Star (keelboat)
![]() Class symbol | |
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Development | |
---|---|
Designer | Francis Sweisguth |
Year | 1910 |
Crew | 2 (Skipper + Crew) S + 1.5 C ≤ 250 kg (550 lb)[1] |
Boat | |
Crew | 2 (Skipper + Crew) S + 1.5 C ≤ 250 kg (550 lb)[1] |
Draft | 1.016 m (3 ft 4 in) |
Hull | |
Type | keelboat |
Hull weight | ≥ 671 kg (1,479 lb) (including keel)[2] |
LOA | 6.922 m (22 ft 9 in)[2] |
LWL | 4.724 m (15 ft 6 in) |
Beam | 1.734 m (5 ft 8 in) at deck 1.372 m (4 ft 6 in) at chine |
Hull appendages | |
Keel/board type | bulb keel 401.5 ± 7 kg (885 ± 15 lb)[2] |
Rig | |
Rig type | sloop |
Mast length | 9.652 m (31 ft 8 in) |
Sails | |
Mainsail area | 20.5 m2 (221 sq ft) |
Jib/genoa area | 6.0 m2 (65 sq ft) |
Upwind sail area | ≤ 26.5 m2 (285 sq ft) |
Former Olympic class | |
The Star is a 6.9 metres (23 ft) one-design racing keelboat for two people designed by in 1910. The Star was an Olympic keelboat class from 1932 through to 2012, the last year keelboats appeared at the Summer Olympics.
It is sloop-rigged, with a mainsail larger in proportional size than any other boat of its length. Unlike most modern racing boats, it does not use a spinnaker when sailing downwind. Instead, when running downwind a whisker pole is used to hold the jib out to windward for correct wind flow. Early Stars were built from wood, but modern boats are generally made of fiberglass. The boat must weigh at least 671 kg (1,479 lb) with a maximum total sail area of 26.5 m2 (285 sq ft).[3][2][1] The Star class pioneered an unusual circular boom vang track, which allows the vang to effectively hold the boom down even when the boom is turned far outboard on a downwind run. Another notable aspect of Star sailing is the extreme hiking position adopted by the crew and at times the helmsman, who normally use a harness to help hang low off the windward side of the boat with only their lower legs inside.
History[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Star_original.svg/220px-Star_original.svg.png)
The Star was designed in 1910 by Francis Sweisguth, a draftsman at the William Gardner Marine Architect office. Over the course of his career Sweisguth designed a variety of yachts. A more traditional example of his work is Silent Maid, a Barnegat Bay B-class catboat designed shortly after the Star. The first 22 stars were built in Port Washington, New York by Ike Smith during the winter of 1910–11. Since that time, over 8,400 boats have been built, with more than 2,000 actively racing in 170 fleets.[4]
The hull is a hard chine design with a slight curve to the bottom section, and a bulb keel. The Star was originally rigged with a large, low-aspect-ratio gunter mainsail and jib, which was replaced by a short bermuda rig gradually during the early 1920s, before the current tall bermuda sail plan was adopted in 1930. In 1965, fiberglass replaced wood as the primary hull material. Other changes to the strict design rules for the Star class, include adding flexible spars, an innovative circular-track boom vang, and self-bailers.[4]
Events[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Star_Boats_NHYC_June_2013_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-Star_Boats_NHYC_June_2013_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Star_Boats_3_NHYC_June_2013_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-Star_Boats_3_NHYC_June_2013_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg)
Olympics[]
The Star was added to the Olympic roster for the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Due to World War II, there were no Olympic games held in 1940 or 1944, and for 1976, the Star was replaced by the Tempest for keelboat competition. In 2011 keelboats were removed from sailing at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. The last keelboat Olympics competition was at the 2012 London Summer Olympics.[5]
Gold | Silver | Bronze | |
---|---|---|---|
1932 Los Angeles - Open |
![]() Gilbert Gray Andrew Libano |
![]() George Colin Ratsey Peter Jaffe |
![]() Gunnar Asther Daniel Sundén-Cullberg |
1936 Berlin - Open |
![]() Peter Bischoff Hans-Joachim Weise |
![]() Arvid Laurin Uno Wallentin |
![]() Bob Maas Willem de Vries Lentsch |
1948 London - Male |
![]() Hilary Smart Paul Smart |
![]() Carlos de Cardenas Carlos de Cardenas, Jr. |
![]() Adriaan Maas Edward Stutterheim |
1952 Helsinki - Open |
![]() Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode |
![]() John Price John Reid |
![]() Joaquim Fiúza Francisco de Andrade |
1956 Melbourne - Open |
![]() Herbert Williams Lawrence Low |
![]() Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode |
![]() Durward Knowles Sloane Farrington |
1960 Rome - Open |
![]() Timir Pinegin Fyodor Shutkov |
![]() Mário Quina José Manuel Quina |
![]() William Parks Robert Halperin |
1964 Tokyo - Open |
![]() Durward Knowles Cecil Cooke |
![]() Richard Stearns Lynn Williams |
![]() Pelle Pettersson Holger Sundström |
1968 Mexico City - Open |
![]() Lowell North Peter Barrett |
![]() Peder Lunde Jr. Per Wiken |
![]() Franco Cavallo Camillo Gargano |
1972 Munich - Open |
![]() David Forbes John Anderson |
![]() Pelle Petterson Stellan Westerdahl |
![]() Wilhelm Kuhweide Karsten Meyer |
1980 Moscow - Open |
![]() Valentin Mankin Aleksandr Muzychenko |
![]() Hubert Raudaschl Karl Ferstl |
![]() Giorgio Gorla Alfio Peraboni |
1984 Los Angeles |
![]() William Earl Buchan Steven Erickson |
![]() Joachim Griese Michael Marcour |
![]() Giorgio Gorla Alfio Peraboni |
1988 Seoul - Open |
![]() Michael McIntyre Bryn Vaile |
![]() Mark Reynolds Harold Haenel |
![]() Torben Grael Nelson Falcão |
1992 Barcelona - Open |
![]() Mark Reynolds Harold Haenel |
![]() Rod Davis Don Cowie |
![]() Ross MacDonald Eric Jespersen |
1996 Atlanta - Open |
![]() Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
![]() Hans Wallen Bobby Lohse |
![]() Colin Beashel David Giles |
2000 Sydney - Open |
![]() Mark Reynolds Magnus Liljedahl |
![]() Ian Walker Mark Covell |
![]() Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
2004 Athens - Male |
![]() Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
![]() Ross MacDonald Mike Wolfs |
![]() Pascal Rambeau Xavier Rohart |
2008 Beijing - Male |
![]() Iain Percy Andrew Simpson |
![]() Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada |
![]() Fredrik Lööf Anders Ekström |
2012 London - Male |
![]() Fredrik Lööf Max Salminen |
![]() Iain Percy Andrew Simpson |
![]() Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada |
World Championships[]
The Star World Championships has been held annually since 1923. Most titles has American sailor Lowell North won, with five titles between 1945 and 1973 and another seven podiums. The most crowned skipper-crew combination is Italian duo Agostino Straulino and Nicolò Rode and Brazilian duo Robert Scheidt and Bruno Prada with three titles each. Also, American Mark Reynolds has three titles, but with different crew.
Gold | Silver | Bronze | |
---|---|---|---|
1923 Western Long Island Sound |
![]() |
![]() H. Wylie |
![]() R. Walton L. Carey |
1924 Western Long Island Sound |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() B. Weston R. Schauer |
1925 Western Long Island Sound |
![]() Adrian Iselin |
![]() C. G. Davis |
![]() B. Rey Schauer Ed. Gillett |
1926 Western Long Island Sound |
![]() |
![]() D. Starring F. Bedford |
![]() H. Fisher H. Denhie |
1927 Narragansett Bay |
![]() |
![]() F. Bedford B. Cunningham |
![]() H. Smith W. Henderson |
1928 Newport Harbor |
![]() Gilbert Gray |
![]() |
![]() J. Jessop J. Sykes |
1929 New Orleans |
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![]() Gilbert Gray |
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1930 Chesapeake Bay |
![]() |
![]() W. Hubbard T. Dittmar |
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1931 Western Long Island Sound |
![]() |
![]() Colin Ratsey S. Elsbree |
![]() A. McCrate |
1932 Central Long Island Sound |
![]() Edwin Thorne |
![]() C. Pflug J. Pflug |
![]() R. Bradley P. Singer |
1933 Long Beach Harbour |
![]() William Glenn Waterhouse Woodbridge Metcalf |
![]() Edwin Thorne L. Thorne |
![]() H. Dowsett, Jr. H. White |
1934 San Francisco |
![]() |
![]() J. Arms J. Abberley |
![]() Adrian Iselin W. White |
1935 Newport Harbour |
![]() |
![]() Adrian Iselin |
![]() William Glenn Waterhouse Woodbridge Metcalf |
1936 Lake Ontario |
![]() Adrian Iselin |
![]() |
![]() H. Halsted W. Halsey |
1937 Western Long Island Sound |
![]() |
![]() Walter von Hütschler Joachim Weise |
![]() H. Halsted W. Halsey |
1938 San Diego |
![]() Walter von Hütschler Joachim Weise |
![]() Harry Nye, Jr. L. Lehmann |
![]() J. McAleese F. Graham |
1939 Kiel |
![]() Walter von Hütschler |
![]() Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode |
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1940 San Diego |
![]() |
![]() Robert White R. Holcomb |
![]() Lockwood Pirie R. Miller |
1941 Los Angeles |
![]() |
![]() Harry Nye, Jr. J. Michael |
![]() P. McKibben |
1942 Lake Michigan |
![]() Harry Nye, Jr. |
![]() S. Potter B. Douglass |
![]() T. Scripps M. Watson |
1943 Great South Bay |
![]() |
![]() W. Picken, Jr. J. Forrington |
![]() Carlos de Cárdenas G. Carricaburu |
1944 Lake Michigan |
![]() Gerald Driscoll Malin Burnham |
![]() E. Shivelhood |
![]() Herbert Williams A. Nye |
1945 Central Long Island Sound |
![]() Malin Burnham Lowell North |
![]() J. Cowie |
![]() E. W. Etchells |
1946 Havana |
![]() |
![]() Robert White |
![]() Durward Knowles |
1947 Los Angeles |
![]() Durward Knowles |
![]() Hilary Smart Stan Ogilvy |
![]() Richard Stearns |
1948 Cascais |
![]() Lockwood Pirie |
![]() Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode |
![]() Hilary Smart Paul Smart |
1949 Chicago |
![]() Harry Nye, Jr. |
![]() |
![]() Stan Ogilvy Owen Torrey |
1950 Chicago |
![]() |
![]() Lockwood Pirie |
![]() E. W. Etchells |
1951 Gibson Island |
![]() E. W. Etchells |
![]() Richard Stearns |
![]() Stan Ogilvy |
1952 Cascais |
![]() Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode |
![]() |
![]() Duarte Bello Fernando Bello |
1953 Naples |
![]() Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode |
![]() Duarte Bello |
![]() Tito Nordio |
1954 Cascais |
![]() Carlos de Cárdenas Carlos de Cárdenas, Jr. |
![]() Durward Knowles Sloane Farrington |
![]() Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode |
1955 Havana |
![]() Carlos de Cárdenas Carlos de Cárdenas, Jr. |
![]() Jorge de Cárdenas |
![]() |
1956 Naples |
![]() Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode |
![]() Lowell North |
![]() Jorge de Cárdenas |
1957 Havana |
![]() Lowell North |
![]() Paul Bert Elvstrøm |
![]() Joseph Duplin |
1958 San Diego |
![]() William P. Ficker |
![]() |
![]() Ding Schoonmaker Malin Burnham |
1959 Newport Harbour |
![]() Lowell North |
![]() Gary Comer |
![]() William P. Ficker |
1960 Rio de Janeiro |
![]() Lowell North |
![]() Donald K. Edler |
![]() |
1961 San Diego Bay |
![]() Bill Buchan |
![]() |
![]() Lowell North |
1962 Cascais |
![]() Richard Stearns Lynn Williams |
![]() Duarte Bello Fernando Bello |
![]() E. W. Etchells |
1963 Chicago |
![]() Joseph Duplin |
![]() Lowell North |
![]() |
1964 Boston Harbour |
![]() Donald K. Edler |
![]() Joseph Duplin |
![]() Malin Burnham |
1965 Newport Harbour |
![]() |
![]() Malin Burnham James Reynolds |
![]() Bill Buchan |
1966 Kiel |
![]() Paul Bert Elvstrøm John Albrechtson |
![]() Lowell North Peter Barrett |
![]() Richard Stearns Lynn Williams |
1967 Copenhagen |
![]() Paul Bert Elvstrøm Poul Mik-Meyer |
![]() Lowell North Peter Barrett |
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1968 | not held because of the 1968 Summer Olympics | ||
1969 San Diego |
![]() Pelle Pettersson |
![]() Tom Blackaller Gary Mull |
![]() Lowell North Peter Barrett |
1970 Marstrand |
![]() Bill Buchan |
![]() Ding Schoonmaker Arne Akerson |
![]() Stig Wennerström |
1971 Puget Sound |
![]() Dennis Conner James Reynolds |
![]() Lowell North Peter Barrett |
![]() John Albrechtson Göran Tell |
1972 Caracas |
![]() Wilhelm Kuhweide Karsten Meyer |
![]() Joerg Bruder |
![]() Ding Schoonmaker |
1973 San Diego |
![]() Lowell North Peter Barrett |
![]() Bill Buchan |
![]() Tom Blackaller |
1974 Laredo |
![]() Tom Blackaller |
![]() Pelle Pettersson Ingvar Hansson |
![]() Durward Knowles |
1975 Lake Michigan |
![]() Ding Schoonmaker |
![]() Tom Blackaller |
![]() |
1976 Nassau |
![]() |
![]() Bill Buchan |
![]() |
1977 Kiel |
![]() Dennis Conner |
![]() Sune Carlsson Leif Carlsson |
![]() |
1978 San Francisco |
![]() Buddy Melges Andreas Josenhans |
![]() Dennis Conner |
![]() Tom Blackaller Ed Bennett |
1979 Marstrand |
![]() Buddy Melges Andreas Josenhans |
![]() Bill Buchan |
![]() |
1980 Rio de Janeiro |
![]() Tom Blackaller |
![]() |
![]() Giorgio Gorla Alfio Peraboni |
1981 Marblehead |
![]() Alexander Hagen Vincent Hoesch |
![]() |
![]() Bill Buchan |
1982 Medemblik |
![]() Antonio Gorostegui José Doreste |
![]() Alexander Hagen Vincent Hoesch |
![]() Bill Buchan Steve Erickson |
1983 Marina del Rey |
![]() Antonio Gorostegui José Doreste |
![]() Joachim Griese Michael Marcour |
![]() Bill Buchan Carl Buchan |
1984 Vilamoura |
![]() Giorgio Gorla Alfio Peraboni |
![]() |
![]() Paul Cayard |
1985 Nassau |
![]() Bill Buchan Steve Erickson |
![]() Steven Bakker Ko van den Berg |
![]() Paul Cayard |
1986 Isle of Capri |
![]() Vince Brun |
![]() Giuseppe Milone Roberto Mottola |
![]() Ed Adams |
1987 Chicago |
![]() Ed Adams |
![]() Alexander Hagen Fritz Girr |
![]() Paul Cayard Steve Erickson |
1988 Buenos Aires |
![]() Paul Cayard Steve Erickson |
![]() Mark Reynolds Hal Haenel |
![]() Ed Adams |
1989 Porto Cervo |
![]() Alan Adler Nelson Falcão |
![]() |
![]() Ross MacDonald Bruce MacDonald |
1990 Cleveland |
![]() Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
![]() Benny Andersen Mogens Just |
![]() Mats Johansson |
1991 Cannes |
![]() Roberto Benamati Mario Salani |
![]() Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
![]() Mark Reynolds Hal Haenel |
1992 San Francisco |
![]() Carl Buchan |
![]() Phil Trinter |
![]() Paul Cayard Steve Erickson |
1993 Kiel |
![]() Phil Trinter |
![]() Hans Wallén Bobby Lohse |
![]() Alexander Hagen Kai Falkenthal |
1994 San Diego |
![]() Ross MacDonald Eric Jespersen |
![]() Alan Adler |
![]() Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
1995 Laredo |
![]() Mark Reynolds Hal Haenel |
![]() Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
![]() |
1996 Rio de Janeiro |
![]() Enrico Chieffi Roberto Sinibaldi |
![]() Mark Reynolds Hal Haenel |
![]() Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
1997 Marblehead |
![]() Alexander Hagen Marcelo Ferreira |
![]() Mark Reynolds Magnus Liljedahl |
![]() Peter Bromby |
1998 Portorož |
![]() Colin Beashel David Giles |
![]() Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
![]() Alexander Hagen |
1999 Punta Ala |
![]() Eric Doyle |
![]() Ross MacDonald Kai Bjorn |
![]() Mark Reynolds Magnus Liljedahl |
2000 Annapolis |
![]() Mark Reynolds Magnus Liljedahl |
![]() Ross MacDonald Kai Bjorn |
![]() Mark Mansfield David O'Brien |
2001 Medemblik |
![]() Fredrik Lööf |
![]() Gavin Brady |
![]() Vince Brun |
2002 Marina del Rey |
![]() Iain Percy Steve Mitchell |
![]() Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
![]() Xavier Rohart Yannick Adde |
2003 Cadiz |
![]() Xavier Rohart Pascal Rambeau |
![]() Fredrik Lööf Anders Ekström |
![]() Iain Percy Steve Mitchell |
2004 Gaeta |
![]() Fredrik Lööf Anders Ekström |
![]() Flavio Marazzi Enrico De Maria |
![]() Iain Percy Steve Mitchell |
2005 Buenos Aires |
![]() Xavier Rohart Pascal Rambeau |
![]() Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
![]() Iain Percy Steve Mitchell |
2006 San Francisco |
![]() Hamish Pepper Carl Williams |
![]() Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada |
![]() Xavier Rohart Pascal Rambeau |
2007 Cascais |
![]() Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada |
![]() Xavier Rohart Pascal Rambeau |
![]() Iain Percy Andrew Simpson |
2008 Miami |
![]() Mateusz Kusznierewicz Dominik Zycki |
![]() Diego Negri Luigi Viale |
![]() Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada |
2009 Varberg |
![]() George Szabo |
![]() Hamish Pepper Craig Monk |
![]() Lars Grael |
2010 Rio de Janeiro |
![]() Iain Percy Andrew Simpson |
![]() Flavio Marazzi Enrico De Maria |
![]() Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira |
2011 Perth |
![]() Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada |
![]() Robert Stanjek Frithjof Kleen |
![]() Mark Mendelblatt Brian Fatih |
2012 Hyères |
![]() Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada |
![]() Iain Percy Andrew Simpson |
![]() Michael Hestbæk Claus Olesen |
2013 San Diego |
![]() Phil Trinter |
![]() Andrew Campbell |
![]() Mark Reynolds Hal Haenel |
2014 Malcesine[6] |
![]() Robert Stanjek Frithjof Kleen |
![]() Diego Negri |
![]() Eivind Melleby ![]() Bruno Prada |
2015 Buenos Aires |
![]() Lars Grael |
![]() |
![]() Diego Negri |
2016 Miami |
![]() ![]() |
![]() Diego Negri |
![]() Brian Ledbetter |
2017 Troense [7] |
![]() ![]() |
![]() Lars Grael |
![]() |
2018 Oxford USA [8] |
![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
2019 Porto Cervo [9] |
![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
Star Sailors League[]
The Star Sailors League was created in 2013 by athletes to establish a sustainable sailing circuit.
Famous Star sailors[]
- Ralph Craig (Olympic 100 and 200 meter Champion: 1912)
- Duarte Bello (Championship competitor, 1947–1970s. Invented auto-bailers and circular boom-vang track)
- John F. Kennedy (Nantucket Sound Star Class Championship: 1936)[4]
- Agostino Straulino (Olympic Champion: 1952; World Champion: 1952, 1953, 1956; Olympic Silver: 1956)
- Robert Halperin (Olympic Bronze: 1960; Pan American Games Gold: 1963)
- Paul Elvstrøm (World Champion: 1966, 1967)
- Dennis Conner (World Champion: 1971, 1977)
- Buddy Melges (World Champion: 1978, 1979)
- Iain Percy (Olympic Champion: 2008; World Champion: 2010; Olympic Silver: 2012)
- Robert Scheidt (Olympic Silver: 2008; Olympic Bronze: 2012; World Champion: 2008, 2011, 2012; SSL Finals: 2013)
- Fredrik Lööf (World Champion: 2001, 2004; Olympic Champion: 2012)
See also[]
- Comet (dinghy), a smaller and more easily transported sailboat, based upon the Star design
References[]
- ^ a b "Star Class Association Rules" (PDF). Star Log. International Star Class Yacht Racing Association. January 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
- ^ a b c d "2015 Specifications" (PDF). Star Log. International Star Class Yacht Racing Association. 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
- ^ "Rules of the ISCYRA". Star Log. International Star Class Yacht Racing Association. 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
- ^ a b c Bird, Vanessa (March 22, 2011). "International Star Class". Classic Boat. Classic Classes. Chelsea Magazines Ltd. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
- ^ "Windsurfing and Kiteboarding Committee Presentation".
- ^ https://site-isaf.soticcloud.net/regattainfo.php?view=eventoa&rgtaid=17434®attaid=17434&evntid=33373#results__17434
- ^ http://www.starworlds2017.com/images/LarsB_Div/Resultater/R1R2R3R4R5R6_Final.pdf
- ^ https://2018worlds.starchampionships.org/
- ^ https://2019worlds.starchampionships.org/results
External links[]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star (keelboat). |
- International Star Class Yacht Racing Association (ISCYRA)
- International Star Class at the International Sailing Federation (ISAF)
- International Star Class in "Classic Classes" at Classic Boat magazine
- THe Star 45 Class at the American Model Yachting Association (AMYA)
- Star (keelboat)
- Keelboats
- Olympic sailing classes
- 1910s sailboat type designs
- Sailboat type designs by American designers
- Sailboat types built by Clark Boat Company