Sanggau Regency

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Sanggau Regency
Kabupaten Sanggau
Regency
Toah Pek Kong Temple, Sanggau
Toah Pek Kong Temple, Sanggau
Coat of arms of Sanggau Regency
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
Sanggau Permai
Location within West Kalimantan
Location within West Kalimantan
Sanggau Regency is located in Kalimantan
Sanggau Regency
Sanggau Regency
Location in Kalimantan and Indonesia
Coordinates: 0°07′10″N 110°35′20″E / 0.11944°N 110.58889°E / 0.11944; 110.58889Coordinates: 0°07′10″N 110°35′20″E / 0.11944°N 110.58889°E / 0.11944; 110.58889
CountryIndonesia
ProvinceWest Kalimantan
Regency seat
Government
 • RegentPaolus Hadi
 • Vice RegentYohanes Ontot
Area
 • Total12,857.80 km2 (4,964.42 sq mi)
Population
 (2020 Census)
 • Total484,836
 • Density38/km2 (98/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+7 (WIB)
Area code(+62) 564
HDI (2019)Increase 0.657 (Medium)[1]
Websitesanggau.go.id

Sanggau Regency (Chinese: 桑高; Hakka: Sîang-ngau) is a regency in the north-central section of the West Kalimantan province of Indonesia. In 2003, the regency's eastern portion was made in to a new regency, Sekadau, leaving Sanggau with an area of 12,857.80 km2. As of the 2020 Census, Sanggau has a population of 484,836.[2] Sanggau is one of four West Kalimantan regencies that are predominantly Catholic (alongside Landak Regency, Sekadau Regency, and Sintang Regency)

History[]

Etymology[]

The origin of the name Sanggau is disputed. One theory is that the word came from the Sanggau clan of the Dayak ethnicity, from which a noble of Sukadana Kingdom came from. Another local legend claims that the name came from a plant that grows around Sekayan river, where Sanggau Kingdom was founded in the 4th century.[3]

Early history[]

The Kingdom of Sanggau is thought to have been founded on April 7, 1310, which is now commemorated as the anniversary of Sanggau town's founding, where the regency seat is located.[4] It was led by the princess Dara Nante. Dara Nante later abdicated and gave the throne to her right-hand man, Dakkudak. However Dakkudak proved to be an incompetent ruler and unable to lead kingdom's administration. He fled the kingdom in secret, abandoning the throne and leaving the kingdom paralyzed.[5]:171

After Dakkudak's flight, the state of the kingdom was unclear until 1485, when one of Dara Nante's relatives, another princess named Dayang Mas Ratna, took the throne. She moved the capital of the kingdom from Labai Lawai to Mengkiang, close to the Sekayam river. During this time, she married Nurul Kamal, a Muslim from the Banten Sultanate. However, it is unclear whether or not Sanggau has adopted Islam at this point.[5]:172 Ratna's successor was another princess named Dayang Puasa who was related to the royal family of the neighbouring Sintang Kingdom.[6]:32 During her reign, Sanggau and Sintang maintained good relations and she consolidated power within the realm.[6]:32

The successor of Puasa was a king named Abang Gani, the first male ruler of the kingdom. During his reign, Sanggau was involved in a conflict with the Matan Kingdom, also known as the Tanjungpura Kingdom. The conflict started when the daughter of Gani, Dayang Seri Gemala, married a noble from the Matan royal family. However, Gemala's husband was unfaithful to her and married again, insulting the Sanggau royal family. Gemala was brought back to Sanggau not long after.[5]:172 Every ruler of Sanggau after Gani was male.[7]:97 Gani's reign ended in 1614 and, in 1658, the new king, Abang Bungsu, converted to Islam publicly, officially making Sanggau a sultanate. Bungsu changed his name to Sultan Mohammad Jamaluddin Kusumanegara.[3] During Jamaluddin's reign, Sanggau moved its capital to its current location, Sanggau town. During this time, Sanggau also formed ties to the Cirebon Sultanate in Java.[5]:173

Marriage ceremony of Sanggau noble, presumably before 1943

19th century[]

Mohammad Tahir II ruled Sanggau from 1860 to 1876. Tahir II made an agreement which settled the border between his sultanate and the Brunei Sultanate, which later would define the modern Indonesia–Malaysia border.[5]:175 During Tahir II's reign, Sanggau made contact for the first time with the Dutch Empire. Tahir II welcomed the Dutch in the kingdom's capital and allowed them to build an outpost in Sanggau.[5]:175

Tahir II died in 1876 and was succeeded by Sultan Sulaiman Paku Negara. The era after Tahir II was defined by the start of Dutch control over the region. In 1877, the Sultan of Sanggau and the Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies, Johan Wilhelm van Lansberge, signed a treaty leasing land to the Dutch East Indies. in 1921, Sultan Muhammaid Said Pakunegara was forced to step down by the Dutch administration and was replaced by Sultan Tahir III.[3]

20th century[]

See also: Dayak Desa War and Kalimantan Physical Revolution

On 1942, Dutch East Indies was occupied by Japan. During that time, the reigning sultan of Sanggau was Sultan Muhammad Arif Pakunegara. However, his reign only lasted for a year when he was killed by Japanese force and replaced by pro-Japanese Sultan Marhabah Saleh.[8]:98 Marhabah Saleh would be succeeded by Gusti Ali Akbar. The region also saw a conflict between natives & Japanese forces over forced labour, known as Dayak Desa War. Town of Meliau in Sanggau was captured briefly by Dayaks helped by revolting labors, but would be retaken again by Japanese on 31 August 1945.[9][10][11]

After Japanese surrendered, the region was left in power vacuum. Ali Akbar was supportive of Republic Indonesia establishment. As the result, returning Dutch staged a coup against Ali Akbar using troops under command Dutch delegation named Riekerk. Ali Akbar was replaced by Muhammad Taufik Surya Negara.[5]:177 Taufik's reign would last until the abolishment of swapraja (autonomous royal region) under newly recognized Indonesian Republic on 2 May 1960, ending the existence of the sultanate.[3]

Recent history[]

Surya Negara Palace of Sanggau Sultanate

After fall of Suharto and rapid decentralization it followed, Sanggau Regency was split to create Sekadau Regency on 2003, reducing its size. On 26 July 2006, Sanggau Sultanate was revived by cultural figures with assistance of local government, nearly 49 years after its abolishment.[3][4] However, the sultanate was only intended for symbolic and cultural purposes, and no longer held political power. The revival ceremony was attended by several other ceremonial monarchs in Indonesia such as sultan of Palembang, as well as local politicians.[3]

Geography[]

The regency borders Sintang and Sekadau Regency in the east, Malaysia in the north, Ketapang regency in the south, and Landak regency in the west.[12] Geographically located in interior of Borneo island, it is also divided by Kapuas river which is one of the longest river in Indonesia. Sanggau's topography is dominated by wetlands and swamps, generally low-lying.[13] The regency's soil formation is dominated by podzol, which consist of around 44% of regency area.Meanwhile, in Toba and Meliau Distirct, latosol soil could be found.[13]

Climate[]

Sanggau has a tropical rainforest climate with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round. The wettest month generally are November and December with average rainfall as many as 20 days, while the driest usually in August with average of 5 days rainfall. The regency's highest annual rainfall is also during November, which is around 416 millimeters and the lowest is during August which could be as low as 60 millimeters.[13]

hideClimate data for Sanggau
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 29.3
(84.7) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.5
(86.9) 		31.0
(87.8) 		31.6
(88.9) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.8
(87.4) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.6
(87.1) 		30.1
(86.2) 		30.6
(87.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 25.6
(78.1) 		25.9
(78.6) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.7
(80.1) 		27.1
(80.8) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.1
(79.0) 		26.4
(79.6)
Average low °C (°F) 22.0
(71.6) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.3
(72.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 398
(15.7) 		324
(12.8) 		250
(9.8) 		271
(10.7) 		225
(8.9) 		141
(5.6) 		162
(6.4) 		192
(7.6) 		199
(7.8) 		282
(11.1) 		324
(12.8) 		339
(13.3) 		3,107
(122.5)
Source: Climate-Data.org[14]

Governance[]

Administrative districts[]

Sanggau Regency consists of fifteen districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their populations at the 2010 Census[15] and the 2020 Census.[2] The table also includes the number of villages (rural desa and urban kelurahan) in each district, and its administrative centre.

District Area
(km2)		 Population
2010 Census		 Population
2020 Census		 Number of
villages		 Administrative
centre
Toba 1,127.20 11,954 15,829 7 Teraju
Meliau 1,495.70 46,150 50,408 17 Meliau Hilir
Kapuas 1,382.00 78,768 88,308 26 Sanggau
Mukok 501.00 18,256 21,240 9 Kedukul
Jangkang 1,589.20 26,674 29,010 11 Balui Sebut
Bonti 1,121.80 20,281 23,288 9 Bonti
Parindu 593.90 32,426 38,993 14 Pusat Damai
Tayan Hilir 1,050.50 29,990 36,710 15 Kawat
Balai 395.60 22,279 28,891 12 Batang Terang
Tayan Hulu 719.20 31,080 38,169 11 Sosok
Kembayan 610.80 25,796 31,776 11 Tanjung Merpati
Bedui 435.00 10,744 13,032 5 Bereng Berkawat
Noyan 487.90 9,873 11,674 5 Noyan
Sekayam 841.01 29,639 39,811 10 Balai Karangan
Entikong 506.89 14,558 17,697 5 Entikong
Totals 12,857.80 408,468 484,836 169 Sanggau

Local government[]

It is a second-level administrative division equivalent to a city. As a regency, it is headed by a regent who is elected democratically. Head of districts are appointed directly by the regent with the recommendation of the regency secretary. Executive power lies with the regent and vice regent while legislative function is exercised by the regency's parliament.[16][17][18]

Politics[]

Parliament building of Sanggau Regency

On provincial level, the regency is part of 6th West Kalimantan electoral district with Sekadau Regency which together sends eight out of 65 representatives. On regency level, it is divided into five electoral districts that in total has 40 representatives. The last election was in 2019 and the next one would be on 2024.[19]

Electoral district Region Representatives
1st Sanggau Kapuas District 7
2nd Sanggau Meliau, Tayan Hilir, and Toba District 9
3rd Sanggau Balai, Parindu, and Tayan Hulu District 9
4th Sanggau Beduai, Entikong, Kembayan, Noyan, and Sekayam District 9
5th Sanggau Bonti, Jangkang, and Mukok District 6
Total 40

Economy[]

Two biggest sector in the regency are agriculture and manufacture. Agriculture consist of 32.10% of regency's gross regional product on 2020 while manufacture consist of 17.33%. Other significant sectors are retail & trade with 10.35% of regency's gross regional product, mining with 10.96%, and construction with 6.44%. The fastest growing sector was healthcare sector with increase of 17.87% on 2020 followed by electricity and gas sector with increase of 14.92%.[20] The workforce in the regency is still dominated by agriculture and plantation which employs more than 60% of regency's workers population.[12] Main communities from the regency includes rubber, palm oil, and pepper. Other than that, the regency has significant aquaculture which produces 8,154 tons of freshwater fish on 2020. There are 75 active village cooperatives in the regency as of 2020 as well as 342 non-village cooperatives.[12]

Economic growth was 3.89% on 2019 but decreased to 0.70% on 2020 due to outbreak of COVID-19 and restrictions it follows.[20] Unemployment rate was 3.52% and poverty rate was 4.46%.[12]

Demographics[]

Sannggau had a population of 408,468 at the 2010 Census,[15] 444,095 at the 2015 Census and 484,836 as of the 2020 Census.[2]

The regency experiences population growth of 1.67% on 2020. The most densely populated district was Parindu District with 66 people per square kilometer, while the least densely populated was Toba District with 14 people per square kilometer. Kapuas Distirct, which where town of Sangga as regency seat located, has population of 88,308 people, making it the most populated district in the regency. Sex ratio in the regency was 108, means there are 108 male per 100 female population. Toba District is also the fastest growing district with annual population growth of 2.78% while the slowest growing district was Meliau.[12]

As with most of Indonesian regions, the population is relatively young dominated by workforce around reproductive youth above 15 years old. On 2020, there are 241,987 people out of the regency's population that is classified as part of the workforce. The most populous age group in the regency on 2020 were people between 20 and 24 years old.[12] According to 2013 data, literacy rate in the regency was 92.01% which is overall lower than neighbouring regions.[21][22]

The regency is predominantly Catholic, consist of total 237,874 people on 2020. Second largest religion is Islam with 164,885 people, Protestant with 82,384 people, and Buddhism with 3,603 people.[12]

Infrastructure[]

Education[]

Sanggau Regency in total has 457 elementary schools, 122 junior higschools, 29 senior highschools, in addition of 18 vocational highscools (SMK). In addition, there are 64 kindergartens in the regency.[12] There are several higher education institutions in Sanggau. Melawi Teaching and Education College has campus branch located in town of Entikong, close to Malaysia border, which offer bachelor on teaching-related majors such as Mathematic education and elementary school teaching.[23][24] Abditama Sanggau Agriculture and Plantation Academy located close to town of Sanggau. Other institutions such as Sanggau Agrobusiness Management Academy and Belitang Polytech also present, while state-owned Pontianak State Polytech also has campus on Sanggau.[25][26][27] The regency government has expressed interest to establish its own separate state-owned polytech.[28]

Tumenggung Gergaji Regional Hospital in Sekayam District

The regency has one public library managed by regency government. On 2019, the old library building was demolished to give a way for the new building.[29] The new building was inaugurated on 2021.[30]

Healthcare[]

The regency in total has five hospitals including one maternity hospital, seven polyclinics, 89 puskesmas, 10 registered pharmacies, in addition to over 640 healthcare centers. From 89 puskesmas, 18 are open 24 hours and accept inpatient care.[12] Main hospital in the regency is Mozes Thadeus Djaman Regional Hospital, which is a public hospital owned by regency government. It is classified as C-class hospital by Ministry of Health and located in town of Sanggau.[31][32] Other hospital in the regency such as Sentra Medika General Hospital, classified as D-class, also located in town of Sanggau.[32] Other hospitals are spread out on Tayan Hulu and Sekayam District.[12]

Owing to demand for PCR sample test during COVID-19 pandemic, which previously would need to be send to Pontianak, the regency also has built a separate laboratorium for PCR test on 2021.[33]

Tayan Bridge across Kapuas River, Sanggau

Transportation[]

The regency has total of 1,001.14 kilometers of road, out of which 294 kilometers have not yet been paved and still has soil surface. All roads in the regency is maintained by local regency government.[12] The regency has total 15 post offices run by state-owned Pos Indonesia. Being landlocked, the regency has no port. The regency also has no public airport and travel is mostly done through land. The closest airport is Tebelian Airport located in Sintang Regency.[34] Perum DAMRI operated regular bus route from Pontianak to Sanggau.[35][36] Online ride-hailing service also has established presence in the regency, mostly inside town of Sanggau.[37]

Entikong integrated border post (PLBN)

Others[]

On 2020, there are 337 mosques, 265 Protestant churches, 556 Catholic churches, two Hindu temples, and three Chinese Buddhist temples (Vihara) in the regency.[12] The regency has integrated border crossing post in Entikong, which has quarantine, clinic, and immigration facilities. It was renovated on 2016 and has since also became tourist attraction.[38] The regency has access to 4G internet services as well as fiber optic service provided by Indihome under state-owned Telkomsel.[39][40]

There are several parks inside town of Sanggau such as Sanggau Permai Park, Kehati Green Park, and Sabang Merah Park.[41][42][43] The town also has several Wi-Fi hotspots scattered around the town, which was initiated by local government.[44] The regency has one stadium named Indoor Bujang Malaka sport complex, which also located in Sanggau town.[45] Convenience store chains such as Indomaret has established presence in the town of Sanggau.[46]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Badan Pusat Statistik".
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Sejarah Sanggau". Portal Resmi Pemerintah Kabupaten Sanggau. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b pengurus. "Menelusuri Keberadaan Naskah Kuno Kerajaan Sanggau – Kalimantan Barat". IPI PROVINSI KALIMANTAN BARAT. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Lontaan, 1975
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Syahzaman & Hasanuddin, 2003
  7. ^ A. Roffi Faturrahman, et.al
  8. ^ Faturrahman, et.al.
  9. ^ Mhd, Syafaruddin Usman; Din, Isnawita (2009). Peristiwa Mandor berdarah (in Indonesian). Media Pressindo. p. 83. ISBN 978-979-788-109-2.
  10. ^ S13; S13 (16 August 2017). "Pang Suma: Pejuang dari Dayak". PinterPolitik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  11. ^ Mhd, Syafaruddin Usman; Din, Isnawita (2009). Peristiwa Mandor berdarah (in Indonesian). Media Pressindo. pp. 83–85. ISBN 978-979-788-109-2.
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  14. ^ "Climate: Sanggau". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  16. ^ "PP No. 17 Tahun 2018 tentang Kecamatan [JDIH BPK RI]". peraturan.bpk.go.id. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  17. ^ "UU 22 1999" (PDF).
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  20. ^ Jump up to: a b "Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Sanggau". sanggaukab.bps.go.id. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
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  28. ^ Kalbar, PT Suara Khatulistiwa. "Paolus Berharap Ada Perguruan Tinggi Negeri di Sanggau". Suarapemredkalbar.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  29. ^ Liputan6.com (13 August 2020). "Perpustakaan di Bumi Daranante, Megah dan Berwarna". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  30. ^ "Perpustakaan Daerah Resmi Difungsikan, Bupati Sanggau Menghimbau Kepada Masyarakat Agar Manfaatkan Fasilitas Ini Dengan Baik". DISKOMINFO (in Indonesian). 21 January 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  31. ^ "Informasi SDM Kesehatan Nasional". bppsdmk.kemkes.go.id. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b "Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah M. Th. DJAMAN". SIPP. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  33. ^ "Bupati Sanggau Dampingi Danrem 121/ABW Untuk Meninjau Pembangunan Laboratorium PCR/BSL 2 Di Kabupaten Sanggau". DISKOMINFO (in Indonesian). 3 June 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  34. ^ Muhamad <asep.muhamad[at]torche.co.id>, Asep. "MENHUB TINJAU PENGEMBANGAN TIGA BANDARA DI KALTENG DAN KALBAR". dephub.go.id. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
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  36. ^ PONTIANAK, BAPPEDA KOTA. "- BAPPEDA KOTA PONTIANAK". - BAPPEDA KOTA PONTIANAK (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  37. ^ "Oke Jack Sanggau Buka Lowongan Driver Motor Dan Mobil". Tribun Pontianak (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  38. ^ Risna Nur Rahayu (1 March 2019). "Yuk Kenalan dengan PLBN Entikong yang Kian Cantik". news.okezone.com/ (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  39. ^ Rachmatunnisa. "Menjajal 4G di Perbatasan Indonesia-Malaysia". detikinet (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  40. ^ "Indihome Fibermap".
  41. ^ "Lokasi Cocok Untuk Bersantai Nikmati Sore Hari Di Taman Sanggau Permai". Tribun Pontianak (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  42. ^ "Mengintip Keasrian Bumi Daranante Lewat Taman Sabang Merah Kota Sanggau – NewsLab UAJY". Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  43. ^ "Ayo ke Taman Ke Hati di Kota Sanggau". Dinas Lingkungan Hidup (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  44. ^ "InfoPublik - Bupati Sanggau Resmikan Perpustakaan Daerah dan Wifi Gratis". infopublik.id. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  45. ^ lalu, Disporapar·10 bulan (30 September 2020). "Monitoring GOR Indor Bujang Malaka". Kabar Sanggau (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  46. ^ "Cari Indomaret 24 Jam di Sanggau? Ini Alamatnya". Tribun Pontianak (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 July 2021.
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