Sak language
Sak | |
---|---|
Cak | |
Native to | Myanmar, Bangladesh |
Region | Northwestern Rakhine State |
Ethnicity | Chak |
Native speakers | 40,000 (2007)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | ckh |
Glottolog | sakk1239 |
Sak (also known as Cak, Chak, or Tsak) is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Sal branch spoken in Bangladesh and Myanmar.
Geographical distribution[]
Cak is spoken in Bangladesh by about 3,000 people and in Rakhine State, Burma by about 1,000 people according to Ethnologue. In Bangladesh, Cak is spoken in , , and (Huziwara 2018). In Rakhine State, Burma, Sak is spoken in Maungdaw, Buthidaung, Rathedaung, and Mrauk U townships (Huziwara 2018). The Baishari dialect is the most conservative one (Huziwara 2018).[2]
According to Ethnologue, in Bangladesh, Chak is spoken in 14 villages in:
- Chittagong Division: Baishari, Bandarban, Bishar Chokpra
- Southern Naikhongchari area in the Arakan Blue Mountains
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | (kʰ) | |||
voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ||||
Affricate | voiceless | ts | ||||
aspirated | (tsʰ) | |||||
voiced | dz | |||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | h | |
voiced | v | |||||
Tap | ɾ | |||||
Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | ŋ | ||
Approximant | (w) | l | j |
- Sounds /tsʰ, kʰ, w/ mainly occur from loanwords.
- /ts, tsʰ, dz/ is also heard as [tʃ, tʃʰ, dʒ] among other dialects.
- [ɲ] occurs as a realization of the consonant sequence /ŋj/.
Vowels[]
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɨ | ɯ | u |
Mid | e | (ə) | o | |
Open | a |
Further reading[]
- Benedict, Paul K. (1939). "Semantic Differentiation in Indo-Chinese". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 4 (3/4): 213–229. doi:10.2307/2717775. JSTOR 2717775.
- Van Driem, George (1993). "The Proto-Tibeto-Burman verbal agreement system". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 56 (2): 292–334. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00005528.
- Glottolog 2.7 - Sak. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2016 [1]
- Grierson, George (1921). "Kadu and its Relatives". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 2: 39–42. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00101818.
- Huziwara, Keisuke. 2002. “Chakku-go no onsei ni kansuru koosatu” [A phonetic analysis of Cak]. Kyoto University Linguistic Research [Kyooto Daigaku Gengogaku Kenkyuu] 21:217–73.
- Huziwara, Keisuke. 2008. Chakku-go no kizyutu gengogakuteki kenkyuu [A descriptive linguistic study of the Cak language]. Doctoral dissertation, Kyoto University. lix + 942 pp.
- Keisuke, Huziwara (1970). "Cak numerals". Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics. 1 (2): 1–10. doi:10.3329/dujl.v1i2.3714.
- Huziwara, Keisuke. 2010. “Cak prefixes.” In Dai Zhongming and James A. Matisoff, eds., Zang-Mian-yu yanjiu sishi nian [Forty Years of Sino-Tibetan Studies], pp. 130–45. Harbin: Heilongjiang University Press.
- Shafer, Robert (1940). "The Vocalism of Sino-Tibetan". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 60 (3): 302–337. doi:10.2307/594419. JSTOR 594419.
- Thurgood, G., & LaPolla, R. J. (2003). The Sino-Tibetan languages.
- Voegelin, C. F., & Voegelin, F. M. (1965). Languages of the world: Sino-Tibetan fascicle five. Anthropological Linguistics, 7(6), 1-58. Retrieved February 12, 2016 JSTOR 30022507
References[]
- ^ Sak at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Huziwara, Keisuke (2018). Varieties of Cak dialects. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, held May 17-19, 2018 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- ^ Huziwara, Keisuke (2019). A sketch of Cak grammar. Kyoto: The Hakubi Project of Kyoto University.
- ^ Huziwara, Keisuke (2002). チャック語の音声に関する考察 [A phonetic analysis of Cak]. 京都大学言語学研究 [Kyoto University Linguistic Research] 21: Kyoto University. pp. 217–273.
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External links[]
Categories:
- Sal languages
- Languages of Myanmar
- Languages of Bangladesh