Star (keelboat)

Star

Class symbol
+
Development
Designer	Francis Sweisguth
Year	1910
Crew	2 (Skipper + Crew) S + 1.5 C ≤ 250 kg (550 lb)[1]
Boat
Crew	2 (Skipper + Crew) S + 1.5 C ≤ 250 kg (550 lb)[1]
Draft	1.016 m (3 ft 4 in)
Hull
Type	keelboat
Hull weight	≥ 671 kg (1,479 lb) (including keel)[2]
LOA	6.922 m (22 ft 9 in)[2]
LWL	4.724 m (15 ft 6 in)
Beam	1.734 m (5 ft 8 in) at deck 1.372 m (4 ft 6 in) at chine
Hull appendages
Keel/board type	bulb keel 401.5 ± 7 kg (885 ± 15 lb)[2]
Rig
Rig type	sloop
Mast length	9.652 m (31 ft 8 in)
Sails
Mainsail area	20.5 m2 (221 sq ft)
Jib/genoa area	6.0 m2 (65 sq ft)
Upwind sail area	≤ 26.5 m2 (285 sq ft)
Former Olympic class
[edit on Wikidata]

The Star is a 6.9 metres (23 ft) one-design racing keelboat for two people designed by in 1910. The Star was an Olympic keelboat class from 1932 through to 2012, the last year keelboats appeared at the Summer Olympics.

It is sloop-rigged, with a mainsail larger in proportional size than any other boat of its length. Unlike most modern racing boats, it does not use a spinnaker when sailing downwind. Instead, when running downwind a whisker pole is used to hold the jib out to windward for correct wind flow. Early Stars were built from wood, but modern boats are generally made of fiberglass. The boat must weigh at least 671 kg (1,479 lb) with a maximum total sail area of 26.5 m² (285 sq ft).^[3][2][1] The Star class pioneered an unusual circular boom vang track, which allows the vang to effectively hold the boom down even when the boom is turned far outboard on a downwind run. Another notable aspect of Star sailing is the extreme hiking position adopted by the crew and at times the helmsman, who normally use a harness to help hang low off the windward side of the boat with only their lower legs inside.

History[]

Original sail plan (pre-1922)

The Star was designed in 1910 by Francis Sweisguth, a draftsman at the William Gardner Marine Architect office. Over the course of his career Sweisguth designed a variety of yachts. A more traditional example of his work is Silent Maid, a Barnegat Bay B-class catboat designed shortly after the Star. The first 22 stars were built in Port Washington, New York by Ike Smith during the winter of 1910–11. Since that time, over 8,400 boats have been built, with more than 2,000 actively racing in 170 fleets.^[4]

The hull is a hard chine design with a slight curve to the bottom section, and a bulb keel. The Star was originally rigged with a large, low-aspect-ratio gunter mainsail and jib, which was replaced by a short bermuda rig gradually during the early 1920s, before the current tall bermuda sail plan was adopted in 1930. In 1965, fiberglass replaced wood as the primary hull material. Other changes to the strict design rules for the Star class, include adding flexible spars, an innovative circular-track boom vang, and self-bailers.^[4]

Events[]

Star Boats North American Championships June 2013

Star Boats NHYC North American Championships June 2013

Olympics[]

The Star was added to the Olympic roster for the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Due to World War II, there were no Olympic games held in 1940 or 1944, and for 1976, the Star was replaced by the Tempest for keelboat competition. In 2011 keelboats were removed from sailing at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. The last keelboat Olympics competition was at the 2012 London Summer Olympics.^[5]

Games v	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1932 Los Angeles details - Open	United States (USA) Gilbert Gray Andrew Libano	Great Britain (GBR) George Colin Ratsey Peter Jaffe	Sweden (SWE) Gunnar Asther Daniel Sundén-Cullberg
1936 Berlin details - Open	Germany (GER) Peter Bischoff Hans-Joachim Weise	Sweden (SWE) Arvid Laurin Uno Wallentin	Netherlands (NED) Bob Maas Willem de Vries Lentsch
1948 London details - Male	United States (USA) Hilary Smart Paul Smart	Cuba (CUB) Carlos de Cardenas Carlos de Cardenas, Jr.	Netherlands (NED) Adriaan Maas Edward Stutterheim
1952 Helsinki details - Open	Italy (ITA) Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode	United States (USA) John Price John Reid	Portugal (POR) Joaquim Fiúza Francisco de Andrade
1956 Melbourne details - Open	United States (USA) Herbert Williams Lawrence Low	Italy (ITA) Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode	Bahamas (BAH) Durward Knowles Sloane Farrington
1960 Rome details - Open	Soviet Union (URS) Timir Pinegin Fyodor Shutkov	Portugal (POR) Mário Quina José Manuel Quina	United States (USA) William Parks Robert Halperin
1964 Tokyo details - Open	Bahamas (BAH) Durward Knowles Cecil Cooke	United States (USA) Richard Stearns Lynn Williams	Sweden (SWE) Pelle Pettersson Holger Sundström
1968 Mexico City details - Open	United States (USA) Lowell North Peter Barrett	Norway (NOR) Peder Lunde Jr. Per Wiken	Italy (ITA) Franco Cavallo Camillo Gargano
1972 Munich details - Open	Australia (AUS) David Forbes John Anderson	Sweden (SWE) Pelle Petterson Stellan Westerdahl	West Germany (FRG) Wilhelm Kuhweide Karsten Meyer
1980 Moscow details - Open	Soviet Union (URS) Valentin Mankin Aleksandr Muzychenko	Austria (AUT) Hubert Raudaschl Karl Ferstl	Italy (ITA) Giorgio Gorla Alfio Peraboni
1984 Los Angeles details	United States (USA) William Earl Buchan Steven Erickson	West Germany (FRG) Joachim Griese Michael Marcour	Italy (ITA) Giorgio Gorla Alfio Peraboni
1988 Seoul details - Open	Great Britain (GBR) Michael McIntyre Bryn Vaile	United States (USA) Mark Reynolds Harold Haenel	Brazil (BRA) Torben Grael Nelson Falcão
1992 Barcelona details - Open	United States (USA) Mark Reynolds Harold Haenel	New Zealand (NZL) Rod Davis Don Cowie	Canada (CAN) Ross MacDonald Eric Jespersen
1996 Atlanta details - Open	Brazil (BRA) Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira	Sweden (SWE) Hans Wallen Bobby Lohse	Australia (AUS) Colin Beashel David Giles
2000 Sydney details - Open	United States (USA) Mark Reynolds Magnus Liljedahl	Great Britain (GBR) Ian Walker Mark Covell	Brazil (BRA) Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira
2004 Athens details - Male	Brazil (BRA) Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira	Canada (CAN) Ross MacDonald Mike Wolfs	France (FRA) Pascal Rambeau Xavier Rohart
2008 Beijing details - Male	Great Britain (GBR) Iain Percy Andrew Simpson	Brazil (BRA) Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada	Sweden (SWE) Fredrik Lööf Anders Ekström
2012 London details - Male	Sweden (SWE) Fredrik Lööf Max Salminen	Great Britain (GBR) Iain Percy Andrew Simpson	Brazil (BRA) Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada

World Championships[]

The Star World Championships has been held annually since 1923. Most titles has American sailor Lowell North won, with five titles between 1945 and 1973 and another seven podiums. The most crowned skipper-crew combination is Italian duo Agostino Straulino and Nicolò Rode and Brazilian duo Robert Scheidt and Bruno Prada with three titles each. Also, American Mark Reynolds has three titles, but with different crew.

Year v t	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1923 Western Long Island Sound	Taurus (USA)	Astray (USA) H. Wylie	Doris (USA) R. Walton L. Carey
1924 Western Long Island Sound	Little Bear (USA)	Rhody (USA)	California (USA) B. Weston R. Schauer
1925 Western Long Island Sound	Ace (USA) Adrian Iselin	Auriga (CAN) C. G. Davis	Movie Star II (USA) B. Rey Schauer Ed. Gillett
1926 Western Long Island Sound	Rhody (USA)	Ardora (USA) D. Starring F. Bedford	Dona Bertha (USA) H. Fisher H. Denhie
1927 Narragansett Bay	Tempe III (USA)	Coleen (USA) F. Bedford B. Cunningham	Mackerel (USA) H. Smith W. Henderson
1928 Newport Harbor	Sparkler II (USA) Gilbert Gray	Okla (USA)	Windward (USA) J. Jessop J. Sykes
1929 New Orleans	Eel (USA)	Sparkler II (USA) Gilbert Gray	Okla II (USA)
1930 Chesapeake Bay	Peggy Wee (USA)	Tempe IV (USA) W. Hubbard T. Dittmar	Okla II (USA)
1931 Western Long Island Sound	Coleen (USA)	Joy (GBR) Colin Ratsey S. Elsbree	Zoa (USA) A. McCrate
1932 Central Long Island Sound	Mist (USA) Edwin Thorne	Wings (USA) C. Pflug J. Pflug	Laura G (USA) R. Bradley P. Singer
1933 Long Beach Harbour	Three Star (USA) William Glenn Waterhouse Woodbridge Metcalf	Mist (USA) Edwin Thorne L. Thorne	Chip (USA) H. Dowsett, Jr. H. White
1934 San Francisco	By-C (USA)	Andiamo III (USA) J. Arms J. Abberley	Ace (USA) Adrian Iselin W. White
1935 Newport Harbour	By-C (USA)	Ace (USA) Adrian Iselin	Three Star (USA) William Glenn Waterhouse Woodbridge Metcalf
1936 Lake Ontario	Ace (USA) Adrian Iselin	By-C (USA)	Chuckle II (USA) H. Halsted W. Halsey
1937 Western Long Island Sound	Lecky (USA)	Pimm (GER) Walter von Hütschler Joachim Weise	Chuckle II (USA) H. Halsted W. Halsey
1938 San Diego	Pimm (GER) Walter von Hütschler Joachim Weise	Gale (USA) Harry Nye, Jr. L. Lehmann	Mercury (USA) J. McAleese F. Graham
1939 Kiel details	Pimm (GER) Walter von Hütschler	Polluce (ITA) Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode	Maggel (GER)
1940 San Diego	Rambunctious (USA)	Jade (USA) Robert White R. Holcomb	Twin Star (USA) Lockwood Pirie R. Miller
1941 Los Angeles	Wench (USA)	Gale (USA) Harry Nye, Jr. J. Michael	Scout III (USA) P. McKibben
1942 Lake Michigan	United States Harry Nye, Jr.	United States S. Potter B. Douglass	United States T. Scripps M. Watson
1943 Great South Bay	United States	United States W. Picken, Jr. J. Forrington	Cuba Carlos de Cárdenas G. Carricaburu
1944 Lake Michigan	United States Gerald Driscoll Malin Burnham	United States E. Shivelhood	United States Herbert Williams A. Nye
1945 Central Long Island Sound	United States Malin Burnham Lowell North	United States J. Cowie	United States E. W. Etchells
1946 Havana details	Wench II (USA)	Pagan (USA) Robert White	Gem II (BAH) Durward Knowles
1947 Los Angeles details	Gem II (BAH) Durward Knowles	Hilarius (USA) Hilary Smart Stan Ogilvy	Glider (USA) Richard Stearns
1948 Cascais details	Twin Star (USA) Lockwood Pirie	Polluce (ITA) Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode	Hilarius (USA) Hilary Smart Paul Smart
1949 Chicago details	Gale (USA) Harry Nye, Jr.	Blue Star II (USA)	Flame (USA) Stan Ogilvy Owen Torrey
1950 Chicago details	Sea Robin (USA)	Twin Star (USA) Lockwood Pirie	Shillalah (USA) E. W. Etchells
1951 Gibson Island details	Shillalah (USA) E. W. Etchells	Magic (USA) Richard Stearns	Flame (USA) Stan Ogilvy
1952 Cascais details	Merope (ITA) Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode	Flower (USA)	Faneca (POR) Duarte Bello Fernando Bello
1953 Naples details	Merope II (ITA) Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode	Faneca (POR) Duarte Bello	Asterope (ITA) Tito Nordio
1954 Cascais details	Kurush V (CUB) Carlos de Cárdenas Carlos de Cárdenas, Jr.	Gem II (BAH) Durward Knowles Sloane Farrington	Merope II (ITA) Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode
1955 Havana details	Kurush V (CUB) Carlos de Cárdenas Carlos de Cárdenas, Jr.	Kurush IV (CUB) Jorge de Cárdenas	Vengeance (USA)
1956 Naples details	Merope II (ITA) Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode	North Star III (USA) Lowell North	Kurush IV (CUB) Jorge de Cárdenas
1957 Havana details	North Star III (USA) Lowell North	Candide (FRA) Paul Bert Elvstrøm	Star of the Sea (BAH) Joseph Duplin
1958 San Diego details	Nhycusa (USA) William P. Ficker	Perseverance (USA)	Dingo (USA) Ding Schoonmaker Malin Burnham
1959 Newport Harbour details	North Star III (USA) Lowell North	Turmoil (USA) Gary Comer	Nhycusa (USA) William P. Ficker
1960 Rio de Janeiro details	North Star III (USA) Lowell North	Deacon (USA) Donald K. Edler	Fierce (USA)
1961 San Diego Bay details	Frolic (USA) Bill Buchan	Tranquil (USA)	North Star IV (USA) Lowell North
1962 Cascais details	Glider (USA) Richard Stearns Lynn Williams	Faneca (POR) Duarte Bello Fernando Bello	Shanty (USA) E. W. Etchells
1963 Chicago details	Star of the Sea (USA) Joseph Duplin	North Star (USA) Lowell North	Wayward Wind (USA)
1964 Boston Harbour details	Big Daddy (USA) Donald K. Edler	Star of the Sea (USA) Joseph Duplin	Chatterbox (USA) Malin Burnham
1965 Newport Harbour details	Mache (USA)	Chatterbox (USA) Malin Burnham James Reynolds	Frolic (USA) Bill Buchan
1966 Kiel details	Scandale (DEN) Paul Bert Elvstrøm John Albrechtson	North Star (USA) Lowell North Peter Barrett	Glider (USA) Richard Stearns Lynn Williams
1967 Copenhagen details	Scandale (DEN) Paul Bert Elvstrøm Poul Mik-Meyer	North Star (USA) Lowell North Peter Barrett	Swingin' Star (USA)
1968	not held because of the 1968 Summer Olympics
1969 San Diego details	Humbug VII (SWE) Pelle Pettersson	Good Grief! (USA) Tom Blackaller Gary Mull	North Star (USA) Lowell North Peter Barrett
1970 Marstrand details	Frolic (USA) Bill Buchan	Dingo (USA) Ding Schoonmaker Arne Akerson	Blott X (SWE) Stig Wennerström
1971 Puget Sound details	Menace (USA) Dennis Conner James Reynolds	Something Else (USA) Lowell North Peter Barrett	Contact (SWE) John Albrechtson Göran Tell
1972 Caracas details	Sunny (FRG) Wilhelm Kuhweide Karsten Meyer	Buho Blanco (BRA) Joerg Bruder	Dingo (USA) Ding Schoonmaker
1973 San Diego details	North Star (USA) Lowell North Peter Barrett	Frolic (USA) Bill Buchan	Streaker (USA) Tom Blackaller
1974 Laredo details	Swift (USA) Tom Blackaller	Humbug XVIII (SWE) Pelle Pettersson Ingvar Hansson	Gem (BAH) Durward Knowles
1975 Lake Michigan details	Dingo (USA) Ding Schoonmaker	Impossible (USA) Tom Blackaller	Virgo III (USA)
1976 Nassau details	Mustard Seed (USA)	Frolic (USA) Bill Buchan	Suzanne (USA)
1977 Kiel details	United States Dennis Conner	Sweden Sune Carlsson Leif Carlsson	West Germany
1978 San Francisco details	United States Buddy Melges Andreas Josenhans	United States Dennis Conner	United States Tom Blackaller Ed Bennett
1979 Marstrand details	United States Buddy Melges Andreas Josenhans	United States Bill Buchan	United States
1980 Rio de Janeiro details	Chewbacca (USA) Tom Blackaller	Riky (ITA)	Findus (ITA) Giorgio Gorla Alfio Peraboni
1981 Marblehead details	West Germany Alexander Hagen Vincent Hoesch	United States	United States Bill Buchan
1982 Medemblik details	Spain Antonio Gorostegui José Doreste	West Germany Alexander Hagen Vincent Hoesch	United States Bill Buchan Steve Erickson
1983 Marina del Rey details	Spain Antonio Gorostegui José Doreste	West Germany Joachim Griese Michael Marcour	United States Bill Buchan Carl Buchan
1984 Vilamoura details	Findus (ITA) Giorgio Gorla Alfio Peraboni	United States	United States Paul Cayard
1985 Nassau details	United States Bill Buchan Steve Erickson	Netherlands Steven Bakker Ko van den Berg	United States Paul Cayard
1986 Isle of Capri details	United States Vince Brun	Italy Giuseppe Milone Roberto Mottola	United States Ed Adams
1987 Chicago details	United States Ed Adams	West Germany Alexander Hagen Fritz Girr	United States Paul Cayard Steve Erickson
1988 Buenos Aires details	United States Paul Cayard Steve Erickson	United States Mark Reynolds Hal Haenel	United States Ed Adams
1989 Porto Cervo details	Era Ora (BRA) Alan Adler Nelson Falcão	West Germany	C-Ya (CAN) Ross MacDonald Bruce MacDonald
1990 Cleveland	Brazil Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira	Denmark Benny Andersen Mogens Just	Sweden Mats Johansson
1991 Cannes	Italy Roberto Benamati Mario Salani	Brazil Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira	United States Mark Reynolds Hal Haenel
1992 San Francisco	United States Carl Buchan	United States Phil Trinter	United States Paul Cayard Steve Erickson
1993 Kiel	United States Phil Trinter	Sweden Hans Wallén Bobby Lohse	Germany Alexander Hagen Kai Falkenthal
1994 San Diego details	Canada Ross MacDonald Eric Jespersen	Brazil Alan Adler	Brazil Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira
1995 Laredo details	United States Mark Reynolds Hal Haenel	Brazil Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira	Denmark
1996 Rio de Janeiro details	Italy Enrico Chieffi Roberto Sinibaldi	United States Mark Reynolds Hal Haenel	Brazil Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira
1997 Marblehead details	Germany Alexander Hagen Marcelo Ferreira	United States Mark Reynolds Magnus Liljedahl	Bermuda Peter Bromby
1998 Portorož details	Australia Colin Beashel David Giles	Brazil Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira	Germany Alexander Hagen
1999 Punta Ala details	United States Eric Doyle	Canada Ross MacDonald Kai Bjorn	United States Mark Reynolds Magnus Liljedahl
2000 Annapolis details	United States Mark Reynolds Magnus Liljedahl	Canada Ross MacDonald Kai Bjorn	Ireland Mark Mansfield David O'Brien
2001 Medemblik details	Sweden Fredrik Lööf	New Zealand Gavin Brady	United States Vince Brun
2002 Marina del Rey	Great Britain Iain Percy Steve Mitchell	Brazil Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira	France Xavier Rohart Yannick Adde
2003 Cadiz details	France Xavier Rohart Pascal Rambeau	Sweden Fredrik Lööf Anders Ekström	Great Britain Iain Percy Steve Mitchell
2004 Gaeta details	Sweden Fredrik Lööf Anders Ekström	Switzerland Flavio Marazzi Enrico De Maria	Great Britain Iain Percy Steve Mitchell
2005 Buenos Aires details	France Xavier Rohart Pascal Rambeau	Brazil Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira	Great Britain Iain Percy Steve Mitchell
2006 San Francisco details	New Zealand Hamish Pepper Carl Williams	Brazil Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada	France Xavier Rohart Pascal Rambeau
2007 Cascais details	Brazil Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada	France Xavier Rohart Pascal Rambeau	Great Britain Iain Percy Andrew Simpson
2008 Miami	Poland Mateusz Kusznierewicz Dominik Zycki	Italy Diego Negri Luigi Viale	Brazil Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada
2009 Varberg details	United States George Szabo	New Zealand Hamish Pepper Craig Monk	Brazil Lars Grael
2010 Rio de Janeiro	Great Britain Iain Percy Andrew Simpson	Switzerland Flavio Marazzi Enrico De Maria	Brazil Torben Grael Marcelo Ferreira
2011 Perth details	Brazil Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada	Germany Robert Stanjek Frithjof Kleen	United States Mark Mendelblatt Brian Fatih
2012 Hyères details	Brazil Robert Scheidt Bruno Prada	Great Britain Iain Percy Andrew Simpson	Denmark Michael Hestbæk Claus Olesen
2013 San Diego details	United States Phil Trinter	United States Andrew Campbell	United States Mark Reynolds Hal Haenel
2014 Malcesine[6]	Germany Robert Stanjek Frithjof Kleen	Italy Diego Negri	Norway Eivind Melleby  Brazil Bruno Prada
2015 Buenos Aires details	Brazil Lars Grael	Brazil	Italy Diego Negri
2016 Miami	Augie Diaz (USA)  Bruno Prada (BRA)	Italy Diego Negri	United States Brian Ledbetter
2017 Troense [7]	Eivind Melleby (NOR)  Joshua Revkin (USA)	Brazil Lars Grael	Germany
2018 Oxford USA [8]	Jorge Zarif (BRA)  Guilherme de Almeida (BRA)	Eivind Melleby (NOR)  Joshua Revkin (USA)	Paul Cayard (USA)  Arthur Lopes (BRA)
2019 Porto Cervo [9]	Mateusz Kusznierewicz (POL)  Bruno Prada (BRA)	Augie Diaz (USA)   (BRA)	Eivind Melleby (NOR)  Joshua Revkin (USA)

Star Sailors League[]

The Star Sailors League was created in 2013 by athletes to establish a sustainable sailing circuit.

Famous Star sailors[]

• Ralph Craig (Olympic 100 and 200 meter Champion: 1912)
• Duarte Bello (Championship competitor, 1947–1970s. Invented auto-bailers and circular boom-vang track)
• John F. Kennedy (Nantucket Sound Star Class Championship: 1936)^[4]
• Agostino Straulino (Olympic Champion: 1952; World Champion: 1952, 1953, 1956; Olympic Silver: 1956)
• Robert Halperin (Olympic Bronze: 1960; Pan American Games Gold: 1963)
• Paul Elvstrøm (World Champion: 1966, 1967)
• Dennis Conner (World Champion: 1971, 1977)
• Buddy Melges (World Champion: 1978, 1979)
• Iain Percy (Olympic Champion: 2008; World Champion: 2010; Olympic Silver: 2012)
• Robert Scheidt (Olympic Silver: 2008; Olympic Bronze: 2012; World Champion: 2008, 2011, 2012; SSL Finals: 2013)
• Fredrik Lööf (World Champion: 2001, 2004; Olympic Champion: 2012)

See also[]

• Comet (dinghy), a smaller and more easily transported sailboat, based upon the Star design

References[]

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star (keelboat).

• International Star Class Yacht Racing Association (ISCYRA)
• International Star Class at the International Sailing Federation (ISAF)
• International Star Class in "Classic Classes" at Classic Boat magazine
• THe Star 45 Class at the American Model Yachting Association (AMYA)