Strategic Rocket Forces

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This article is about the branch of the Russian Armed Forces. For other uses, see Strategic Rocket Forces (disambiguation).

Strategic Rocket Forces
Ракетные войска стратегического назначения
Raketnye voyska strategicheskogo naznacheniya
Great emblem of Strategic Rocket Forces of Russia.svg
Emblem of the Strategic Rocket Forces
Founded17 December 1959
Country Russia (1992–present)
 Commonwealth of Independent States (1991–1992)
 Soviet Union (1959–1991)
Branch Russian Armed Forces
TypeStrategic missile force
RoleStrategic missile deterrence
Size50,000 personnel (2020)[1]
HeadquartersVlasikha, 2.5 km northwest of Odintsovo, Moscow Oblast
PatronSaint Barbara the Great Martyr[2]
Motto(s)"После нас - тишина" ("After us - silence")
MarchArtillery March (Марш Артиллеристов) by Tikhon Khrennikov
Anniversaries17 December
EquipmentBallistic missiles, cruise missiles
EngagementsCuban Missile Crisis
WebsiteOfficial website
Commanders
Current
commander		 Col. Gen.  [ru]
Notable
commanders		Marshal Igor Sergeyev
Insignia
FlagFlag of the Strategic Missile Forces.png
PatchStrategic Rocket Forces sleeve badge of the Russian Federation-1.svg
Middle EmblemMedium emblem of the Ракетные войска стратегического назначения Российской Федерации.svg
InsigniaМалая эмблема Ракетных войск стратегического назначения России.png
Russian Federation
Armed Forces
Middle emblem of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (27.01.1997-present).svg
Staff
Services (vid)
Independent troops (rod)
Special operations force (sof)
Other troops
Military districts
History of the Russian military
  • v
  • t

The Strategic Rocket Forces of the Russian Federation or the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation (RVSN RF; Russian: Ракетные войска стратегического назначения Российской Федерации (РВСН РФ), romanized: Raketnye voyska strategicheskogo naznacheniya Rossiyskoy Federatsii) are a separate-troops branch of the Russian Armed Forces that control Russia's land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).

The Strategic Rocket Forces was created on 17 December 1959 as part of the Soviet Armed Forces as the main force intended for attacking an enemy's offensive nuclear weapons, military facilities, and industrial infrastructure.[3] They operated all Soviet nuclear ground-based intercontinental, intermediate-range ballistic missile, and medium-range ballistic missile with ranges over 1,000 kilometers. After the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, assets of the Strategic Rocket Forces were in the territories of several new states in addition to Russia, with armed nuclear missile silos in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. The three of them transferred their missiles to Russia for destruction and they all joined the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Complementary strategic forces within Russia include the Russian Aerospace Forces' Long Range Aviation and the Russian Navy's ballistic missile submarines; the three bodies together form Russia's nuclear triad.

History[]

Further information: Russia and weapons of mass destruction

The first Soviet rocket study unit was established in June 1946, by redesignating the 92nd Guards Mortar Regiment at Bad Berka in East Germany as the 22nd Brigade for Special Use of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command.[4] On October 18, 1947 the brigade conducted the first launch of the remanufactured former German A-4 ballistic missile, or R-1, from the Kapustin Yar Range.[5] In the early 1950s the 77th and 90th Brigades were also formed to operate the R-1 (SS-1a 'Scunner'). The 54th and 56th Brigades were formed to conduct test launches of the R-2 (SS-2 'Sibling') at Kapustin Yar on June 1, 1952.

From 1959 the Soviets introduced a number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) into service, including the R-12 (SS-4 'Sandal'), the R-7 (SS-6 'Sapwood'), the R-16 (SS-7 'Saddler'), the R-9 (SS-8 'Sasin'), the R-26 (given the NATO reporting name SS-8 'Sasin' due to incorrect identification as the R-9), the R-36 (SS-9 'Scarp'), and the RT-21 (SS-16 'Sinner'), which was possibly never made fully operational. By 1990 all these early types of missiles had been retired from service. This was the very year that the Strategic Missile Forces were officially established as a service branch of the Armed Forces under the direct control of the Defense Ministry. The date of its formal foundation, December 17, is celebrated as Strategic Missile Forces Day.

Two rocket armies were formed in 1960. The 43rd Rocket Army and the 50th Rocket Army were formed from the previous 43rd and 50th Air Armies of the Long Range Aviation.

During a test of the R-16 ICBM on October 24, 1960, the test missile exploded on the pad, killing the first commander of the SRF, Chief Marshal of Artillery Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin. This disaster, the details of which were concealed for decades, became known as the Nedelin catastrophe. He was succeeded by Marshal of the Soviet Union Kirill Moskalenko, who in turn was succeeded quickly by Marshal Sergey Biryuzov.[6] Under Marshal Вiryuzov the SRF deployed missiles to Cuba in 1962 as part of Operation Anadyr. 36 R-12 intermediate range ballistic missiles were sent to Cuba, initiating the Cuban Missile Crisis. The 43rd Guards Missile Division of 43rd Rocket Army manned the missiles while in Cuba.[7]

Marshal Nikolai Krylov then took over in March 1963 and served until February 1972. During this time French President Charles de Gaulle visited the Strategic Missile Forces in 1966. Together with NI Krylov, he visited a missile division in Novosibirsk, and then at the invitation of Leonid Brezhnev participated in a demonstration missile launch at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in the Kazakh SSR. Chief Marshal of Artillery commanded the SRF from April 12, 1972 to July 10, 1985. Tolubko emphasised raising the physical fitness standards within the SRF. He was succeeded by General of the Army Yury Pavlovich Maksimov, who commanded from July 10, 1985 to August 19, 1992.

According to a 1980 TIME Magazine article citing analysts from RAND Corporation, Soviet non-Slavs were generally barred from joining the Strategic Missile Forces because of suspicions of loyalty of ethnic minorities to the Kremlin.[8]

U.S. Defense Department map of Soviet ICBM bases, 1980s

In 1989 the Strategic Missile Forces had over 1,400 ICBMs, 300 launch control centers, and twenty-eight missile bases.[9] The SMT also operated RSD-10 (SS-20 'Saber') intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) and R-12 (SS-4 'Sandal') medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs). Two-thirds of the road-mobile Soviet RSD-10 force was based in the western Soviet Union and was aimed at Western Europe. One-third of the force was located east of the Ural Mountains and was targeted primarily against China. Older R-12 missiles were deployed at fixed sites in the western Soviet Union. The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, signed in December 1987, called for the elimination of all 553 Soviet RSD-10 and R-12 missiles within three years. As of mid-1989, over 50% of RSD-10 and R-12 missiles had been eliminated.

By 1990 the Soviet Union had seven types of operational ICBMs; about 50% were heavy R-36M (SS-18 'Satan') and UR-100N (SS-19 'Stiletto') ICBMs, which carried 80% of the country's land-based ICBM warheads. By this time it was also producing new mobile, and hence survivable ICBMs, the RT-23 (SS-24 'Scalpel') and RT-2PM (SS-25 'Sickle'). In 1990, with the R-12 apparently fully retired, the IISS reported that there were 350 UR-100s (SS-11 'Sego,' Mod 2/3), 60 RT-2s (SS-13 'Savage') still in service in one missile field, 75 UR-100MRs (SS-17 'Spanker,' Mod 3, with 4 MIRV), 308 R-36Ms (mostly Mod 4 with 10 MIRV), 320 UR-100Ns (mostly Mod 3 with 6 MIRV), some 60 RT-23s (silo and rail-mobile), and some 225 RT-2PMs (mobile).[10]

Composition of the Strategic Missile Forces 1960–1991[11]

Formation Headquarters Location Year formed as Corps Year formed as Army Year disbanded[6] Divisions
27th Guards Rocket Army HQ Vladimir, Moscow Military District 01.09.59 1970 Still active 7th Guards Rocket Division, 28th Guards Rocket Division, (32 [12]), 54th Guards Rocket Division,
31st Rocket Army Orenburg, Urals Military District 05.09.65 1970 Still active , 13th, , (41st Guards), 42nd, 50, 52nd, (55), 59
33rd Guards Rocket Army Omsk, Siberian Military District 1962 1970 Still active 23, (34), 35th, 36th Guards, 38, 39th Guards, 57, 62
43rd Rocket Army[13] Vinnitsa, Kiev Military District – 1960 May 8, 1996 19 (Khmelnitsky), 37th Guards (Lutsk), 43 (Kremenchug), (Kolomyia, Ivano-Frankovsk Oblast, disbanded March 1990; 46 (Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast)
50th Rocket Army Smolensk, Belorussian Military District – 1960 June 30, 1990 1988:[6] 7th Guards, 24th Guards (Gvardeysk, Kaliningrad Oblast),[14] 31st Guards (former 83rd Guards Bryansko-Berlinskaya Aviation (Missile) Division, renumbered July 1, 1960), 32nd (Postavy, Vitebsk Oblast), 40th, (Lida, Grodno Region, 1963 to 1990), 58th (Karmelava, Lithuania)
53rd Rocket Army[15] Chita, Transbaikal Military District 1962 June 8, 1970 Sept. 16, 2002 1988:[6] 4th Rocket Division (Drovyanaya, Chita Oblast), (Kansk, assigned 1983–2002), 27th Rocket Division (Svobodnyy, Amur Oblast), 29th, 36th Guards, 47th Rocket Division (Olovyannaya, Chita Oblast)[16]

Like most of the Russian military, the Strategic Missile Forces have had limited access to resources for new equipment in the Yeltsin era. However, the Russian government has made a priority of ensuring that the Missile Forces receive new missiles to phase out older, less-reliable systems, and to incorporate newer capabilities in the face of international threats to the viability of the nuclear deterrent effect provided by their missiles, in particular the development of missile defense systems in the United States.

In 1995, the decree of the President of Russia No. 1239 from December 10, 1995 "On establishing the Day of the Strategic Missile Forces Day and Military Space Forces Day" was promulgated. On July 16, 1997, President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree incorporating the Russian Space Forces and the Space Missile Defence Forces (Russian: Ракетно-космической обороны) into the SMT.[17] In doing so, 'nearly 60' military units and establishments were dissolved. However, four years later, on June 1, 2001, the Russian Space Forces were reformed as a separate branch of service from the SMT.

Minister of Defence Marshal of the Russian Federation Igor Sergeev, a former commander of the SMT from August 19, 1992 – May 22, 1997, played a major role in assuring funding for his former service.[6] He was succeeded by General of the Army Vladimir Yakovlev, who commanded the SMT from June 1997 until April 27, 2001. Yakovlev was succeeded by Colonel General Nikolay Solovtsov, appointed the same day. In early 2009 Solovtsov said that 96% of all Russian ICBMs are ready to be launched within a minute's notice.[18] Solovtsov was dismissed in turn in July–August 2009. Speculation over why Solovtsov was dismissed includes opposition to further cuts in deployed nuclear ballistic missile warheads below the April 2009 figure of 1,500, the fact that he had reached the retirement age of 60, despite that he had recently been extended another year's service, or the failure of the Navy's Bulava missile).[19] After only a year, Lieutenant General , appointed on August 3, 2009 by President Dmitry Medvedev, was replaced himself. The current commander of the Strategic Missile Forces, Colonel General , was appointed to the post by a presidential decree of June 22, 2010.[20][21]

RVSN headquarters has a special sledgehammer that can be used to gain access to the launch codes if the commander feels the need to use it or if ordered directly, but doesn't have normal access to the safe.[22] In 2020, the Strategic Missile Forces completed switching to digital information transmission technology.[23]

Composition since 2010s[]

RS-24 Yars missile system of the 39th Guards Missile Division during a command post exercise on September 29, 2017.

According to Jane's Defence Weekly, the RVSN main command post is at Kuntsevo in the suburbs of Moscow, with the alternate command post at Kosvinsky Mountain in the Urals.[24]

Female cadets have now started to join the Peter the Great Strategic Missile Forces Academy.[25] RVSN institutes also exist at Serpukhov and Rostov-on-Don. An ICBM test impact range is located in the Far East, the Kura Test Range, although this has been under Aerospace Defence Forces' command since 2010.[citation needed]

The Strategic Missile Forces operate four distinct missile systems. The oldest system is the silo-based R-36M2 / SS-18 Satan which carries ten warheads, the last missile will be in service until 2020. The second system is the silo-based UR-100NUTTH / SS-19 Stiletto, the last missiles in service with six warheads each will be removed by 2019. The single warhead mobile RT-2PM Topol / SS-25 Sickle are planned to be decommissioned by 2019.[26][27] A new missile entering service is the RT-2UTTH Topol-M / SS-27 Sickle B with single warhead, from which 60 are silo-based and 18 are mobile. Some new missiles will be added in the future. First upgraded Topol-M called RS-24 Yars, carrying three warheads, was commissioned in 2010 and in July 2011 the first mobile regiment with nine missiles was completed.[28] From 2012 to 2017, about 80 ICBMs were placed in active duty.[29][30] RF Defense Minister said in May 2021 that 86% of the country’s nuclear forces was modern.[31]

The composition of missiles and warheads of the Strategic Missile Forces previously had to be revealed as part of the START I treaty data exchange. The most recently reported (January 2020) order of battle of the forces is as follows:[32]

Numbers of missiles and warheads[]

Launch authorization device

The Strategic Missile Forces have:[32]

  • 46 silo-based R-36M2 (SS-18) with up to 10 warheads, to be retired 2022
  • less than 45 mobile RT-2PM "Topol" (SS-25) with 1 warhead, flagged for future retirement
  • 60 silo-based RT-2UTTH "Topol M" (SS-27) with 1 warhead
  • 18 mobile RT-2UTTH "Topol M" (SS-27) with 1 warhead
  • 15 silo-based RS-24 "Yars" (SS-29) with up to 4 warheads
  • 135+ mobile RS-24 "Yars" (SS-29) with up to 4 warheads

Kristensen and Korda (2020) list the UR-100N (SS-19), as retired from deployment, while noting that UR-100NUTTH being deployed with the Avangard.[40]

Obsolete weapons and equipment[]

Medium-range ballistic missiles[]

Intermediate-range ballistic missiles[]

Intercontinental-range ballistic missiles[]

Ranks and rank insignia[]

Officer ranks
Rank group General/flag officers Field/senior officers Junior officers Officer cadet
Russian Strategic Rocket Forces
  • v
  • t
 Marshal of the Russian Federation Army General Colonel General Lieutenant General Major General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain Senior Lieutenant Lieutenant Junior Lieutenant Kursant
Marshal of the Russian Federation
Ма́ршал Росси́йской Федера́ции 		Army general
генера́л а́рмии 		Colonel general
генера́л-полко́вник 		Lieutenant general
генера́л-лейтена́нт 		Major general
генера́л-майо́р 		Colonel
полко́вник 		Lieutenant colonel
подполко́вник 		Major
майо́р 		Captain
капита́н 		Senior lieutenant
ста́рший лейтена́нт 		Lieutenant
��ейтена́нт 		Junior lieutenant
мла́дший лейтена́нт 		Cadet
Курсант
Other ranks
Rank group General/flag officers Field/senior officers Junior officers Officer cadet
Russian Strategic Rocket Forces
  • v
  • t
 Rank insignia of старший мичман of the Soviet Navy.svg Rank insignia of мичман of the Soviet Navy.svg Rank insignia of главный корабельный старшина 2 of the Soviet Navy.svg RAF N R7-GlStarsh 2010–.svg RAF N R6-Starsh1st 2010–.svg RAF N R4-Starsh2st 2010–.svg RAF N R2-StMatros 2010–.svg RAF N R1-Matros 2010–.svg
Senior warrant officer
Ста́рший пра́порщик 		Warrant officer
Пра́порщик 		Master sergeant
Старшина́ 		Senior sergeant
Ста́рший сержа́нт 		Sergeant
Сержа́нт 		Junior sergeant
Мла́дший сержа́нт 		Corporal
Ефре́йтор 		Private
Рядово́й

Future[]

According to the Federation of American Scientists, for the foreseeable future, all new Russian ICBM deployments will be of MIRVed versions of the SS-27 "Topol-M", although a “new ICBM” and a “heavy ICBM” are also being developed. By the early 2020s, according to announcements by Russian military officials, all SS-18 and SS-25 ICBMs will be retired from service following the retirements of the SS-19 systems. This development would leave a Russian ICBM force structure based on five modifications of the solid-fuel SS-27 (silo- and mobile-based SS-27 Mod 1 (Topol-M); silo- and mobile-based SS-27 Mod 2 (RS-24 Yars); and the RS-26 Rubezh) and the liquid-fuel RS-28 Sarmat with a large payload – either MIRV or some advanced payload to evade missile defense systems. Although the future force will be smaller, a greater portion of it will be MIRVed – up from approximately 36 percent in 2014 to roughly 70 percent by 2024.

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF11603.pdf
  2. ^ Main Cathedral of Russian Armed Forces. Archived February 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2019-02-02.
  3. ^ This foundation date is shared with the Russian Space Forces (VKS)."Ракетные войска стратегического назначения > Историческая справка". www.mil.ru. Archived from the original on February 27, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2021. В соответствии с постановлением Совета Министров СССР № 1384-615 от 17.12.1959 г. созданы РВСН как самостоятельный вид ВС. Согласно Указу Президента РФ № 1239 от 10 декабря 1995 года, этот день отмечается как годовой праздник - День РВСН.
  4. ^ Michael Holm, 24th Guards Rocket Division Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, accessed December 2013.
  5. ^ "RVSN – Strategic Missile Forces – Russian and Soviet Nuclear Forces". fas.org. Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mike Holm, Strategic Missile Forces Archived December 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ National Security Archive, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB14/doc18.htm Archived August 8, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ [The U.S.S.R.: Moscow's Military Machine The U.S.S.R.: Moscow's Military Machine], TIME Magazine, June 23, 1980
  9. ^ Library of Congress Soviet Union Country Study Archived October 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, 1989
  10. ^ IISS Military Balance 1990–91, p.34
  11. ^ Feskov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Golikov, V.I. (2004). The Soviet Army in the Years of the Cold War 1945–91. Tomsk: Tomsk University Publishing House. p. 132. ISBN 5-7511-1819-7.
  12. ^ "32nd Missile Division". Ww2.dk. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  13. ^ [1] Archived November 11, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Previously 92 BON, then given the combined-arms designation of 22nd RVGK special-purpose brigade, then 72nd RVGK Engineer Brigade, and in 1960 the 24th Guards Division of the RVSN was formed on its basis. http://www.ww2.dk/new/rvsn/24gvmd.htm Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Formed Chita in 1970 from the 8th Independent Missile Corps, under Colonel-General Yury Zabegaylov. Included 45th Rocket Division (disbanded 1970).
  16. ^ http://www.ww2.dk/new/rvsn/47md.htm Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine 47th Missile Division
  17. ^ Greg Austin and Alexiy D. Muraviev, The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia, Tauris, 2001, p.185-6
  18. ^ Sputnik. "Russia can launch ICBMs at minute's notice - missile forces chief". en.rian.ru. Archived from the original on September 3, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  19. ^ "Russian Missile Chief Fired Amid Speculation". RIA Novosti. August 3, 2009. Archived from the original on August 6, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
  20. ^ Pavel Podvig, Russian Strategic Missile Forces Archived May 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, accessed September 2010
  21. ^ Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 09.08.2012 № 1141 "О присвоении воинских званий высших офицеров военнослужащим Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации" [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 09.08.2012 number 1141 "About the assignment of ranks of senior officers of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"] (in Russian). Kremlin.ru. August 9, 2012. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  22. ^ "Russian Missile Forces Have 'Safe Busting' Sledgehammer." Archived June 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine RIA Novosti, 6 June 2012.
  23. ^ "ЦАМТО / / В 2020 году РВСН полностью перешли на цифровые технологии передачи информации".
  24. ^ Jane's Defence Weekly June 25, 1994, 32, via Austin and Muraviev, The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia, 2001.
  25. ^ "Библиотека изображений "РИА Новости" :: Галерея". Visualrian.com. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  26. ^ Topol might stay in service until 2019 (October 28, 2011). "Topol might stay in service until 2019 - Blog - Russian strategic nuclear forces". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Russianforces.org. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  27. ^ Launch of Topol to confirm missile life extension (November 3, 2011). "Launch of Topol to confirm missile life extension - Blog - Russian strategic nuclear forces". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Russianforces.org. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  28. ^ Deployment of the first full regiment of RS-24 is completed (July 7, 2011). "Deployment of the first full regiment of RS-24 is completed - Blog - Russian strategic nuclear forces". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Russianforces.org. Archived from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
  29. ^ Path, Neal (June 5, 2020). "Russia sets up ballistic missile early warning satellite grouping to monitor the US". International Insider. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
  30. ^ "Remarks by Chief of General Staff of the Russian Federation General of the Army Valery Gerasimov at the Russian Defence Ministry's board session (November 7, 2017) : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation". eng.mil.ru. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  31. ^ "Shoigu speaks about Russian army's breakthrough at educational marathon New Knowledge".
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b Podvig, Pavel (December 13, 2007). "Strategic Missile Forces". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Archived from the original on April 1, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  33. ^ Podvig, Pavel (October 13, 2020). "Two Yars missiles deployed in Kozelsk". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces.
  34. ^ "Rearmament of Kozelsk missile division continues".
  35. ^ RS-24 deployment in Teykovo, Novosibirsk, and Kozelsk (December 19, 2011). "RS-24 deployment in Teykovo, Novosibirsk, and Kozelsk - Blog - Russian strategic nuclear forces". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Russianforces.org. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ Podvig, Pavel (August 26, 2014). "Russian hypersonic vehicle - more dots added to Project 4202". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. russianforces.org. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  37. ^ "Подробнее : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации".
  38. ^ Jump up to: a b "Sarmatian ICBM & FOBS Reintroduction". globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
  39. ^ "Минобороны раскрыло характеристики ракетного комплекса "Ярс-С"". January 29, 2021.
  40. ^ Hans M. Kristensen & Matt Korda (2020) Russian nuclear forces, 2020, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 76:2, 102-117, DOI: 10.1080/00963402.2020.1728985

Further reading[]

  • Дороговоз И. Г. Ракетные войска СССР. — Минск: Харвест, 2007. — 336 с. — ISBN 978-985-13-9751-4
  • John G. Hines et al. Soviet Intentions 1965–1985. Braddock Dunn & McDonald (BDM), 1995.
  • Strategic Missile Forces museum
  • "Владимирская Ракетная Стратегическая" (Vladimirskaya Strategic Missile) by I.V. Vershkov and V.G. Gagarin; Vladimir 2006; 480 pages;
  • "Оренбургская Стратегическая" (Orenburg Strategic) by Y.N. Feoktistov; Perm 2001; 328 pages; (also a 1997 edition).
  • "Читинская Ракетная Армия" (Chitinskaya Missile Army) by ??; Chita, 2002; 268 pages
  • "История 50-й Ракетной Армии I-IV" (History 50th Missile Army, part 1–4) by G.I. Smirnov and A.I. Yasakov; Smolensk 2008; 370+342+387+561 pages
  • "Стратеги" (Strategic) by V.T. Nosov; Moscow, 2008; 276 pages;

External links[]

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