Souimanga sunbird

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Souimanga sunbird
Souimanga sunbird (Cinnyris sovimanga apolis) male.jpg
male
Souimanga sunbird (Cinnyris sovimanga apolis) female.jpg
female
both C. s. apolis at Toliara

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Nectariniidae
Genus: Cinnyris
Species:
C. sovimanga
Binomial name
Cinnyris sovimanga
(Gmelin, 1788)[2]
Synonyms

Nectarinia sovimanga

The souimanga sunbird (Cinnyris sovimanga) is a small passerine bird of the sunbird family, Nectariniidae. It is native to the islands of the western Indian Ocean where it occurs on Madagascar, the Aldabra Group and the Glorioso Islands.

Description[]

The souimanga sunbird is 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long with a wingspan of 13 centimetres (5.1 in).[3] The black bill is long, thin and curved. Males of the nominate subspecies have a metallic green head, back and throat. The breast is blackish with a more or less continuous red band while the belly is yellow and the wings and tail are brown. There are yellow tufts at the sides of the breast which become visible when the birds lift their wings in courtship display. Males presumably moult into a duller eclipse plumage by March–April,[4] losing most of the metallic and red feathering for a few months. Females have grey-brown upperparts, a dull yellow belly and a grey throat and breast with darker markings. Juveniles are similar to the adult females but the chin and throat are sometimes black and the upperparts may be more olive.[3]

Abbott's sunbirds (see below) are larger - 11 centimetres (4.3 in) long with a 14 centimetres (5.5 in) wingspan. The males have a broader red breastband and there is no yellow on the underparts which are dark brown (ssp. abbotti) or blackish (ssp. buchenorum).[3]

Male birds of the nominate group have wings of c.50–58 millimetres (2.0–2.3 in), tails of c.31–41 millimetres (1.2–1.6 in) and 20–25 millimetres (0.79–0.98 in) long bills. Females measure 10% less.[4]

This bird has a chirruping flight call and a loud, hoarse alarm call. Only the male sings; a fast and scratchy song with frequently repeated phrases.

Taxonomy[]

There are five subspecies. The nominate subspecies C. s. sovimanga is found across most of Madagascar and on the Glorioso Islands.[5] In south-western Madagascar it is replaced by C. s. apolis with C. s. aldabrensis on Aldabra atoll, C. s. abbotti on Assumption Island and C. s. buchenorum on Cosmoledo[6] and Astove.[4] The forms abbotti and buchenorum are sometimes considered to be a separate species, Abbott's sunbird, and would then be called Cinnyris abbotti.[7]

This sunbird is one of those separated from the former catch-all genus Nectarinia in Cinnyris.[4][8]

  • C. s. sovimanga

  • C. s. sovimanga roosting at night, Ranomafana National Park

Ecology[]

Together with the Malagasy white-eye and the Madagascar cisticola, souimanga sunbirds are the most common small landbirds across much of their range;[9] ample stocks of the present species and the white-eye exist in the maybe 4 square kilometres (1.5 sq mi) of habitat in the Glorioso Islands. The IUCN considers it a species of least concern.

The souimanga sunbird can be found in a variety of habitats from mountain forests to mangroves and scrubland as well as in parks, gardens and other human-modified ecosystems. They use their curved bill to probe flowers for nectar and also feed on insects and spiders. They have few natural enemies and their nests are inaccessible to most predators.

Reproduction[]

The long breeding season lasts from August to March on Aldabra at least.[4] The nest is dome-shaped and has an entrance hole on the side. It is made of plant material such as grass stems, coconut fibre and leaves. It is usually suspended from a branch about 1 to 2 metres (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in) above the ground but may be built on a building or in a sinkhole within eroded coral. Two eggs are laid and are incubated for 13 to 14 days; they are whitish with reddish mottling. The young birds fledge after 16 to 18 days. Nest-building and incubation of the eggs are done by the female who also plays a greater role than the male in feeding the chicks.

Footnotes[]

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris sovimanga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717808A94553308. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717808A94553308.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Peterson (2002). The species was originally placed in the genus Certhia by Gmelin.
  3. ^ a b c Skerrett et al. (2001)
  4. ^ a b c d e Benson et al. (1975)
  5. ^ Present and rather common on both "major" islands: Benson et al. (1975).
  6. ^ On most major islands, and overspilling and perhaps stable populations on several minor ones: Rocamora et al. (2003).
  7. ^ Sinclair, Ian (2013-07-17). Birds of the Indian Ocean Islands. Penguin Random House South Africa. ISBN 978-1-920572-03-7.
  8. ^ cyclopaedia, English (1856). The English Cyclopaedia ...
  9. ^ For details, see Benson et al. (1975), Rocamora et al. (2003).

References[]

  • BirdLife International (2004). "Nectarinia sovimanga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 14 September 2007.
  • Benson, C.W.; Beamish, H.H.; Jouanin, C.; Salvau, J.; Watson, G.E. (15 January 1975). "The birds of the Iles Glorieuses" (PDF). Atoll Research Bulletin. 176: 1–34. doi:10.5479/si.00775630.176.1.
  • Penny, Malcolm (1974): The Birds of Seychelles and the Outlying Islands. Collins, London. ISBN 0-00-216060-9.
  • Peterson, Alan P. (2002): Zoonomen Nomenclatural data. Accessed 15 May 2008.
  • Rocamora, Gérard; Feare, Chris J.; Skerrett, Adrian; Athanase, Majella & Greig, Edwina (2003): The breeding avifauna of Cosmoledo Atoll (Seychelles) with special reference to seabirds: conservation status and international importance. Bird Conservation International 13: 151–174. doi:10.1017/S0959270903003137 (HTML abstract)
  • Sinclair, Ian & Langrand, Olivier (2003): Birds of the Indian Ocean Islands. Struik, Cape Town.
  • Skerrett, Adrian; Bullock, Ian & Disley, Tony (2001): Birds of Seychelles. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. ISBN 0-691-08863-2.
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