Santander Cycles

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Santander Cycles
Santander Cycles logo.png
Santander Cycles.jpg
Overview
OwnerTransport for London
LocaleLondon, United Kingdom
Transit typeBicycle sharing system
Number of stations750 [1]
Annual ridership10,168,936 (2019)[2]
WebsiteSantander Cycles
Operation
Began operation30 July 2010
Operator(s)Serco
Number of vehicles11,500 bicycles[1]

Santander Cycles (formerly Barclays Cycle Hire) is a public bicycle hire scheme in London in the United Kingdom. The scheme's bicycles are popularly known as Boris Bikes, after Boris Johnson who was Mayor of London when the scheme began operating.

The operation of the scheme is contracted by Transport for London to Serco.[3] Bikes and docking stations are provided by 8D Technologies. The scheme is sponsored, with Santander UK being the main sponsor from April 2015.[4] Barclays Bank was the first sponsor, from 2010 to March 2015.[5][6][7]

Credit for developing and enacting the scheme has been a source of debate. Johnson has taken credit for the plan,[8] although the initial concept was announced by his predecessor Ken Livingstone, during the latter's term in office.[9] Livingstone said that the programme would herald a "cycling and walking transformation in London"[10] and Johnson said that he "hoped the bikes would become as common as black cabs and red buses in the capital".[11]

A study showed cyclists using the scheme are three times less likely to be injured per trip than cyclists in London as a whole, possibly due to motorists giving cycle hire users more road space than they do other cyclists.[12] Customer research in 2013 showed that 49 per cent of Cycle Hire members say that the scheme has prompted them to start cycling in London.[13]

As of July 2018 more than 73.5 million journeys had been made using the cycles,[14] with the record for cycle hires in a single day being 73,000.[15]

History[]

Number of hires of Santander bikes from June 2011 to April 2021.[16]

In August 2007 the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, announced that he was planning to implement a cycle hire scheme modelled on the successful Vélib' network in Paris. Following discussions with the Mayor of Paris, Livingstone instructed transport officials to study the Paris and similar schemes, and draw up proposals for London.[17] Discussions were conducted between Transport for London (TfL), the London boroughs and transport commissioners from Lyon, Brussels, Vienna, Berlin, Munich, Oslo and Copenhagen.[18]

In February 2008, plans for the London cycle hire scheme were officially unveiled by Livingstone.[19] The CTC and Green Party hailed the proposals as revolutionary.[10]

The scheme commenced operations as Barclays Cycle Hire on 30 July 2010 with 5,000 bicycles and 315 docking stations distributed across the City of London area and parts of eight London boroughs.[20] The scheme was at first located mainly within the central zone, roughly bounded by the 'Zone 1' area of the Transport for London zoning system, and the initial target was for it to comprise 400 docking stations when complete, at roughly 330 yard (300-metre) intervals. The initial planning and implementation costs were expected to total more than £140 million over the first six years of the project, exclusive of operating costs.

Initially, the scheme required initial payment of registration and membership fees to be paid in exchange for an electronic access key, but on 3 December 2010 this was changed to allow casual cycle hires by non-members who have a valid credit or debit card.[21]

The project was expected to cost £140 million for planning and implementation over six years, potentially the only TfL system to fully fund its annual cost of operation, a goal originally estimated to take two to three years.[22] The 'on the road' cost of each bike is £28,000 per bicycle,[23] with the docking stations themselves costing around £200,000 to install.[24]

Between December 2010 and the end of May 2013, the scheme had registered 22 million rides without a death.[25] The first fatality of a user of the scheme occurred in July 2013. A 20-year-old woman, Philippine De Gerin-Ricard, was killed outside Aldgate East Underground station after being struck by a lorry,[26] prompting a protest ride calling for improved separation between cycle routes and other traffic.[27]

Blue (Barclays Cycle Hire), yellow (2014 Tour de France) and red (Santander Cycles) cycles in a docking station.

Owing to the success of the scheme, major expansions have taken place to increase the number of bikes and docking stations across London.

The first major expansion was in March 2012, with a significant expansion in east London in Tower Hamlets and Hackney, with a minor expansion westwards to the new Westfield London shopping centre in Shepherds Bush. This expansion added 2,300 additional bikes and 4,800 docking points.[28] In December 2013, the scheme received a further significant expansion ('Phase 3') in west and south west London. This expansion added approximately 2,000 more bikes and 150 new docking points, with new stations in the boroughs of Wandsworth, Hammersmith & Fulham, Lambeth and Kensington & Chelsea.[29]

In 2015, sponsorship of the scheme transferred from Barclays to Santander, with the branding of the scheme becoming Santander Cycles. According to TfL, the £43.75m sponsorship deal over seven years is the largest public sector sponsorship in the world.[4] Santander's sponsorship was extended in May 2021 for a further three years until May 2025.[30]

The scheme has continued to expand in recent years - to the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in January 2016,[31] and Brixton in February 2018.[32] The scheme now spreads across 40 square miles (100 square kilometres) of London - the largest cycle hire scheme in Europe - with over 11,000 bikes and 800 stations.[14]

As of Dec 2020, the scheme operates over 11,500 cycles, spanning 750 docking station.[1]

Operation[]

Regular users of the scheme can register on the TfL website and buy access for 24 hours or one year. Users are then posted a key to operate the docking stations; keys cost £3, and up to four can be registered under a single account. The key allows a cycle to be released from the docking station.[33]

On 3 December 2010 the scheme was extended to casual users who are not members of the scheme but hold major payment cards.[34] The cost is the same to members and casual users, except that casual use for one year is not available. A credit or debit card can be used in a docking station to release a bicycle.

Cycles may be rented at any time during the access period; the first 30 minutes of each trip is free of charge. Usage charges, additional to the access charge, are charged at £2 per 30 minutes or part thereof to encourage shorter use. Bicycles may be used any number of times within the access period, each use charged according to its duration.[35]

Cycles[]

Devinci[]

Cycle on Lambeth Bridge.
Hire bike handlebar.

The original bicycles were built by Cycles Devinci to the following specification:[36][37][38]

  • Puncture-resistant tyres to increase durability.
  • Drum brakes on both wheels, controlled by right-front, left-rear brake levers on handlebar.
  • Three-speed hub gear operated by a twist grip on right handlebar.
  • Bell on left handlebar.
  • Chain guard.
  • Gear linkage guard.
  • Dynamo-powered front and rear LED lights (for visibility to other traffic, not road illumination) which flash when the bicycle is being ridden and for at least two minutes after it has stopped.
  • Small luggage rack in front of handlebar, open at the sides, with elastic shock cord to secure possessions.
  • Kickstand.
  • Reflective numbers affixed on both sides of frame by rear wheel axle, uniquely identifying each bike.

The bicycles are utility bicycles with a step-through frame. The cycles are not provided with locks (unlike the Vélib' scheme in Paris).

The one-piece aluminium frame and handlebars conceal cables and fasteners in an effort to protect them from vandalism, damage and inclement weather. The heavy-duty tyres are designed to be puncture-resistant and are filled with nitrogen to maintain proper inflation pressure longer.[39] A row of 5 LEDs on front of the luggage rack and twin LED rear lights are integrated into the robust frame, which weighs approximately 23 kg (51 lb).[38][40]

The bikes were designed by industrial designer Michel Dallaire and built in the Saguenay, Quebec region by Cycles Devinci.

The cycles are low-geared to compensate for their weight and to provide a way of limiting their top speed. Using a Shimano Nexus three-hub gear with a 38 tooth chainring in front and a larger than standard 23 tooth rear sprocket the setting is 32 gear inches in first gear, 44 gear inches in second gear, and 60 gear inches in third gear.[41] This gearing is about 22% lower than would be usual on a three-speed cycle of this sort.

The cycles and the docking stations are built in Canada by PBSC Urban Solutions and are based on the Bixi (bike taxi) cycle rental system that operates in many cities including Montreal,[42] Melbourne[43] and Toluca.[44]

In December 2015 it was decided to fit all the cycles with front laser lights. The laser projects a green cycle symbol approximately 15 feet (5 m) in front of the bike to warn drivers and effectively reduce blind angles.[45]

Further information on the bikes and payment kiosks: PBSC Urban Solutions § Equipment

Pashley[]

A new design made by Pashley was introduced in late 2017[46] with the following changes :

  • Smaller frame
  • Smaller wheels: 24 inches (610 mm)
  • Shimano brakes
  • Puncture resistant tyres

Coverage area and future expansion[]

The success of the scheme has led to its expansion into other areas of London. As of August 2018, the coverage area is roughly bounded by:[47]

The following boroughs are partly or fully covered: Hammersmith and Fulham, Kensington and Chelsea, Westminster, Camden, Islington, the City, Hackney, Tower Hamlets, Southwark, Lambeth and Wandsworth.

However, despite calls from other Londoners, the scheme has yet to expand into many areas close to central London, including central and north Islington.[48][49] Coverage[47] is noticeably poor in south-east London, an area that has a limited overall Tube network.[50] Coverage is exceptionally poor in Outer London, where the scheme is almost non-existent, even in areas adjacent to inner London districts and despite the majority of Londoners living there. In some cases, planned expansion has been delayed by Londoners who support the London Cycle Hire Scheme in principle, but dislike the idea of having a docking station on their street, or losing car parking spaces to make room for docking stations.[51]

Many Londoners are keen to see the system expand, with lobbying from Greenwich,[52] Southwark,[53] Hackney[24] and Richmond.[54] However, funding these expansions is a challenge, due to the high cost of the docking stations and the cost of the bikes.[24][55] The London Boroughs and TfL work with developers of major developments to secure funding for future cycle hire stations.[56]

Docking stations[]

Docking station

Docking stations consist of a terminal and docking points where users pick up and return cycles. The terminal at each docking station contains a screen allowing users to:[57]

  • Hire a cycle with a chip and PIN payment card if the user does not have a key;
  • Print a record of their journey;
  • Find other nearby docking stations, necessary if one is full when returning or empty when seeking a cycle;
  • Get extra time without charge to return the cycle to another docking station if one is full; and
  • See a local street map, scheme costs, the code of conduct, and information in other languages.

If there is a fault with a cycle that was rented, it can be docked at the nearest station and the red 'fault' button on the docking point pressed within ten seconds; another bike can then be taken at no extra cost.

Terminal screen

During high load hours the bikes are moved from the busiest stations to the emptiest using trailers pulled by Alkè ATX280E electric vehicles with zero CO2 emissions,[58] and Ford Transit vans with specially-designed tail ramps. There are a number of mobile phone apps to help users find the nearest station.

Technology[]

The platform behind the bike share system is created by 8D Technologies,[59] who also supply the server technology for BIXI Montréal, Citi Bike in New York City, Capital Bikeshare in Washington DC, Melbourne Bike Share in Australia, and others.

The Bixi technology was replaced mid 2017 for TfL under the new contract with Serco and now makes use of AI and big data to improve bicycle availability and maintenance. The new technology is a AWS hosted service and uses a combination of technologies including AWS, Opensource, IBM and Oracle.[60]

Finances[]

In the first three months of the scheme, 95 percent of journeys did not exceed half an hour, earning TfL access fees but no usage fees.[61] The scheme generated £323,545 in revenue for usage in the first 96 days.[61] Only 72,700 of the first 1.4 million journeys earned any revenue, with 44 percent of income coming from users charged the £150 (US $252) "late return" fees.[61] With an average £3,370 income per day from journeys, the scheme needed to grow substantially over the following five years to meet its cost.[61] In this early period there was a steady growth in the number of bike journeys. It was expected that when casual use was introduced it would become the bigger revenue generator.[61] Access fees were doubled in January 2013,[62] which was expected to bring in an extra £4-6m annually.[63] User satisfaction level dropped after the increase.[64]

In May 2012 (before access charges doubled in 2013), TfL estimated that the scheme would cost taxpayers £225m by 2015/16, almost 5 times the maximum due from Barclays.[65][66]

TfL funded a net £3.6 million to the scheme in the 2016/17 period during which ~10 million bikes were hired, this equates to 16.9% of the scheme's operating costs being funded by subsidy[67] this is on par with TfL's operating costs as a whole, which are 16.1% funded by subsidy (including the congestion charge as subsidy).[68]

Reception and criticism[]

The scheme debuted with great fanfare, with over 90,000 users registering one million cycle rides being taken in the first ten weeks of operation.[69] The millionth journey rider was awarded free annual membership to the scheme for five years for him and three friends.[70]

In particular, the scheme was criticised for allowing riders to have unlimited use by docking the bike every thirty minutes at a station (the first 30 minutes' use are free) resulting in a dependence upon late fees and penalties to make up revenues.[61][71] Other users complained of computer issues, erroneous charges, and problems with docking stations.[72][73][74][75] The system requires the cyclist to find docking stations close to the points of departure and destination, lacking one of the key advantages of the bicycle in an urban setting.[76] The system also does not enable transport to the suburbs; as TfL says, it is "best for short journeys".[77] Some users also found the bikes too heavy and unwieldy, at 23 kilograms (51 lb).[38][40]

In June 2011, TfL issued a 'critical improvement plan' to the contractor, Serco, demanding immediate improvements in service, and in a comment to the press a TfL spokesman stated that "the service it (Serco) has provided for our Barclays Cycle Hire users has not reached the consistently high standards we expect," adding "We expect to see immediate improvements." Serco has in turn admitted that "some aspects of the service still need to be improved."[78]

Redistribution of bikes has also been hindered by the refusal by the councils of Westminster and of Kensington & Chelsea to allow Serco to move bikes around their boroughs at night, between the hours of 22.00-08.00, creating significant challenges in meeting morning peak demand.[79]

At the time of launch, anti-arms-trade campaigners protested against Barclays' involvement in the scheme and attached stickers to the bikes highlighting the Bank's investment in the arms trade.[80][81]

The Cycle Hire scheme and those who delivered it achieved recognition from a wide cross-section of industries impacted by the project. A total of 15 awards were received within a year of launch[citation needed] recognising not just the impact on transport in London but also the innovative design, the public relations exercise and the challenging delivery timescales. Those awards included "Best Facility" from the London Cycling Campaign[82] and an Infrastructure award from the Institution of Civil Engineers.[83]

Repair and replacement[]

An Alkè ATX280E electric utility vehicle, used to redistribute bicycles

According to Transport for London, in the first six months of operation two-thirds of the fleet of London's Cycle Hire scheme fleet required repair.[84] Serco, the company contractor for bicycle operations, was repairing more than 30 bikes a day as of February 2011,[84] and at any one time around 200 of the 5,400 strong fleet were off the road for maintenance.[84] As of February 2011, three bikes had been damaged beyond repair while in service, and ten bicycles had been stolen.[40] Six docking stations had been hit and damaged by motor vehicles and six had been vandalised.[84]

Repairs take place at two depots in Kings Cross and Clapham.[85]

Prices[]

Users of the scheme must pay both an access fee and usage charges.[86] Bicycles may be used any number of times within the access period, each use charged according to its duration.

Access fees doubled in January 2013[62] and the weekly access period was withdrawn in January 2015. As of July 2018, the two access fee options were 24-hour access for £2, or annual access (for members only) for £90.

Extra ride charges are weighted to promote the constant circulation of bicycles. The first 30 minutes of each journey are free; for longer hire durations the price increases by £2 every extra 30 minutes. This means a user can have as many journeys as they like and only pay £2 so long as each journey is under 30 minutes.

Bicycles must be returned within 24 hours. Failure to return a bicycle or damaging one could incur a charge of up to £300.[86]

See also[]

Notes and references[]

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  6. ^ "Boris, Barclays and the Big Blue Branding". CorpComms Magazine. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  7. ^ James Pickford (11 December 2013). "Barclays to end sponsorship of London's 'Boris bike' cycle scheme". Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  8. ^ Thelwell, Emma (30 July 2010). "London's 'Boris Bike' hire scheme launched". The World in 2010. Channel 4. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
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  10. ^ Jump up to: a b "Livingstone plan for street-corner cycle hire stands". London: independent.co.uk. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  11. ^ Jon Clements. "Phone fury man kicks 'Boris bike'- John Clements". Mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
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  22. ^ Whitehead, Frederika (13 October 2010). "London bike hire scheme on road to be only public transport system in profit". Guardian. UK. Retrieved 23 February 2011.: Once BCH revenues can fully pay for annual costs of operation, revenues may then be allocated towards repayment of the estimated £140 million in planning and implementation costs of the project.
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  30. ^ Smith, Rebecca (28 May 2021). "Santander Extends Sponsorship of London Cycle Hire Until 2025". Bloomberg. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
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  32. ^ "GLA - Brixton welcomes Santander Cycles" (Press release). Transport for London. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
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  35. ^ https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/cycling/santander-cycles/what-you-pay[bare URL]
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  40. ^ Jump up to: a b c Brady, Brian (2011), Two-thirds of London's Boris Bikes need repairs, The Independent, 20 February 2011
  41. ^ "Know your Boris Bike".
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  45. ^ Murgia, Madhumita (22 December 2015). "All 11,500 'Boris bikes' to be fitted with lasers to improve cyclist safety".
  46. ^ Cycling Weekly http://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/latest-news/londons-new-santander-cycles-hire-bike-smaller-wheels-better-brakes-improved-lights-356842
  47. ^ Jump up to: a b "Find a docking station". Transport for London. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  48. ^ "Call for Boris Bikes to be extended to Upper Street".
  49. ^ "Plea for 'Boris Bikes'".
  50. ^ "BBC - London - Travel - London Underground Map". www.bbc.co.uk.
  51. ^ "Residents from Wandsworth complain about Docking Station being installed on their street".
  52. ^ "LET'S BRING BORIS BIKES TO GREENWICH". greenwichconservatives.com. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
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  56. ^ "Urban planning and construction / Cycling guidance". Transport for London. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
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  58. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 December 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  59. ^ "Cycle hire re-let (memo)". TFL. http://content.tfl.gov.uk/board-20160719-item11-part1-cycle-hire-relet.pdf, published 19 July 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016
  60. ^ https://www.ibm.com/blogs/journey-to-ai/2020/06/why-decisionbrain-is-taking-notice-of-ibm-watson-studio-premium-for-cloud-pak-for-data/[bare URL]
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  64. ^ "Boris Bikes satisfaction levels fall after price hike". 17 April 2013.
  65. ^ "Exclusive: TfL reveals how much Barclays has paid for Cycle Hire scheme". 19 December 2012.
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  72. ^ Cridland, James, A message to Barclays Cycle Hire 9 February 2011
  73. ^ London Cycle Hire: good, but not great, Tomroyal.com, 30 August 2010
  74. ^ Radnedge, Aidan: Transport for London reported in June 2011 that thousands of BCH users had been sent erroneous billings.
  75. ^ Macmichael, Simon, Hidden charges - Boris bike user hit with £900 charge for "free" journeys...but he's still a fan, Road.cc, Farrelly Atkinson Ltd., 13 September 2010
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  77. ^ "How it works". Transport for London. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  78. ^ "London cycle hire operator Serco penalised £5m". BBC News. 7 June 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
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  82. ^ "London Cycling Award winners show off best-practice in the capital". lcc.org.uk.
  83. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  85. ^ "A look around the Barclays Cycle Hire Repair Depot". 20 January 2014.
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External links[]

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