiglio, Flavia. "Who owns St Andrew's Day?", BBC Religion and Ethics, 30 November 2012.
- ^ "Text of the Act, Office of Public Sector Information, National Archives". Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- ^ "Scottish Government, Bank Holidays in Scotland – Frequently Asked Questions". gov.scot. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
- ^ Mullen, Stacey (30 November 2015). "Google turns Scottish for St Andrew's Day: A winking nessie and the saltire make up design". Glasgow Times. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
- ^ Scotland.gov.uk- "Royal and Ceremonial".
- ^ "Ministers Agree Flag Day Review". BBC News. 20 May 2002. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- ^ "Political Row over Flag Flying". BBC News. 9 October 2001. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- ^ "Flag flying at Historic Environment Scotland 2019". www.historicenvironment.scot. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
- ^ "St Andrew's Day", Foghlam Alba Archived 17 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Shelby, Barry (2011). Scotland For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-118-05851-0.
- ^ "The Barbado Parliament". Archived from the original on 2 October 2008.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Tudor Pamfil, Mitologia poporului roman, Editura Saeculum, 2007
- ^ Maria Filipoiu, Traditii crestine si ritualuri populare romanesti, Ed. Paideia, 200×××←←9
- ^ "St. Andrew's Day in Romania". Traditionsacrosseurope.wordpress.com. 25 November 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
- ^ Tudor Pamfil, Sărbătorile de toamnă şi postul Crăciunului – București, 1914, pp. 127–18
- ^ Jump up to: a b The Essential Guide to Being Polish. Steerforth Press. 2014. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-985-06231-6.
- ^ Dunwich, Gerina (2002). A Witch's Guide to Ghosts and the Supernatural. Career Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-564-14616-8.
- ^ "Andrzejki | November 29th | Eve of St. Andrew". www.local-life.com.
- ^ "St. Andrew's Day in Romania". 25 November 2008.
- ^ "Sfantul Andrei – Sarbatoare romaneasca". Desprecopii.com. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
- ^ Amorim, Sandra Araújo (2004). Vencer o Mar, Ganhar a Terra. Na Linha do horizonte – Biblioteca Poveira CMPV.
- ^ "Resgatar das Almas" recupera peregrinação a Santo André, cm-pvarzim.pt; accessed 29 November 2017.(in Portuguese)
External links[]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Andrew's Day. |
- Andrew the Apostle
- Catholic holy days
- Scottish culture
- Holidays in Scotland
- Folk calendar of the East Slavs
- National days
- November observances
- Saints days
- Winter events in Scotland
- Christmas in Scotland
- Christmas-linked holidays
- Scottish-Australian culture
- Public holidays in Romania
- British flag flying days