Cultural impact of Star Wars

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from )

Darth Vader grotesque on the northwest tower of the Washington National Cathedral (Episcopal Church) in Washington, D.C.

George Lucas's science fiction multi-film Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on modern popular culture. Star Wars references are deeply embedded in popular culture;[1] references to the main characters and themes of Star Wars are casually made in many English-speaking countries with the assumption that others will understand the reference. Darth Vader has become an iconic villain, while characters such as Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, Princess Leia, C-3PO, R2-D2, and Chewbacca have all become widely recognized characters around the world. Phrases such as "evil empire", "May the Force be with you", Jedi mind trick, and "I am your father" have become part of the popular lexicon.[2] The first Star Wars film in 1977 was a cultural unifier,[3] enjoyed by a wide spectrum of people.[4]

Many efforts produced in the science fiction genre (particularly in filming) can now be seen to draw heavy influence and inspiration from the original Star Wars trilogy, as well as the magnitude of sequels, spin-offs, series, games, and texts that it spawned. Sounds, visuals, and even the iconic score of the films have become integral components in American society. The film helped launch the science fiction boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s, making science fiction films a blockbuster genre.[5] This impact also made it a prime target for parody works and homages, with popular examples including Spaceballs, Family Guy's "Blue Harvest" special, Seth Green's "Robot Chicken: Star Wars", Steve Oedekerk's "Thumb Wars", and Lucas's self-proclaimed favorite parody, Hardware Wars by Ernie Fosselius.

Arts[]

Filmmaking history[]

Financial impact on Fox[]

20th Century Fox optioned Star Wars. When it unexpectedly became the decade's blockbuster, grossing $100 million in three months, Fox's stock soared from $6 to $25 per share and generated revenues of $1.2 million a day for the studio. Fox purchased the Aspen skiing and Pebble Beach golf corporations with the increased cash flow and still declared excess profits in 1977. Income from Star Wars re-releases, sequels, and merchandising enriched the studio in the following decades. Star Wars helped Fox to change from an almost bankrupt production company to a thriving media conglomerate.[5]

Impact on filmmaking[]

Main article: Star Wars sources and analogues

Star Wars fundamentally changed the aesthetics and narratives of Hollywood films,[6] switching the focus of Hollywood-made films from deep, meaningful stories based on dramatic conflict, themes and irony to sprawling special-effects-laden blockbusters, as well as changing the Hollywood film industry in fundamental ways. Before Star Wars, special effects in films had not appreciably advanced since the 1950s.[6] Star Wars was also important in the movement towards the use of computer-generated imagery in films.[2] The commercial success of Star Wars created a boom in state-of-the-art special effects in the late 1970s. There was increased investment in special effects. Companies like Industrial Light & Magic and Digital Productions were created to provide them. The 1977 Star Wars pioneered the genre pastiche, where several classic film genres are combined in one film. In Star Wars, the genres were science fiction, the Western, the war film, and the quasi-mystical epic.[5] Along with Jaws, Star Wars started the tradition of the summer blockbuster film in the entertainment industry, where films open on many screens at the same time and profitable franchises are important.[2][4] It created the model for the major film trilogy and showed that merchandising rights on a film could generate more money than the film itself.[3]

Another impact Star Wars made on film making was its use of the "Monomyth" or "The Hero's Journey" found in Joseph Campbell's book The Hero with a Thousand Faces. While George Lucas wrote through 4 drafts of the film, between the first and second drafts, he read Joseph Campbell's book titled The Hero with a Thousand Faces. He was surprised to find that his first draft followed many of its principles.[7] This epic structure at the deepest roots of the films was a major factor in its success. Many future films successfully adopted the monomyth, such as The Matrix trilogy, The Lord of the Rings trilogy, and The Hobbit trilogy to name a few.[8]

The plot of a second-season episode of the CW television series Legends of Tomorrow (2017), entitled "Raiders of the Lost Art", centered on the impact of George Lucas's films on the titular heroes.

Lucasfilm-produced mockumentaries[]

  • Return of the Ewok (1982): a 24-minute fictional mockumentary, focusing on the decision of Warwick Davis to become an actor and act as Wicket the Ewok in Return of the Jedi.[9]
  • R2-D2: Beneath the Dome (2002): a 20-minute mockumentary, focusing on the "true" story of R2-D2's life. It was made as a side-project by some of the crew of Attack of the Clones, released on television in three installments, and later on DVD.[10]

Parodies[]

The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on modern American pop culture, both the films and characters have received official parodies in numerous films and television productions.

  • The Simpsons animated TV series:
    • "Mayored to the Mob", a 1998 episode of the features multiple references to Star Wars, most centrally a plot in which Homer Simpson and Star Wars actor Mark Hamill face the threat of being trampled at a fan convention.[11]
    • The Force Awakens from Its Nap. A parody short.[12]
  • Robot Chicken has produced three television specials satirizing the Star Wars films ("Robot Chicken: Star Wars", "Episode II", and "III"). The success of the specials led to the development animated parody series Star Wars Detours.[13]
  • Family Guy has also produced three parody episodes, each of which satirized the first three films in the series. The September 2007 sixth season premiere, titled "Blue Harvest", was produced in dedication of the saga's 30th anniversary.[14] This was followed by "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side", which parodies The Empire Strikes Back, and "It's a Trap!", which parodies Return of the Jedi. They originally were released direct-to-video on December 22, 2009 and December 21, 2010 then later aired on Fox May 23, 2010 (season eight, episode 20) and May 22, 2011 (season nine, episode 18) respectively.[15][16]
  • "Phineas and Ferb: Star Wars", also titled "Episode IVa: May the Ferb Be with You", is an episode of the TV series Phineas and Ferb that aired in mid-2014, soon after Disney's acquisition of the franchise.[17]
  • "Star Mort Rickturn of the Jerri", the fourth season finale of the animated television series Rick and Morty premiered on May 31, 2020.[18]
  • Hardware Wars, a 13-minute 1978 spoof which Lucas has called his favorite Star Wars parody.[19]
  • Spaceballs, a feature film by Mel Brooks, parodies the first Star Wars film, and features special effects by Lucas's Industrial Light & Magic.[20]
  • The films and television series of Kevin Smith reference Star Wars numerous times.
    • A scene in Smith's debut film Clerks centers upon the politics and ethics of the destruction of the two Death Stars in the first trilogy,[21] which Lucas later addressed in his commentary track for Attack of the Clones.[22]
    • A courtroom sequence in the series premiere of Clerks: The Animated Series sees Randal Graves intensely cross-examining George Lucas about the plot holes in Phantom Menace, and demanding a refund. After successfully attaining one, Randall does the same to directors Steven Spielberg, Joel Schumacher, Woody Allen, and Spike Lee.[23]
    • In Smith's 2008 film Zack and Miri Make a Porno, Zack (Seth Rogen) and Miri (Elizabeth Banks) decide to pay off their debts by producing and starring in a Star Wars-themed pornographic film[24] titled Star Whores[25] before changing it to a coffee house-themed film.[26]
    • Trooper Clerks - In this parody of both Star Wars and the Clerks series by Studio Creations, convenience store clerks Dante Hicks and Randall Graves are stormtroopers depicted in locations such as the first Death Star and the planet Tatooine, discussing topics like whether Mallrats or Chasing Amy is the Smith film with the better story.[27]
  • Star Wars has been the subject of several parodies in the humorous magazine Mad, a publication that frequently publishes cartoon spoofs of Hollywood films. A parody called Star Roars was published in January 1978, featuring the magazine's mascot, Alfred E. Neuman, wearing a Darth Vader helmet.[28][29]
  • Marvel [30][31]

Fandom and fan films[]

Main category: Fan films based on Star Wars

Star Wars fandom comprises the community of fans of the Star Wars film series and related media. In some cases, there have been instances of "toxic fandom" within fan community.[32][33] Authors Steve Perry and K. W. Jeter have both said they began receiving death threats after contributing works to the franchise.[34] According to Daisy Ridley, when she was being cast for the sequel trilogy, J. J. Abrams warned her that the franchise "is a religion for people."[35] Fan backlash has evidently increased since the release of the Disney films.[32][33]

The franchise inspired many fan edits, which have gained a notable presence on the internet thanks to the advancement of social media platforms Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.[36][37] like Harmy's Despecialized Edition, there have been various memes related to specific moments in the movies themselves, like a mistranslated Chinese bootleg of Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith[38][39][40] and 'TR-8R' from Star Wars: The Force Awakens.[41][42]

The Star Wars saga has inspired many fans to create their own non-canon material set in the Star Wars galaxy, ranging from writing fan-fiction to creating fan films. In 2002, Lucasfilm sponsored the first annual Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards, officially recognizing filmmakers and the genre. Because of concerns over potential copyright and trademark issues, however, the contest was initially open only to parodies, mockumentaries, and documentaries. Fan-fiction films set in the Star Wars universe were originally ineligible, but in 2007 Lucasfilm changed the submission standards to allow in-universe fiction entries.[43] Lucasfilm, for the most part, has allowed but not endorsed the creation of these derivative fan-fiction works, so long as no such work attempts to make a profit from or tarnish the Star Wars franchise in any way.[44]

Star Wars parodies include:

Fan edits/restorations[]

See also: Star Wars: Duel of the Fates § Adaptations, and Fan edit § History

The franchise has inspired many fan edits, such as Harmy's Despecialized Edition and The Phantom Edit, which circulated on the Internet thanks to the advance of social media platforms Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.[36][37] Like Harmy's Despecialized Edition, there have been various memes related to specific moments in the movies themselves, like a mistranslated Chinese bootleg of Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith[38][39][40] and 'TR-8R' from Star Wars: The Force Awakens.[41][42] A fan-edit to visually incorporate the ghosts of Anakin Skywalker, Obi-Wan, Luke, and Yoda, into a scene from Star Wars: Episode IX: The Rise of Skywalker was positively received for its technical execution.[46][47][48] In contrast, a 46-minute fan-edits of the previous film The Last Jedi, which removed all the female characters, was criticized for sexism.[49][50] A YouTuber who attempted to improve the original VFX effects of Luke Skywalker's de-aged appearance on The Mandalorian Season 2 finale was later hired by Lucasfilm.[51] Other The Mandalorian fan-edits that were made included Baby Yoda fighting against Palpatine in Revenge of the Sith,[52][53][54][55] while Tommy Wisseau's character, Johnny, from The Room was edited in a crossover set within the entire saga.[56][57][58]

Cosplay[]

Websites[]

Theatre[]

In December 1978, an onstage Star Wars parody appeared in the form of a Broadway musical, The Force and I—the Mad Star Wars Musical.[59] A similar fan-made musical of the original 1977 film was made in 1999 in anticipation of the release of The Phantom Menace[60] and another parody musical was announced for a March 2020 Off-Broadway production.[61]

During the winter of 2015, Chicago based theater company, Under the Gun Theater developed a parody revue which recapped all six of the Star Wars films as a lead up to the release of Star Wars: The Force Awakens.[62]

In November 2019, Ichikawa Ebizō XI supervised production of and played Kylo Ren in a kabuki adaptation of scenes from the sequel trilogy, which was entitled Star Wars Kabuki: Kairennosuke and the Three Shining Swords (スター・ウォーズ歌舞伎〜煉之介光刃三本〜, Sutā Uōzu Kabuki ~Rennosuke Kōjin San-pon~).[63] In addition, his son Kangen Horikoshi portrayed a younger version of Ren in the play's third act.[64]

Music[]

In 1993, Mexican pop singer Paulina Rubio said that for the concept of her second studio album, 24 Kilates, she has been inspired by the Star Wars movies.[65]

Coldplay's lead singer Chris Martin said that the band's ninth studio album Music of the Spheres had been inspired by the alien Mos Eisley cantina band from the first Star Wars film.[66]

Parody songs[]

Documentaries[]

Main article: Star Wars documentaries

Fan documentaries[]

Videogames[]

Main article: Star Wars video games

Darth Vader appears in the 2016 game Clash Royale as the Dark Prince troop. Vader, as well as Yoda and Starkiller appear as playable characters in the 2008 fighting game Soulcalibur IV.

Science[]

Further information: Technology in Star Wars and Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination

Impact on aeronautics[]

Expedition 45 Return of the Jedi crew poster

The Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum had an exhibition called Star Wars: The Magic of Myth. It was an exhibition of original production models, props, costumes, and characters from the first three Star Wars films.[71][72] In October 2007, NASA launched a Space Shuttle carrying an original lightsaber into orbit. The prop handle had been used as Luke Skywalker's lightsaber in Return of the Jedi. After spending two weeks in orbit, it was brought back to Earth on November 7, 2007, to be returned to its owner, George Lucas.[73]

The first successfully launched space-rocket, to be sent by the private spaceflight company SpaceX, was named the Falcon 1. Elon Musk used the word "falcon" within the name of the space-rocket, as a reference to the Millennium Falcon from Star Wars. The Falcon 1's success led to the fabrication of updated versions of the space rocket, in what became known as the Falcon family of space-rockets. The Falcon 1 has since been retired, in favor of the Falcon 9.[74]

The spacecraft LICIACube, a part of DART mission, is equipped with two optical cameras, dubbed LUKE and LEIA.[75]

Organisms named after Star Wars characters[]

Characters and other fictional elements from Star Wars have inspired several scientific names of organisms.

Examples include:

Politics and religion[]

Political impact[]

When Ronald Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a system of lasers and missiles meant to intercept incoming ICBMs, the plan was quickly labeled "Star Wars", implying that it was science fiction and linking it to Reagan's acting career. According to Frances FitzGerald, Reagan was annoyed by this, but Assistant Secretary of Defense Richard Perle told colleagues that he "thought the name was not so bad."; "'Why not?' he said. 'It's a good movie. Besides, the good guys won.'"[80] This gained further resonance when Reagan described the Soviet Union as an "evil empire".

In television commercials, public interest group critics of the Reagan administration's Strategic Defense Initiative program deridingly referred to the orbital missile defense project as "Star Wars". Lucasfilm originally sued to try to enjoin this usage of its trademark, and lost.[81] Explaining its decision, the court said,

When politicians, newspapers, and the public generally use the phrase star wars for their convenience, in parody or descriptively to further a communication of their views on SDI, plaintiff has no rights as owner of the mark to prevent this use of STAR WARS. ... Since Jonathan Swift's time, creators of fictional worlds have seen their vocabulary for fantasy appropriated to describe reality. Trademark laws regulate unfair competition, not the parallel development of new dictionary meanings in the everyday give and take of human discourse.[81]

When Margaret Thatcher won the 1979 general election held on May 3, the Tories took out a newspaper ad that read "May The Fourth Be With You Maggie. Congratulations."[82]

On May 4, 1995 during a defence debate in the UK parliament, MP Harry Cohen related the Star Wars Day joke: "May the 4th be with you".[83]

In Australia more than 70,000 people (0.37%) declared themselves members of the Jedi order in the 2001 census.[84]

The holographic video effect associated with Star Wars served as a technological tool for CNN during its 2008 Election Night coverage. CNN reporter Jessica Yellin and musician will.i.am looked as though they were in the network's New York City studios talking face-to-face with hosts Anderson Cooper and Wolf Blitzer, when in reality, they were in Chicago at Barack Obama's rally. The process involved Yellin and will.i.am standing in front of a blue screen in a special tent, while being shot by 35 HD cameras.[85]

On March 1, 2013, American President Barack Obama spoke on the sequestration debate. He said that some people expect him to do a "Jedi mind meld" on the Republicans who refuse to deal.[86]

In the 2014 Ukrainian presidential elections the Internet Party of Ukraine tried to nominate a man named Darth Vader;[87][88] but his registration was refused because his real identity could not be verified.[89] A man named Darth Vader was a candidate at the 25 May 2014 Kyiv mayoral election and the Odessa mayoral election of the same day for the same party.[90][91] In the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election the Internet Party let Darth Vader along other Star Wars characters such as Chewbacca, Padmé Amidala, and Yoda run for seats in the Ukrainian parliament.[92] In the election the party failed to clear the 5% election threshold (it got 0.36% of the votes) and also did not win a constituency seat and thus no parliamentary seats.[93][94][95]

In 2015, as a part of the decommunization process in Ukraine, a statue of a Vladimir Lenin was modified into a monument to Darth Vader at the territory of Pressmash plant in Odessa.[96][97]

In the 2020 Odessa local election a person called Darth Vader was again a candidate for mayor of Odessa (nominated by Darth Vader Bloc).[98] He scored 0,48% of the total votes cast.[99]

Religion (Jediism)[]

Main articles: Jediism and Jedi census phenomenon

A real-life religion based on Star Wars called Jediism follows a modified version of the Jedi Code, and they believe in the concept of The Force as an energy field of all living things, which "surrounds us... penetrates us" and "binds the galaxy together", as is depicted within Star Wars movies, although without the fictional elements such as telekinesis.[100][101] Many citizens around the world answer list their religion as Jedi during their countries respective Census, among them Australia and New Zealand getting high percentages.[102][103] A petition in Turkey to build a Jedi Temple within a university, also got international media attention.[104]

Other[]

Between 2002 and 2004, museums in Japan, Singapore, Scotland and England showcased the Art of Star Wars, an exhibit describing the process of making the original Star Wars trilogy.[105]

In 2013, Star Wars became the first major motion picture translated into the Navajo language.[106][107]

Several organizations worldwide now teach lightsaber combat as a competitive sport, instructing on techniques interpreted from the films, and using life-size replica weapons composed of highly durable plastic that emit lights and sounds.[108][109][110][111]

In the 2004 Honorverse novel The Shadow of Saganami, Talbot Sector Governor Estelle Matsuko, Baroness Medusa, states that she does not want the Manticoran Marines to start looking like Imperial stormtroopers to the local systems.

During the 2012 Emerald City Comicon in Seattle, Washington, several prominent cartoon voice actors, consisting of Rob Paulsen, Jess Harnell, John DiMaggio, Maurice LaMarche, Tara Strong and Kevin Conroy, performed a parody reading of A New Hope as a radio play in each of their signature voice roles; i.e. Paulsen and Harnell as Yakko and Wakko Warner from Animaniacs, Strong as Bubbles from The Powerpuff Girls and Timmy Turner from The Fairly OddParents, LaMarche and DiMaggio as Kif Kroker and Bender from Futurama, and Conroy narrating as Batman.[112]

Millennium Falcon in Star Wars Galaxy's Edge at Disney's Hollywood Studios.

After Disney's acquisition of Star Wars, they proceeded to open Galaxy's Edge. Star Wars themed parks in both Disneyworld and Disneyland that opened in December 2019 in Disneyworld and January 2020 in Disneyland. In the theme parks fans will be transported to a Galaxy Far Far Away and live their own Star Wars experience, through flying the Millennium Falcon, or stopping at Oga's Cantina for some food and drinks.[113]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ According to the scientific publication, the genus name Han refers to the Han Chinese, and the species name solo to the species being the youngest member of its family found to that date.[77] However, Turvey has stated elsewhere that he named it after Han Solo because some friends dared him to name a species after a Star Wars character.[78]

References[]

  1. ^ Brooker, Will (2002). Using the Force: Creativity, Community, and Star Wars Fans. New York [u.a.]: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-5287-6.
  2. ^ a b c "The power of the dark side". Chicago Tribune. May 8, 2005. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  3. ^ a b Emerson, Jim (2007). "How Star Wars Shook The World". MSN Movies. Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
  4. ^ a b "Online NewsHour: The Impact of the Star Wars Trilogy Films – May 19, 2005". Archived from the original on November 17, 2007. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  5. ^ a b c Cook, David A. (2000). Lost Illusions: American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam, 1970–1979 (1st paperback print. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23265-8.[page needed]
  6. ^ a b Bigsby, Christopher (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84132-1.
  7. ^ Larsen, Stephen and Robin (2002). Joseph Campbell: A Fire in the Mind. p. 541.
  8. ^ "Monomyth or "The Hero's Journey" in Movies". IMDb. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
  9. ^ "Mystery Ewok Theater 2005: Return of the Ewok". Star Wars. Archived from the original on May 22, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
  10. ^ "R2-D2: Beneath the Dome" (DVD). Star Wars. Archived from the original on January 8, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
  11. ^ Chernoff, Scott (July 24, 2007). "I Bent My Wookiee! Celebrating the Star Wars/Simpsons Connection". StarWars.com. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  12. ^ "'The Simpsons' Meets 'Star Wars' in First Look at Disney Plus Short 'The Force Awakens from its Nap'". May 3, 2021.
  13. ^ "New Star Wars Animated Series in the Works". StarWars.com. April 5, 2010. Archived from the original on October 13, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
  14. ^ Cassady, Charles (June 2, 2009). "Family Guy: Blue Harvest". Common Sense Media. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
  15. ^ "Family Guy: Something, Something, Something Dark Side". Yahoo!. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
  16. ^ "Family Guy: Episode VI: It s a Trap". Yahoo!. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
  17. ^ "PHINEAS AND FERB MEETS STAR WARS IN SPECIAL EPISODE". Star Wars. July 19, 2013. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
  18. ^ Greene, Steve (June 1, 2020). "'Rick and Morty:' Season 4, Episode 9 - "Childrick of Mort" Review". IndieWire. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  19. ^ ""Hardware Wars": The movie, the legend, the household appliances". Salon.com. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
  20. ^ Rottenberg, Josh (August 3, 2002). "Mel Brooks looks back on 'Spaceballs'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  21. ^ Wasserman, Ben (December 19, 2021). "The Mandalorian Just Made Clerks' Best Argument Star Wars Canon". CBR.com. Archived from the original on December 20, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  22. ^ Ratcliffe, Amy (February 26, 2021). "FULLY OPERATIONAL FANDOM: STAR WARS REFERENCES IN POP CULTURE". StarWars.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  23. ^ Curran, Robert (August 5, 2020). "Clerks: What Happened to the Jay and Silent Bob Cartoon?". CBR.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  24. ^ Moore, Roger (October 31, 2008). "'Zack and Miri Make a Porno'". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on March 14, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  25. ^ Cooper, Meredith J. (November 13, 2008). "Zack and Miri Make a Porno". Chico News & Review. Archived from the original on March 14, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  26. ^ Walker, Mia P. (October 31, 2008). "'Zack and Miri Make a Porno'". The Harvard Crimson. Harvard University. Archived from the original on August 6, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  27. ^ "Trooper Clerks". Film Threat. July 14, 2002. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  28. ^ "MAD Magazine: January 1978". starwars77-80.blogspot.co.uk. July 16, 2011. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  29. ^ "Mad #196". Doug Gilford's Mad Cover Site. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  30. ^ "Every Star Wars Reference in the MCU (So Far) - IGN".
  31. ^ "'80s Set 'X-Men: Apocalypse' Will Reference A 'Star Wars' Movie". May 2015.
  32. ^ a b Miller, Matt (December 13, 2018). "The Year Star Wars Fans Finally Ruined Star Wars". Esquire. Retrieved October 27, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  33. ^ a b Couch, Aaron (March 31, 2021). "From 'Justice League' to 'Star Wars', Studios Reckon With "Toxic" Fandom". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 27, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ^ Perry, Steve (2018). "Star Wars: The Last Command TPB introduction". Marvel Epic Collection: Star Wars – The New Republic, Vol. 4. New York: Marvel. ISBN 978-1-302-91383-0. OCLC 1029865172.
  35. ^ Iqbal, Nosheen (December 7, 2019). "Daisy Ridley: 'JJ Abrams warned me that Star Wars is a religion'". The Guardian. Retrieved September 10, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  36. ^ a b "Supercuts: 15 Movie Fan Edits That Blow The Originals Away". Comic Book Resources. October 22, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  37. ^ a b "These Are the 5 Best 'Star Wars' Fan Edits". Inverse. Archived from the original on October 21, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  38. ^ a b "Top ten Star Wars myths and legends: Do not want". VirginMedia.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  39. ^ a b "'Revenge of the Sith' Dubbed With Bootleg Chinese Dialogue Is a Fan-Made Masterpiece". The Hollywood Reporter. January 3, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  40. ^ a b "Let Us Rejoice That Someone Dubbed The Entire Chinese Bootleg of Revenge of the Sith". io9. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  41. ^ a b "TR-8R". Know Your Meme. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  42. ^ a b "The 14 Best TR-8R Memes in the Galaxy (SPOILER)". Dorkly. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  43. ^ "Filmmaker Kevin Smith Hosts 'The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards' on SCI FI Channel; George Lucas to Present Special Honor". Business Wire. April 23, 2002. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  44. ^ Knapton, Sarah (April 7, 2008). "Court to rule in Star Wars costume battle". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
  45. ^ Rowe, Peter. "Final installment of 'Star Wars' parody is out there – somewhere". The San Diego Union Tribune. Archived from the original on August 4, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
  46. ^ Britt, Ryan. "'Rise of Skywalker' edit reveals what J.J. Abrams got wrong about Star Wars". Inverse.
  47. ^ July 2020, Samuel Roberts 08 (July 8, 2020). "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker fan edit fixes one of the movie's many problems". TechRadar.com.
  48. ^ "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker fan edit adds all of the Force ghosts to final battle". Digital Spy. July 6, 2020.
  49. ^ Plante, Corey. "'Last Jedi' Gets a Sexist "No-Women" Fan Edit That Everyone Hates". Inverse.
  50. ^ "The Last Jedi De-Feminized Cut Is Even Worse Than You Thought". ScreenRant. January 18, 2018.
  51. ^ "Lucasfilm Hired the YouTuber Who Used Deepfakes to Tweak Luke Skywalker 'Mandalorian' VFX". July 26, 2021.
  52. ^ "Baby Yoda Duels Palpatine in Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith Fan-Edit". Screen Rant. November 30, 2019.
  53. ^ "Watch Baby Yoda fight Darth Sidious in this hilarious Mandalorian fan edit". December 2, 2019.
  54. ^ "Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith Edit Pits Baby Yoda Against Darth Sidious". November 30, 2019.
  55. ^ "Baby Yoda Saves the Avengers in Infinity War (With Mando) in Fan Video". Screen Rant. December 9, 2019.
  56. ^ ""Oh, hai Luke!": Tommy Wiseau finally gets his own Star Wars saga". The A.V. Club.
  57. ^ "Tommy Wiseau and 'The Room' Get Edited into 'Star Wars' (Video)".
  58. ^ "Tommy Wiseau Joins Star Wars in Slightly Disturbing Fan Film". December 4, 2019.
  59. ^ "Mad #203". Doug Gilford's Mad Cover Site. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  60. ^ Star Wars: the Musical (Infauxmedia)
  61. ^ Playbill: "What You Need to Know About Off-Broadway's A Musical About Star Wars"
  62. ^ Hatch, Megan Horst Celebrate the release of ‘Star Wars: The Force Awakens’ in style in Chicago. AXS TV. Retrieved on December 3, 2015.
  63. ^ Ashcraft, Brian (November 4, 2019). "Star Wars Getting An Official Kabuki Adaptation". Kotaku. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
  64. ^ Baseel, Casey (December 1, 2019). "'Star Wars' becomes a kabuki play". Japan Today. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  65. ^ "Nuevo LP para Paulina Rubio". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). February 10, 1993. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  66. ^ "Chris Martin wants to perform Coldplay's 'Star Wars'-inspired new music on the moon". Retro Pop. June 10, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
  67. ^ ""Weird Al" – Nerdy Something". Star Wars. October 26, 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
  68. ^ "'Sgt. Pepper's' Becomes A 'Star Wars' Parody In Comical New Album". NPR.org. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  69. ^ "Hear a 'Star Wars'-Themed Parody of 'Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'". EW.com. May 4, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  70. ^ "We must bear witness to this terrifyingly elaborate Star Wars-Sgt. Pepper's mashup". May 2, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  71. ^ Mackay, Daniel (2001). "Star Wars:The Magic of the Anti-Myth". In Lancaster, Kurt; Mikotowicz, Tom (eds.). Performing the Force: Essays on Immersion into Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Environments. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland. p. 44. ISBN 0-7864-0895-2.
  72. ^ "Star Wars:The Magic of Myth, National Air and Space Museum".
  73. ^ "NASA – Items Taken Into Space Reflect Accomplishments on Earth". Nasa.gov. November 23, 2007. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  74. ^ "These SpaceX Rocket Landing Photos Are Simply Jaw-Dropping". Space.com. January 19, 2017.
  75. ^ "LICIACube". ASI. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
  76. ^ Bond J (2012). "Phylogenetic treatment and taxonomic revision of the trapdoor spider genus Aptostichus Simon (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Euctenizidae)". ZooKeys. Pensoft Publishers (252): 1–209. doi:10.3897/zookeys.252.3588. PMC 3560839. PMID 23378811.
  77. ^ Samuel T. Turvey (2005). "Agnostid trilobites from the Arenig–Llanvirn of South China". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences. 95 (3–4): 527–542. doi:10.1017/S0263593304000355. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  78. ^ "Etymology: Names from Fictional Characters". Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature. Retrieved February 5, 2009.
  79. ^ Sánchez, Israel M.; Cantalapiedra, Juan L.; Ríos, María; Quiralte, Victoria; Morales, Jorge (2015). "Systematics and Evolution of the Miocene Three-Horned Palaeomerycid Ruminants (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla)". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0143034. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1043034S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143034. PMC 4668073. PMID 26630174.
  80. ^ Fitzgerald, Frances (2000). Way Out There in the Blue. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84416-8.
  81. ^ a b Lucasfilm Ltd. v. High Frontier, 622 F.Supp. 931 (D.D.C. 1985)
  82. ^ "#StarWarsDay 2019: How Margaret Thatcher launched "May the Fourth be with you"". Newsweek. May 3, 2019.
  83. ^ Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster. "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 4 May 1994". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved June 13, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  84. ^ "May the farce be with you". The Sydney Morning Herald. August 27, 2002. Retrieved March 26, 2006.
  85. ^ "The Watcher: Freaky CNN hologram recalls 'Star Wars' - chicagotribune.com". November 6, 2008. Archived from the original on November 8, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  86. ^ Heil, Emily (March 13, 2013). "Obama's 'Jedi mind meld' mixes sci-fi worlds". Washington Post. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
  87. ^ "Man named Darth Vader files documents to be registered as presidential candidate in Ukraine". En.interfax.com.ua. March 29, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  88. ^ Kandidatur, Verrückte. "Verrückte Kandidatur: Darth Vader will Präsident der Ukraine werden" (in German). Stern.De. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  89. ^ "Ukraine's Darth Vader presidency bid rejected | euronews, no comment". Euronews.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  90. ^ "Одеський тервиборчком зареєстрував кандидатом у мери Одеси Дарта Вейдера – Київ – Едуард Гурвіц – Центральна виборча комісія – Україна | РБК Украина". Rbc.ua. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  91. ^ Фото: Reuters. "Дарт Вейдер йде в мери Києва - Korrespondent.net". Ua.korrespondent.net. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  92. ^ Sharkov, Damien (October 24, 2014). "Darth Vader Is Running for Prime Minister of Ukraine, Vowing to Take On Putin". Newsweek. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  93. ^ "Poroshenko Bloc to have greatest number of seats in parliament » State Broadcasting company “Ukrainian television and radio world service”". November 10, 2014. Archived from the original on November 10, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  94. ^ "People's Front 0.33% ahead of Poroshenko Bloc with all ballots counted in Ukraine elections – CEC". En.interfax.com.ua. October 20, 2012. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
  95. ^ "Poroshenko Bloc to get 132 seats in parliament – CEC". En.interfax.com.ua. October 20, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  96. ^ Logan, Ross (October 24, 2015). "Lenin monument replaced with Darth Vader statue after Ukraine bans all Soviet memorabilia". Daily Mirror. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
  97. ^ "Lenin statue in Ukraine's Odessa turned into Darth Vader". Russian News Agency TASS. October 22, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
  98. ^ (in Ukrainian) In Odessa, 2 Zelensky, 5 Filimonov and Saakashvili will compete for the mayor's seat, Ukrayinska Pravda (30 September 2020)
  99. ^ (in Ukrainian) The second round of mayoral elections in Odessa: who won, RBC Ukraine (15 November 2020)
  100. ^ "Jedi Doctrine - Jedi Church".
  101. ^ "Temple of the Jedi Order - Temple of the Jedi Order: First church of Jediism".
  102. ^ Irvine, Jessica (August 5, 2011). "Portrait of a nation, squid jiggers and all".
  103. ^ "Popis: Sve manje Srba, sve više vanzemaljaca, teletabisa, Štrumpfova".
  104. ^ "Students in Turkey are asking for a Jedi Temple, this is why". Independent.co.uk. April 8, 2015.
  105. ^ O'Brien, Susie (2010). Popular Culture: a User's Guide. Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd. p. 5.
  106. ^ "Translated Into Navajo, 'Star Wars' Will Be". NPR. June 20, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  107. ^ Silversmith, Shondiin (July 4, 2013). "Navajo Star Wars a crowd pleaser". Navajo Times.
  108. ^ "Saberist Academy". lightsaberacademy.com.
  109. ^ "Terra Prime Light Armory". sites.google.com.
  110. ^ "LudoSport International - One name. One sky". www.ludosport.net.
  111. ^ Robertson, Michelle (June 13, 2019). "There's a lightsaber combat academy in San Francisco. We tried it". San Francisco Chronicle.
  112. ^ , Wikipedia, May 2, 2021, retrieved May 2, 2021
  113. ^ "Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge at Walt Disney World Resort". StarWars.com. August 29, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2021.

Further reading[]

External links[]

Retrieved from ""