Space Situational Awareness Programme
The Space Situational Awareness (SSA) Programme is the European Space Agency's (ESA) initiative designed to support Europe's independent space access and utilization through the timely and accurate information delivery regarding the space environment, and particularly hazards to both in orbit and ground infrastructure.[1] The SSA programme is split into three main segments:[2]
- Space weather (SWE) segment: monitoring the Sun, the solar wind, and in Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere, that can affect spaceborne and ground-based infrastructure or endanger human life or health
- Near-Earth objects (NEO) segment: detecting natural objects, such as asteroids and comets, which can potentially impact Earth
- Space surveillance and tracking (SST) segment: Tracking active and inactive satellites and space debris (collectively these items are referred to as Resident Space Objects (RSOs)).
The SSA programme is being implemented as an optional ESA programme with financial participation by 14 Member States. The programme started in 2009 and its mandate was extended until 2019. The second phase of the programme received €46.5 million for the 2013–2016 period.[2]
Space weather segment[]
The main objective of the space weather segment (SWE) is to detect and forecast of space weather events, avoid adverse effect on European space assets and ground-based infrastructure. To achieve that, the segment will focus on delivery of real-time space weather information, forecasts and warnings, supported by a data archive, applications and services. Assets currently available for the segment consist of multiple ground-based and spaceborne sensors monitoring the Sun, solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere. These include the PROBA2 satellite and the Kanzelhoehe Solar Observatory. The segment is jointly coordinated by the SWE Data Centre located at the ESTRACK Redu Station and the SSA Space Weather Coordination Centre (SSCC), both in Belgium.[3]
Near-Earth object segment[]
The near-Earth object segment aims to deliver monitoring and warning of potential Earth impactors and tracking of newly discovered objects. The segment's current assets consist of a mixture of professional and amateur telescopes, including the OGS Telescope, that are supported by tracking databases. The plans are to create a fully integrated system supporting alerts for civil authorities, including the NEOSTEL flyeye telescope due for completion in 2020. The segment is operated by the SSA NEO Coordination Centre located at the ESA Centre for Earth Observation, Italy.[4]
Space surveillance and tracking segment[]
The SST segment's primary goal is the detection, cataloguing and orbit prediction of objects orbiting the Earth. It is part of an effort to avoid collisions between orbiting satellites and debris, provide safe reentries, detect on-orbit explosions, assist missions at launch, deployment and end-of-life and overall reduce cost of space access. The segment currently relies on existing European radar and optical systems. Some of its assets are existing radio and optical telescopes, with now serving a secondary role for tracking space debris.[5]
The radar-based SST assets are split into two categories: surveillance and tracking systems. SSA SST radar systems include:[6]
- Surveillance
- Northern Cross transient radio telescope located at the Medicina Radio Observatory, serving as a receiver in bistatic radar system
- RAF Fylingdales's three face AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning phased array radar, serving as a monostatic system
- French Air Force bistatic radar-based space surveillance system GRAVES
- Tracking
- CAMRa 25-meter steerable parabolic dish S-band radar located at the Chilbolton Observatory
- EISCAT scatter radar capable of 3D monitoring of the atmosphere and ionosphere
- TIRA 34-meter parabolic dish with an L-band tracking radar and a Ku-band imaging radar
SSA SST optical surveillance and tracking assets include:[7]
- Surveillance
- OLS telescope at the Observatorio Astronómico de Mallorca
- Starbrook and Starbrook north located at RAF Troodos
- Fabra-ROA telescope (TFRM) at Serra del Montsec
- ZimSMART robotic telescope
- Tracking
- Satellite laser ranging station Graz at Lustbühel Observatory
- Matera Laser Ranging Observatory (MLRO) in Italy
- OGS Telescope at the Teide Observatory
- TAROT and TAROT-South robotic telescope at the La Silla Observatory
- ZIMLAT telescope at the Zimmerwald Observatory
- ESA Flyeye Telescope at Sicily, Italy [8]
As part of the SSA Programme new, dedicated surveillance radar supported by optical sensors systems will be developed. The segment is coordinated by the Space Surveillance Test & Validation (SSTC) Centre located at the ESAC in Spain.[5]
Close approaches of Near-Earth objects and near earth asteroids are reported by ESA through the space situational awareness center. [9]
See also[]
- Kessler syndrome
- Space surveillance
- United States Space Surveillance Network
References[]
- ^ "About SSA". ESA. Retrieved 2015-05-03.
- ^ a b "SSA Programme overview". ESA. Retrieved 2015-05-03.
- ^ "SWE Segment". ESA. Retrieved 2015-05-03.
- ^ "NEO Segment". ESA. Retrieved 2015-05-03.
- ^ a b "SST Segment". ESA. Retrieved 2015-05-03.
- ^ "Europe's Radar Space Surveillance and Tracking Sensors". ESA. Retrieved 2015-05-03.
- ^ "Europe's Optical Space Surveillance and Tracking Sensors". ESA. Retrieved 2015-05-03.
- ^ "FLYEYE TELESCOPE". ESA. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
- ^ "Upcoming close approaches to earth". ESA. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
External links[]
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- Space Situational Awareness Programme
- European Space Agency programmes
- Radar networks
- Environmental science
- Near-Earth object tracking
- Space debris